Simplified Gramma 0000 Palm
Simplified Gramma 0000 Palm
Simplified Gramma 0000 Palm
“Th ۳ iit
Theology Library
Wilson ۳1 Hume
فچ
TRUBNER’S COLLECTION
OF
SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS
OF THE PRINCIPAL
3
MOG
HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN
AND
ARABIC.
XNx yp Vv BY
ible pies
E. H. PALMER, ۲۸. |5 70 -| 6 مےس
اا
LATE LORD ALMONER’S PROFESSOR OF ARABIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMRRINGS,
AND EXAMINER IN HINDUSTANI TO 11, M. CIVIL SERVICE: COMMISSION,
SECOND EDITION
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & Co., آس
DrypEN House, GERRARD STREET, W.
1906
00٦ زامو+اپ|
HINDUSTANT.
‘THE ALPHABET,
The Persian-Hindistani alphabet is a modification of the
Arabic. It is written from right to left.
NAME. EQUIVALENT. PRONUNCIATION, ۱
أAlf, 4 هز 4, ۵۵0۲۷ This is the spiritus lenis of the Greek, a
mere prop to rest an initial vowel on.
ب,eL 0 م
1 As in English.
پکPe, P
دZal, 3
As in English. _ ;
y Re, 7 A 507 "ھت Pe.
3 Re
ز 4
r
%
A-hard palatal ۰
As و in English.
ژZhe, zh Like the French j in jour, or our s in
pleasure,
سSin, 8
شShin, sh As in English. -
ضصSad, 5
THE ALPHABET. ~ 3
ow J 2
ح 7 ۳
یہ عہ
t ی عع
ge 0 ces
تک 5 4 كك
1 ڈس یا ل
م 5 Re ¢
5 0 ھ 2 تم للا
رودif deprived of the curve would become unrecognizable;
hence they do not join to the left.
The above letters are all consonants.
4 HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.
THE ACCIDENCE, . ١ 5
the article لا is elided before it and the consonant itself doubled,
as نساك ماوعwwammu-nnas, “ common people,” ai) OL£
ubdu-llah, “ Abdullah” (the servant of Allah),
YHE ACCIDENCE.
INFLECTION,
6 HINDUSTANI’ GRAMMAR.
Cases or Nouns.
PRONOUNS.
The pronouns are $
ہیںmain, I. وت 28 or ںیت tain, thou.
ee ham, we. متtum, you.
In these اراهara or ara is substituted for اك ka to express
the genitive; as
میراmérd == mai(n)ard, of me.
اریت14 = tai(n)ara, of thee.
T حار نح
يسك ور کیل و ماee
PRONOUNS. 7
ارامهhamara, of us.
2 نر,10/01۲ of you
and نیم and نيت 0 en mujh and ءهچع tujh in their in-
flected forms.
The other pronouns are formed as follows :
‘The syllable» ytat the beginning expresses the near demonstrative. ١
35 و 2 7 remote 7
5 5 رع ١
7 حر ور is relative. ۳
t وو is correlative.
Thus,
یہہyth, ۵ وwuh, . نوک اkaun, نوج Jaun, نوت taun,
this that who ? who, which that same
235 3 | GENDER.’
000 77+
‘This is made by putting the noun with which comparison is
‘made in the ablative or instrumental case with ےس se, and
leaving the adjective unchanged; as یه ہہپ اکڑل سا ےس اهجا
yth larka us se achchha hat, “This boy is better than that.”
Sometimes, for greater clearness, the word ہدایز 206
“more,” is ”ہد or the Persian comparative, as رشهچب bth-tar,
“better,” may be introduced.
The superlative is made by adding بمس sab, “all,” as
لڑکوں سے اجھا سبbas nokral es ,ahhchca tseB“ fo lla eht
boys.” 1 ۱
NUMERALS.
۴۳۰۴09۷۸9
The numerical figures are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
They are written
from left to right as with us, and are combined in the same way
as our own; 6.7, ۱۸۸۴۶۰
The Numerals in Hindistani are not easy to learn, as they
seem to have a different form for each number up to a hundred.
This difference is, however, only apparent, as in their original
1 See the Section on Arabic Grammar,
وم ع ی ا ا سوسiا
10 HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.
1 تکیا 5 7و 4 + os
كيارةgtyarah.
