Lab #3

1
Lab: #3
Date: 15/2/22
Title: Enthalpy of Neutralization
Purpose: To measure the enthalpy change that occurs when solutions of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCL) are mixed, when solutions of ammonium hydroxide
(𝑁𝐻4 OH) and hydrochloric acid are mixed, and when solutions of sodium hydroxide(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) and
ammonium chloride (NH_4 CL) are mixed. The enthalpy change of NH_4 Cl will also be
determined using Hess’s Law.
Materials:
1. Two Styrofoam Cups

2. Thermometer
3. 50 ml Measuring Cylinder
Chemicals:
1. 2 M Hydrochloric Acid
2. 2 M Sodium Hydroxide
3. 2 M Ammonium Hydroxide
4. 2 M Ammonium Chloride
Procedure
1. The Apparatus: The calorimeter was constructed by putting one Styrofoam cup (small)
inside a second (big) to ensure minimal heat loss.
2. A. Using a 50.0 mL graduated cylinder, 50.0 mL of 2.0 M HCl was measured.
B. All the acid was added to the calorimeter and the temperature of the acid was
measured and recorded.(𝑇1)
3. A. 50.0 mL of 2.0 M NaOH was also measured.

B All the base was added to the calorimeter with the acid and immediately stirred. The
temperature was read until the maximum temperature was reached. This temperature
was recorded.(𝑇𝑓)
2
4. The thermometer was removed, rinsed it with distilled water, and dried. The solution
was discarded and the calorimeter was dried with a paper towel .
5. The experiment was repeated twice with the two other solutions of ammonium hydroxide
and hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.
Observations, results, and Data:
Content 1 Initial Temp.(ti) Content 2 Total Volume Final ΔT

Tempreture
(tf)
𝐻𝐶𝐿 26.3 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 100 ml 39.0 12.7
𝐻𝐶𝐿 26.2 𝑁𝐻4𝑂𝐻 100 ml 38.5 12.3
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 26.3 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 100 ml 27.1 0.80
Calculations:
𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇
−1
𝑚 = ( 50𝑚𝑙 + 50 𝑚𝑙)(1 𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑙 ) = 100𝑔
−1 −1
𝑞 = (100𝑔)(4. 18 𝐽 ℃ 𝑔 )(12. 7℃)
𝑞 =− 5308. 6 𝐽
𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑞 − 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇
−1 −1
𝑞 = (100𝑔)(4. 18 𝐽 ℃ 𝑔 )(12.3℃)
𝑞 = − 5141. 4𝐽
𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ NaCl +NH3 + H2O
𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇
−1 −1
𝑞 = (100𝑔)(4. 18 𝐽 ℃ 𝑔 )(0. 80℃)
𝑞 =− 334. 4 𝐽
3
Moles of Limiting Reactant
𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑀𝑉
𝑚𝑜𝑙 = (2. 0 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿)(. 05 𝐿) = 0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

∆𝐻 = 𝑞/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= − 5308. 6 𝐽 /0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆_𝐻1 = − 53. 09 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂
∆𝐻2 = (− 5141. 4 𝐽 / 0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

∆𝐻 = − 51. 4 𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂
∆𝐻 = (− 334. 4 𝐽/0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

∆𝐻 =− 3. 34𝐾𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∆𝐻3 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑠𝑠'𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
∆𝐻3 = ∆𝐻1 + ∆𝐻2
Discussion:
During a chemical reaction heat is given off. By using a coffee cup calorimeter, where the
pressure is constant we can directly measure the heat given off. The heat of a system for this
reaction can be shown as 𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 = − 𝑞𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠.
In this situation 𝑞 = 𝑚𝐶∆𝑇. Therefore the 𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 is equal to − (𝑚𝐶∆𝑇). This is known as an
exothermic reaction. We use this concept to calculate the heat of neutralization of three different
reactions: 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂
Additionally the Enthalpy of a system is simply the heat released per moles of reactant.
Therefore using this, we are able to calculate the enthalpy of the three reactions listed above. It
is important to not that we are assuming that the density of these solutions have the same
density of water and therefore have the same specific heat.
4
Upon taking a close look we see that the three equations are related. The First two equations
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂 and 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂 are equal to the third
equation. This means we can use Hess’s Law. Hess’s Law states that the sum of the steps in a
reaction is equal to the total enthalpy of the reaction. Therefore, since we found the Enthalpies
of the first two reactions we can then find the enthalpies of the third reaction. By using Hess’s
law the enthalpy of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂 is found to be -3.34 KJ/mol. The
experimental value is off from the theoretical value of -3.9 KJ/mol due to human error such as
inaccurate measurements etc.
Sources of error:
When transferring the liquids from the measuring cylinder to the calorimeter, some volume of
liquid was lost.
Conclusion:
The experiment was successfully completed as the Enthalpies of all three equations were found
and Hess’s Law was demonstrated by adding the enthalpies of the first two reactions to find the
enthalpy of the third reaction.
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1

Title: Enthalpy of Neutralization

1. Two Styrofoam Cups

2. A. Using a 50.0 mL graduated cylinder, 50.0 mL of 2.0 M HCl was measured.

3. A. 50.0 mL of 2.0 M NaOH was also measured.

Observations, results, and Data:

Content 1 Initial Temp.(ti) Content 2 Total Volume Final ΔT

𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

𝑞 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ NaCl +NH3 + H2O

Moles of Limiting Reactant

∆𝐻 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 →𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

∆𝐻 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝐿 → 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2𝑂

∆𝐻2 = (− 5141. 4 𝐽 / 0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

∆𝐻 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙→ 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻2𝑂

∆𝐻 = (− 334. 4 𝐽/0. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)

∆𝐻3 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐻𝑒𝑠𝑠'𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤

∆𝐻3 = ∆𝐻1 + ∆𝐻2

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