INSTITUTION: DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY.

NAME: TITUS LAGAT

REG NO: E024-01-0925/2019

DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING.

COURSE: BSC CIVIL ENGINEERING.

UNIT: HYDROLOGY I.

UNIT CODE: ECE 4102.

TASK: ASSIGNMENT 2.
QUESTION 1
Below are details of weather stations in Olkaria field in Naivasha and precipitation records

Monthly mean
Station Northings Eastings Elevation precipitation (mm)
A 9900769 201978.7 1898.92 166

B 9899738 203733.2 1994.96 265

C 9900766 202656 1944.41 322

D 9899013 201682 1951.57 233

E 9898287 202725.7 1979.52 124

(i) By the help of ArcGIS software, use Kriging as well as IDW methods of interpolation to
determine the approximate precipitation at points X (202000, 9897000) and Y
(202000,9900000) [7 Marks]

(ii) Account for the difference in the approximated values when using the two methods
[3 Marks]
KRIGING METHOD
Approximate precipitation for point X is 222mm.

Approximate precipitation for point Y is 222mm.

IDW METHOD.
Approximate precipitation for point X is 184mm.

Approximate precipitation for point Y is 222mm.

Difference between the two methods

The Kriging method is more accurate than the IDW method because it takes into account
the distance, direction and magnitude of the points when interpolating the data.
QUESTION 2

Determine the monthly evaporation (mm) from a free water surface using the Penman’s
method for a given weather station [5 Marks]
Locality Yangon N16° 07'
Month March
Temperature C° 36.2(max) and 19.8 (min)
Relative humidity (%) 64 (max) and 48 (min)
Mean wind speed 200 Km /day
Mean daily sunshine hours 9.6
Mean daily possible sunshine hours 12
Reflection coefficient (albedo) 0.05
Psychrometer constant 0.49

A H n+ γ E a
A+ γ
A= slope of saturation vapour pressure vs temperature.
H n= Net radiation
Ea = parometer include including wind velocity and saturation deficit
γ = psychometric constant =0.49mm of mercury/℃

[
H n = H a (1-r) a+
N]
bn
[ ]
- σ Ta4 ( 0.56-0.092√ e a) 0.10+0.90
n
N
H n= Incident solar radiation outside the atmosphere on a horizontal surface.
a = constant depending on altitude = 0.29006 φ
b =constant average value= 0.52
n = actual duration of bright sunshine (h)
N = maximum possible hours of bright sunshine (h)
r= Reflection coefficient (albedo)
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 2.01 ×10−9 mm /day
Ta= mean air temperature in degree K=273+t (in ℃ )
e a= actual mean vapour pressure in the air (in mm of mercury)

[ U
]
Ea =0.35 1+ 2 ( e w −e a )
160
U 2= mean wind speed (km/day)
e w =saturation vapour pressure at mean air temperature (mm of mercury)
e a= actual vapour pressure
u
Ea =0.35 ⌈ 1+ 2 ⌉ ( e w −ea )
160
RH max=64 RH min=48
T min =19.8T max =36.2
 o RH max o RH min
e ( T min ) +e ( T max )
100 100
e a= =1.61449304 J =75
2
o o
e ( T max ) +e ( T min )
e w= =3.086781
2
o
e ( T ) =0.6108 exp
[17.27 T
T +237.3 ]
o
e ( T min ) =0.6108 exp
[ 17.27 ( 19.8 )
( 19.8 )+237.3 ]
=1.660327

o
e ( T max )=0.6108 exp [ 17.27 ( 36.2 )
( 36.2 ) +237.3 ]
= 4.513235
u=200 km/day
200
Ea =0.35 ⌈ 1+ ⌉ ( 3.086781−1.61449304 )=1.03061
160
N 160 17 '
π n 9.6
ψ= *Ɵ Solar radiation = =0.8
180 N 12
17
Ɵ=16+ =16.283 N = maximum possible
60
π
ψ= ∗16.283=0.2842 n = actual sunshine
180

A=
[
4098 0.6108 exp
17.27 T
(
T + 237.3
=0.09689
)]
( T +237.3 )2

σ =0.409 sin π ¿ ¿ )
−4
¿−5.7823× 10
a = 0.29cos 0.2842
= 0.290
Net Radiation
n
R s=(0.25+ 0.50 ) Ra
N
d r =1+0.033 cos ⁡¿ J) =1.033
ωs
24
N= ωs
π
24
12= ωs
π
ωs=1.5708 rad
ωs=arc cos [ −tanφtanσ ]
1.5708=cos [ −tanφtanσ ]
−1

σ =0.409 sin ⁡¿ J – 1.39)

= -0.040398 rad
24
(60 ) G sc d r [ ωssin ( φ ) sin ( σ )+ cos ( φ ) cos ( σ ) sin ⁡(ωs )]
π
24
(60)× 0.0820 ×1.033 [ 1.5708sin ( 0,2842 ) sin (−0.040398 ) +cos ( 0.2842 ) cos (−0.040398 ) sin ⁡(1.5708) ]
π
¿ 38.8264 [ ( 1.5708 ) ( 0.28039 )(−0.040287 ) +(0.95989)(0.99184)( 1) ]
¿ 36.274 MJ /day × 0.408
14.7997(1-0.05)[ 0.29+0.52( 0.8) ]= 9.9262 mm/day
2.01 ×10 ×301 (0.56-0.092√ 1.614481¿ (0.10+0.9 ×0.8) = 5.9949 mm/day
−9 4

9.9262-5.9949= 3.9313 mm/day

A H n+ γ E a
=
A+ γ
(0.09689 ×3.9313)+(0.49× 1.03061)
0.09689+0.49
=1.5095 mm/day .