2 ود do 12 هراب barah, 0۵-0۵ (be,
ef. Latin 25٠
لمن ۰ 13 Syed ۰
4 راج chair. 14 *ردوج ۰
5 چاپ panch. 15 ہردنپ وت37:: م0+
6 > ۰ Lor هلوس solah.
7. تحاك p 7 ةرتس 6
8 يا :0 18 هراهتا۸0۶1ھ
9 و ۰ ۳19 سیناunis, one from (5)is.
10 دسdas. ۰20 سیہ bis =bé-is =twain-ty.
سا iy انين
و es اود رٹ ول"
NUMERALS, 11
001) ee
sau.
80 سیasst.
oem 800.
1 The s and % being interchangeable, see p. 14.
کر ری
VERBS, 13
and the rest by adding نو WAN, 0.8. نأوسيب 081 “twentieth.”
The termination wis wan, when inflected, becomes نیو wen.
Fractions are:
1. SuBSTANTIVES. 2. ADJECTIVES.
راpa-o لورpaun |
١ Au a quarter. َك1 one quarter less.
یئاهت وج8 ۱ بونی 6
تاذ1173-8, a third. .ےھڈاسا
ل
sdrhe, one half more.
فى
ادها,dhda a flah osla( desu \ سوا,das 8 retrauq .erom
as an adjective). ہژرڈ derh, one and a half.
VERBS.
SuBsTanTIve VERB.
14 HINDUSTANI: GRAMMAR.
Sanskrit. PRAXKRIT. ۱۱۱ یر دتت٭ :
PERSIAN. ZEND.
In Greek and Latin these become ext, etc., and sum, etc., it
bem a philological law that the 7 and s interchange.
When the Hindistani forms of the above are not. affixed they
take ۵ h before it, as نوه hin, یک hat, ete.
and the present and past tenses of the substantive verb نوه han
ete., اھت tha etc.
THE TENSES OF THE VERB. 15
All the parts of the verb are but combinations.of the above.
For the different numbers, persons, and genders
we have merely
to alter the rmastion أ ۶ into 2 for feminine, ی ةfor mascu-
line inflections or plural, and in the aorist ںی em for plural
masculine, and ني in for plural feminine, according to the rule
given on p. 5. 2
The root in its simplest form is used for the imperative
singular, as هکل “write thou.” To this we may add the
termination ىب 476, which makes the command into a request.
) جاهئی076716, from انهاح chahna, “to wish,” is used in the
43 oe ce
sense of one ought,” we should,” — let us,” etc.)
THE SYNTAX, .
29 HINDUSTANI GRAMMAR.
THE SENTENCE.
Now, the complete expression of an idea is called a sentence,
which in its simplest form is the mention of a person or thing
and the telling something about him or it; e.g.
Man is mortal. John went و
but if the verb is 22ھ772 0.6. if, as its name implies, its action
goes on to something else, we must have something else for it to
go on to; ۰ John struck James.
All that can possibly be added to this is: (1) something
telling us about the state of John or James,—these are adjec-
tives added to the person; (2) the manner of the striking,—these
are adverbs added to the verb; (8) the manner in which, or the
thing with which, it was done,—these are instruments; or
(4) the time or place where and when it was done,—these are
locatives.
1 Tur Cases or Nouns.
from the latter are not always applicable to the former, and
not unfrequently mislead the beginner. Three of these have
a peculiar and distinctive use in Hindustani, and for them the
٠ following nomenclature is suggested as more in accordance with
the principles of Urdu grammar :—
Proposed
Old nomenclature. Examples. nomenclature.
Nominative and Accusative ... كرم . . Subjective.
Dative and Accusative...... وک كرم. . Objective.
Lg ae یر درس ےن اد. . Agent.
In the remaining cases, as no additional clearness would be
gained by a change of names, the old nomenclature is retained.
The cases in — and وک are the great stumbling-block to be-
ginners.
CoNSTRUCTION WITH ین me AND وک ko.
4 رو ١
PERSIAN. ss
THE ALPHABET.
The Persian Alphabet is the same as that used for Hindistant
(sce p. 1), except that it has none of the four-dotted letters,
(dd 5 and }. ۱
The pronunciation is nearly the same in both languages,
PPE وم کی عم4 sehS 1
except that the long alif is,pronounced in Persian like aw in
6 ۰ ۰ ۰ 2 ۰ 7 ا تل ای
“awe,” instead of like 6 in father,” as in Hindistant.
0
لدمب0
G
0م
أر The Persians also frequently pronounce تگ gaf with a slight
, ~~ و sound, like the Cockney mode of pronouncing the و in garden,
»
: oe When it occurs between two vowels it is often
>
ee
sounded like 1 y, as 4 , 7 pronounced like y ۰
: رج م nI dlo ,naisreP dna ni eht egaugnal sa nekops ni aidnI ta eht
—~
>. 2 & present day, the long و and ی have two sounds, 7 and 2, called
كت
NOUNS.
Cases or ۰
we
Persian ورس سمos hcum morf cibarA sah detpoda ynam سالہات
مسراwhey
plurals from that language. 3 at the end of a word, representing
the Arabic 3, often becomes تا 24 in the plural, according to
the Arabic usage.
In “‘irrational” words derived from the Arabic Persians very
frequently use the Arabic plural, but they insert a 7 for euphony
in the case of the feminine plural in تا at; as ہعلت kala, “
fortress,” ۰ عالق 70160 or نایعلت kalajat, “fortresses.” They
even erroneously transfer this construction to purely Persian
words ; as dive navishta, “a writing,” تایعاشون navishtajat,
.. Writings ;” but this isہد done ia words ام سہan irra-
_, onal being or ting, oe! 8< Pe ry eeae
b's وک ا رس
سم topx
eyo
زواز
25
hen the Arabicرک in x 2 is
ا لی
8 im-
مموممہ 9 يت
Dvat.
In some words the Arabic dual form is borrowed; as فرط
tarf, “a side,” نّیفرط tarfain, “the two sides” or “parties :”* this
always ends in (3 ain. ١
GENDER.
From a grammatical point of view the Persian language has
PRONOUNS.
Inrerrocatrve Pronouns.
3
NUMERALS. 39
1 ‘When this is used separately it takes the more regular form بت 7
* ”رؤز ؛sa ni keerG ro .nitaL
58 PERSIAN. GRAMMAR.
Pc 5 : 1
ل
1
THE AUXILIARY “VERB “TO BE.” 8
be,” ()ند وب22 (dan), 2 (ing),” both being derived from the
Sanserit Bhuv. Declining this as far as we can with the affixes
given above, etc., we get
Present نومbiiwam, I may be.
sy) 008, thou mayest be, ete.
دوبbuwad, he may be
Past بُوںbad, he was, etc.
3) dada, having been.
again, by combination with the tenses of another verb, . ۱
رسیدڈ بودمadisar ,madab eno emoc I ,saw ء۰
estoy رسیدهrasida ۸440007, were I one come.
and so on,
40 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
1
42 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
44 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
IRREGULAR VERBS. 45
Irreeutar ۷8+
In studying the so-called Irregular Verbs, we have only to
keep the above principles in view, remembering chiefly that
1 b ١
oe |hooome fat OF
و ب
2 س5 becomes ۰
Oe
sel |become ( م or 8
نےec رین
’ و“ كردنod sah كنrof sti ;toor eht dneZ ro cideV mrof
was keren, and for the same reasons as those already stated in
the case of the Hindistini verb bs (see p. 7) the form تگ kar
became used for the past and ws kun for the present forms.
In دو adan theو8 becomes | 6 in the stem; as
خشودنbakhshiidan ) ن( ديشفح,to bestow, اشف ۰
ازمودن1110410, to try, آزسا۰6
کشودن,nadahsuk ot ,nepo کشا ۰
نمودنی,nadimun ot ,wohs نما ۰
ربودان61002, ot ,bor با ۰
Where the ۲ is a root letter ++ is retained, but as a con-
sonant 9 ۰
شنودن,nadunihs ot ,raeh شئو ۰0
شدنshudan= 49 ,0100:8115 ot ,emoceb شورshav.
When the infinitive ends in ندی idan and the 7 is part of the
root the stem is strengthened by adding a nasal نو as
درفآندب,626 to create, نبرفآ Gfrin.
o> chidan, to collect, jas chin.
46 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
Forms or Novns.
2.) آوdwar, وawar, ارGr, all from root ندر وأawardan, and
signifying
“ bringing,” “producing,” “displaying” ۸)ھ English
-er, -or), etc.
روالدdil-avar, brave (hearty).
روز روأ,801-6801 strong.
نكس روsukhan-var, eloquent.
راب
دركشshakar-bar, sugar-laden.
رابكنزzangi-bar, Zanzibar (full of negroes},
9 ستانstan, مهas
pees: gulistan, a rose-garden
ناتسودنهHindustan, the land of Hindi (Hindistan).
Courounp Worps,
The Compound Verbs are very numerous, but are for the most
part quite simple, the principal ones being the following:
There are many other compound verbs of this kind, but they
will be easily understood when met with, and will be found
in most yoeabularics,
és
8۷77۸ 53
SYNTAX,
The Syntax of Persian is as simple as that of English, which
it much resembles in construction. The student is recommended
to read the preliminary remarks on Syntax in the abstract on
pp- 21 and 22,
‘uu Cases or Nouns.
ConcorDANCE.
The Concordance of Verbs and Nouns is exactly the same as
in English, a singular noun requiring a singular verb, and a
plural noun taking a plural verb.
Nouns substantive do not agree with their adjectives or
qualifying nouns in number, it being sufficient to mark the
plural by the termination in the first named ; as
نادر بیوخmardan ٩
khub, good men (sce p. 33).
54 PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
THE ALPHABET.
۱ Alif, a, هر 7,0 or ٭ This is the spiritus lenis of the Greek, a
mere prop to rest an initial vowel on.
ابBa, b As in English.
wo Ta, t A soft dental 1 like the Italian.
ww» Tha, th As in thing.
c Jim, 1 As in English.
=) ل 5
ی ن 2 5 ی نا
c > = 4
8 2ع ف ۱ G
ge 2 رتويت
کت 5 ہت
J ۱ J
ve a
s 2d ov A mip
VOWELS.
Combined with أ a, و , ہہ1001 یy, the vowels become {aa (a),
uw (a), os ty (2); و 0 (prenounccd as ow in cow), Sai (like
@ in fine).
No word can commence in the Arabic character with a vowel,
or if it does the vowel is introduced by alif \.
When a syllable begins with a vowel, the mark + hamzeh is
used to introduce it.
But this hamzeh being written above the line requires a prop.
this in the case of a is أر in the case of ۸ it is ور and in the
case of 1 it is eg , only that in the initial form this last is dis-
tinguished from the ordinary y by losing its dots: ۰ دا وف
fi-ad, “a heart,” هدناف fa-ida, “advantage.”
” Tashdid doubles the letter it is placed over.
© مو رقswohs taht eht rettel ti si decalp revo sah on .lewov
Two consecutive sukiuns cannot come together in one word.
چتWaslah is only used over an initial al/f or over the article
۵ al, and shows that these are to be 100
7 Maddah is placcd over an initial alif, and shows that it
should be pronounced long, as cer alz, “coming,”
If the first letter of a word bo a sibilant or liquid the article
الis elided before it and the consonant itsclf dowvled, as
i الاماژَعdwammu-nnas, “common people,” هللاacs dbdu-lah,
“Abdullah” (tho scrvant of Allah).
NVote.—Final short vowels or tenwin arc not pronounced before
a full stop.
oe ree ا 07 3 eo چپ سح بج ےہ مںپ.
ROOT WORDS. — 59
ROOT WORDS.
(TrrzitERaL Roors).
7
gencous with the short vowels <>” a, t, u,. One of these weak
consonants may occur as a radical; eg. ل اوقkavwl, “speaking.”
To get the agent form from this we treat it like the examples
just given, and should have (XayizZ)
فاعلfa cil,
فاولkawil:
but, as a matter of fact, the agent of ل وق15 not لواق but ee)اقر
the reason being that the vowel 2 being indispensable to the
form absorbs the weak consonant و and turns it into the weak
consonant ير which is homogeneous with itself. So from وزغر
مبmake a raid,”
(XaY?Z)
فاعلfa cil,
غازىghasty=ghazi, a raider (or warrior).
Again, “an .:.090 for doing anything” is expressed by
the formula لاعفم (۷60 (=miXyazZ); thus from یو رزو4042
“to weigh,” we get (mtXyaZ,
leis mif, al,
wise miwsan;
butوwis not homogencous with %: the latter, therefore, changes
it into ي y, which 7s, and we have نازیم miyzdn (= imizdn),
“ وbalance.”
These changes of weak consonants are called permutations, and
will be treated of later on, together with other phonetic laws.
The first principle in Arabic grammar, then, is that radical
62 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
VerBaL متا
The simplest formula in Arabic is لکف قادرراقic. (Xayaza) ۰
signifying “he did;” as فرض dharaba, “he struck,” لتق katala,
“he killed.” It is under this form that words will be found
in the dictionaries.
The form َلَعَتJazala, signifying “ho did,” is the past tense
of the verb.
To express the othcr tenses the Arabs have only one form,
(yaXYuZu)
و یل6 ع70
= ی
04 ARABIC GRAMMAR,
66 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
The aorist is made as in the simple verb, except that the vowels
are slightly modified; ھر for the first three it is ds mee a5
' سہہ (yuX...YyiZu); for the two which prefix 3 ¢ ٦ 18
وی .کذ بس۷ ;)uzayXay( dna rof eht tser ti si 70
ر.)uZiyXay(
اهز
The imperative is made by cutting off the last vowel of the
aorist and prefixing 7 where two consonants would otherwise
come together at the beginning.
ھ7 80
7 9 “gov 01“
| 5 :
ری 0
ظperfor ono? 1032/7 ۳ ۲*07 مہ
٠001100150500
۵2 607 1 ۸005
0ر6م 9
ا
8o
لم کم
sen}
ج01 005092510100 *9
7
pr?
17222/( ors 17171337111 دج
۰نب
npn?
oh
*
۳
]وہ
ase
0019101
72 ore
8 1
00:۲
۰0100.
-.۲
0
27
01
72 *وء
101191119
GRAMMAR.
¢ 1
crepe SoreSO ۴
4d mag پ۱ ہمao
£410
10’
4 117 ی۳
وجک7۳9220
|-01010053 0
od
ملي
7/5۳
ARABIC
7
oA /
213/0
Yup -xe
791105119
81 lag G)uon ۸/0 لا
1۳ 2
ےت
۲
0 2011018'
2 =? ہے 090597030
Yip -xo 7
wy مر4919110111۲ IO
و
1135 ۶۲
722 a 7
70112211 aD
هه ےہ
7702207 ap 5010
101200
|i
۱
10 122/۳۹ 7 ‘Eorpel 091012001 *6
1001
ہو
090۵۲
0
1099481
oY}
192917
۲
۱0۱0:
1١7
000۴۳
uno
*0۸ )آ0193 "7٣
Jo
NT
68 ‘SNUOT 0214153211 0
سو
يلك1) 1]
2121211121150
7171211020۸
70۵۹۸
پ0
pina
71721010110
iy 1 40% ۳
09
7
jaf?
irk
2/۸
Zz
و۳
11۳6910
aa
qoman 2/0۳
(
”
1fi
>nnrfr
“eT
{xs
ZI
waft پات
agp
ose
:
۱
2
وو901۰ ۳۲
فرصل 7 ۸97كاين
“ا
27
11 8
ie
efi
0۲ LE
mf ۳ا 1۷02/۸ 00 رہ0 let 10
0-00
FORMS.
ا
* 010.19 ۲
‘ssed 2 ا
DERIVED
“Be
ae *008 “LOW
Agدو
2ھ by
7
0
“400%
0114
Aq
vere
2/۲×و /ا
ر:ٗ7 7702/71 sper
“i
-110 ٥
۳99902150
۳۵
vapt
OF
Sv
193219 {oe
Ay ر7
(مرrss
-01 10 107 101175877 “OT
21198۰8
TABLE
400708
0 out
110190091 Aq
Chi
را
ماه وDays
1001
ay}
74
Jo
-
[۸/۸021 ی7 "30702 ites
oy}
۱1
arb
10
OU}
prnfur سااSx ۲
۸
۰001
09
متاوه9111
001 و jo
85011110 919119] 08008 OAT,
۰00 piu
ا 4
ت
ta ی
ہے و ind
5 رت و یا
7 7ء۵
70 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
TABLE OF FORMS 07
‘I'he class to which a verb belongs will be found in the dictionaries
١ aS یرشح ۵
TRILITERAL 3 = ۳ مسح ۱
Vers. ee Aorist. تب Aorist 3 تند Neuter.
| |
17
a ۱
|
Sa را
» 2 2+ kai ” ” لعفا 1 ” 99
۷1ہ: 1
کر Cy eg, Ss 7
” 3 29 لعَب 7 27 لعفإ 7 لعف 27
ےم
Sh 6-ہ سا
TABLE OF FORMS OF THE SIMPLE VERB. : 11
wPags
5۰2 شا پکInten-
Noun of Noun of Instru-
Noun of | Agent. Patient. Time or ment, or Nounاب ۶ ]223-5 sive
Species. a ’ Place. Intransitive Agent. Quality. |2 523) agent
02 ی2النحے وب
1
عsive
|0ul |
|
23
2
4 Ao we
reaalah(t)
72
7710701
cS
ie Cr
7 (37
maf,al
مفعل
ایش
Se
ee
مو
ئے
72 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
oe eo اھت 0 ی 7
tunna = tum tv ta
7۶
ناna ساب | ۱1 یں
Aorist (SUFFIXES AND AFFIXES).
PLURAL. DUAL. SINGULAR,
Fen. Mase. Fem. Mase. Fem. Mase.
ع ان و
۳ OTRSS
ہے ایں
سر
74 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
Sacalna
es
JSacaltu
ے6
'وaw becomes ۴
وawt semoceb کےکی۰
1 When 1 is final, and more than two letters precede it, it is written Gs,
but pronounced the same.
NOUNS: 7
NOUNS.
Cases or Nouns,
When the noun 18 indefinite the tenwim form ان used (see ۰
57); thus - 7
Subj. رلrajulun, 8 man. SAY arrajulu, the man.
Obj. Is; rajulan, 8 man. JEST arrajula, the man.
Certain nouns cannot take tenwin; these have the fetha (a) for
both objective and dependent case.
When, however, they are preceded by the article, or are in
80 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
construction with ancther noun, they have kesra (7), like other
nouns in the dependent case.
Numsers or (۲0۵8۰
e
&سی ٭
(فا
ue ahlun, family,
٥
way
Gr dhu, possessor,
۵ ay
۳3 6 00ج world, universe,
ظلardhun, earth,
5 cashrun, ten,
همsanatun, year,
(and the other cardinal numbers, thirty, forty, etc., between
twenty and nincty,) together with all nouns similar to the last,
.2,6 nouns of which the last radical is cut off and a & added by
۰ Re “ce = 0 1
way of compensation; as هناي “‘a hundred,” Cyne; ۂضع
8
Broxen Prvurats.
7 Ss a پڑ 0 = 7 0 =
۷ yo \ —\ 9 ۲ 6 6 ic
x. +هواااه 9 a “\ se ۰ \
BS2 ix}
eb s
۲ ۶ ه
۱
8
ےسوه |۱
وجP=دی |
Sipe ee
65 Cy2 Ce5 Sang
۳ “o ه > تج و
۱ Sree
6 2
بلط مي
ی C1. C2 er ۵ Cu,
Xe
Tyo 35
Ke
5 او
دہ
ممه
Xe
ye جاع |
)ند و کہ yaG eeG !eG oeG ۱ ۲۳ لپ
‘Plural of Paucity,” ۰
used for any number from
3 to 10.
x \ EX یوER ER a \
Paucity, from verbs whose
2nd and 8rd radical is the
\ \
۰ ہہ ةھى »و و
same; مد عم3م. |
Generally from nouns with |
a weak 2nd or 8rd radical; :
asl)
5۱ ‘
‘fire, 9 تاریخ
7 ۰
|
84 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
جوا.
و ور
Tn words of five or more letters all above four are cut off in
forraing the plural; as
2 (ءاگ )8( (1)-28)ى,
5
ser
” عفد,el5aenit)ohtcin‘? ‘
مای
0
larulp عخادل
a
)ے99س7 یو \ تاھےت
( لكام3) +)3(۔0(
kA“ ما : وو
” را
و کا ۱
oy) ی
\ ۰
QR ws
لچرفم quince,
rejected.
Ss
Another form of the relative termination is ا ~~ This-is
2 rincipally ”نامسح۰
used in technical or scientific terms; ? as cs
ما
jismaniyun,
کے اه
“corporeal,” ہا eac
یناکور م کا
ruhdniyun, دspiritual,
lare ” Rey
5
— 3 ” 5 82ا ٠. 0 he و
barraniyun, external,” یناوچ 0117/7 internal.
۱
5
86 - ARABIC GRAMMAR.
91۱0۲ Noun.
Tur (۲ +2۶۳.
رسو1 ٠
only one
.6 Vice versd لیعف Say?zlun, in the passive sense, has
ryulun
form for the masculine and feminine; as ین Bey4
۰
88 Go ai ARABIC GRAMMAR.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 83
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
1 This is pronounced dnd, both a’s short, but the accent on the first.
00 ARABIC. GRAMMAR.
THE NUMERALS.
Tue CarpinaL Numpens.
Masculine. Feminine.
3
67-005 \
حل إحخدى
ahadun thda
اا
واحق
۱
04 wahidatun
yt} This is declined as an
ordinary dual noun.
athnatant
"۸۸۰۷۰ ان
thintant
From
numerals
3 to 10 the|
assume the |
feminine form for the .j
ےچ یچ Seting masculine, and vice
SMA تلف 0 كلك versi.
Tvom 8 to 10 the nu-
thalathatun thalathun merals govern a broken
eee plural of the noun
CU numbered, which %s
arba.atun arbacun put in the oblique
تم {: کے
case. غ1[ the noun haye
Chea al ony رج a plural of paucity,
Cee Sony | مس
this is to be preferred,
Thamsun
khamsatun sa 814$ ثلانه3
4 و
£5 rd S 2 ہے
سته slayes.’’
sittatun sttiun
ue
43مرن مر S Us
دس
006008 sabeun
(تمانیع) ای
c
The numerals com-
ila Les
ak هر
pounded with 10 are
indeclinable, both
0 ۷ thamanin taking fe‘hah in all
ہے cases. The 10 thus
لسعہ used in the compound
follows the ordinary
tis:"سےatun rule for masculine and }
د 2
ب
سپر و feminine, while the
10 حسام
units reverse it, as
casharatun cashrun
9
stated above.
02 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
۰ Masculine. : Feminine. |
کس اپ
" فهم
ی ا
اام 2
کے رھ ک
LAا | morvom
F 11 ot 99 eht
11 a 7 7 numerals take an
ahada ۵ءء 1:16 cashrata | accusative singular
7 De 9 0 act of the thing num-
12 tt pe Lay «ةردسد واتنٌْنل bered.
8
011106 <ashara
J
| ۱0/۵۵0 cashrata|
ف
7 9%ou رے یب
٥۶
صو
z “ag4 ee oy 24 ey 2 Gels,
Car erean se ہہشع ثالث etc., are common
7022۷ ست زر هم both genders,
thalathata 17ع 074 ۱ thelatha gashrata |and are declined
and so on to like ordinary sound
اCe و تOSG, ا eC ee ,slarulp ees .p .18
19 | 15 رسع ةعسل ee In compounding
tis-ata 6ء tisca cashrata | numerals with 20,
u 3 ce 30, etc., and
a unit,
90] “رس تشع the unit is placed
ey Baus first, the two are
ء۷۵ connected by the
(5 ۰ رک a
Bn eee ا ea م نا |conjunction 9 and
91| 5 | Sykes Ssh |َنوُرْشِعَو 5d} and both are de-
thudun wa cishrina thdd wa قدا ina |chned.
9 ۰ 31
2 cte,
00 ار ونالت
thelathina
z
ee ےہ رن طر
40, ۴ نوعبر
۳0۹
سے كار
20 خمسشون The word تام mi-aten, “hundred,”
۱ 2 is common to both genders.
khamsina
pes From 100 to 1000 the numerals govern
60! ٠ نوئو the singular of the noun numbered,
کے which they put in the oblique case; as
sittina ints
ماه رخلa“ derdnuh ”.nem
2 7 Pues 58 5
لم هت وق nehW eht 17:41007 era dednuopmoc
٦1008 with units, they are put in the oblique
2 یہ case of the singular,
80| ۸ OY Ao
thamanina
۰ 7 ا )ر۰
00۱ 4 نوعسد
tise Und
0121145 NUMBERS. 93
ہے 1
Masculine,
=
8000000۱۳۳۰۰۱ Call با نكن
thalathate alafi alfin |
04 ARABIC GRAMMAT..
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
The ordinal numbers for the units (except the first) are of the
form of the agent, masc. ,لعاف fem. eli ; the tens, hundreds
and thousands do not differ from the cardinal numbers.
Masculine. Feminine. |
11th
hadi 00 hadiyata ۵
د
e
هS
»s
هر
ا
e
ه۳سا
رA نی کش3نا ی
عشرةcnتانیهS 12th
thant 0 thanryata 6
etc.
Caps
7 g%
0
5
20th
4 4 85
PREPOSITIONS.
The prepositions are either inseparable (7.e. are written as
one word with the following noun) or separable.
The inseparable prepositions are five in number, namely:
ب اب زرby, with,” etc. This, when joined with the
affixed pronouns 8, مهر4S, changes their 70
into 7, sce
تta, “by” (a particle of swearing).
3 wa, “by” (ditto).
تدوع“ انhtiw( snuonorp siht si detniop htiw .)hahteS
eG ka, “like.”
we min, ‘ like,” ete.
All prepositions take the following nouns in the dependent
case.
CONJUNCTIONS,
The conjunctions are—
وwa, “and.”
فfa, ‘and so” (as a consequence of what has gone before).
برrubba, “many a,” or, conversely, “but few,” is used as
as a preposition. It must begin the sentence, and the noun
which it governs must be indefinite and qualified by a sub-
sequent adjective; as Abad مي تر لجر رگrubba rajulin kert-
min lakituhu, “many a generous man have I met.”
The word بر rubba is generally preceded by the conjunction
وwa, “and.” It may even be omitted, the و wa followed by
the dependent case having the same meaning.
9 ARABIC GRAMMAR.
SYNTAX.
2. لنlan -)ْأن = لا أن5 X وG ۶)3 ,otbi(“ ll0iw ton neppah =)’’tووaht
tfo کے
6 ۰
“certainly not.”
A کے پا
۳ رت 6
8. ادنtdhan )” ©(إد أن ع.neht
Tke aorist of the verb loscs its final ۲۵۱۲۵۱ 1000
4 1 ‘ ot eG 3
i. After مل lam, “not,” and J lamma, “not yet,” which
alwuys give a past negative sense to the aorist; as
LORRI 5 2 ۰
لم تکچهmal ,mukay eH did ton ”.dnats
Pete) پا کی 3
After ol in, “if,” and similar particles, both verbs lose their
final vowel; as
Gras 01 ا رک A 0 ce
نکسل خشسرlo ni laskat ,rashkat fI uoy era yzal uoy lliw
come to ۳
Tor Acenr دس THE VERB.
The agent is put in the subjective casc.
The agent foliows the verb, and the object of the action
follows the agent; as أرمَع )33 برضdharaba Zeidun -amran,
ای ۰
‘Zeid struck ‘Amr.”
Whcen the agent is, grammatically speaking, masculine, of no
matter what number, the verb is put in the masculine singular.
TUE SUBJECT OF A PASSIVE ۰ 101
٠.
ro توت
t
مر dis-
“ عامThe thing (masculine)
puted about.”
عداysis almabhithu -anha, “Phe thing (feminine) dis-
. ۰ ۰ ۰
© gt
puted about.”
Tue Vocative ۰
Retative 877 8+
1101211۳6 sentences are expressed as follows :
0 7 ۰ ۰
25), us} JSF arrajulu Madhi ra-c’ ht,
9 Be 7 م 1
سے مح
)وھ _—-V oo نسحم بح
[1
ADMIRATION.
ae
2 ع
کمن کا