200 CHAPTER 6 CURR ENT AND VOLTAGE RELAT I ONS ON A TRANSMISSION L I N E

V
W ith phase-a voltage at the motor terminals as reference, we have

1 3 .2
= 1 3 .8 =
/
O.9565L.9.: no
per unit
0.6
J = = 0 . 6273LQ:
0" per unit
0.9565

P h a:; e -a p e r - L1 n i t vo l t a g e s a t nt l l er po i n t s o r F i g . (d) ; \ r e

At m : V = 0 .9565 + 0.6273 ( j0.09 1 5 )

I: V
0 . 9565 + jO .0574 = 0.9582/ 3 .4340 per unit
0.9565 0. 6273 ( J0 .0915 j0 . 1 815)

/ 10. 1 540 uni t

At = + +

V
0.9565 + j0 . 1 7 1 3 = 0 .971 7 per

k:

0.9826/ 13.23T uni t

At = 0 .9565 + 0 . 6273 ( J0 .091 5 + j0 . 1 8 1 5 + iO.08S7)

0.9565 + jO.2250 = per

The voltage regulation o f the l i n e i s

0 .9826 - 0 .9582
Percent regulation =
0.9582
x 100 = 2.55%

and magnitude l generator

the or t h e vo t a g e a t t h e t erm i n a l s i s

0.9826 X 20 = 1 9 .652 kV

s
I f it is desired to
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6.3 THE MEDIUM-LENGTH LINE

for a line of medium length. I f the total s hu n t admittance of the line is d iv ided
The shunt admittan ce, usually pure c ap aci t ance, is i ncluded in the calculations

into two equal parts placed at the sendi n g and receiving e nds o f the line, the
circuit is called a nominal 7r . We refe r to Fig. 6.7 to derive equations. To Qbt a i n
a n ' expression for Vs) w e note t h at the c u rr e n t i n t h e capacitance a t t h e
 6.3 Tl-I E M E D I U M-LENGTH L I N E 201

FIGCRE 6 . 7
Nom i n a l -;;- circu i t o f a med i u m-length
t ransmission line.

receiving end is VRY/2 and the curre n t in th e series arm is IR + VRY/2. Then,

( 6 .4)

( 6 .5 )

To derive Is , we note th a t t h e cu rre n t i n t h e sh u n t capacitance a t t h e sen d i n g

end i s Vs Y/ 2 , which added t o t h e cu rren t i n the se ries a rm gives

( 6 .6)

Substituting Vs , as given by Eq. (6.5), in Eq . (6.6) yields

( 6 .7)

Equ ations (6.5) and (6.7) may be expressed in the ge neral form

( 6 .8)

( 6 .9)
ZY
wh ere A = D = - + l
2
( 6 . 10)
B = Z

These ABeD constants are sometimes called the generalized circuit constants of
the transmission line. In general, they are complex n umbers. A a n d D are

either end. The d i mensions of B and C a re ohms a n d m hos or Siemens,

d im ensionless and equ a l each other i f the l ine is the same when viewed from
202 CHAPTER 6 C U RRENT AND VOLTAGE R ELATI O N S ON A TR A N S M I S S I O N L I N E

nal n e twork h aving two pairs of ter m inals. S uch a netwo rk is c alled a two-port
respectively. The cons tants apply to any l inear, p assive, and bilateral four- termi­

network .
A p hysical m eaning is easily a ssigned to the constants. By letting 1,< be
zero i n Eq. (6.8), we see t h at A is t h e r atio VS / VR at no load . Similarly, B is t h e

in c om p u ting regul ation. I f VI?, '.L i s t h e receiving-en d vol tage at fu [ I load for a
ratio Vs /IR when the receivi ng end is sho rt-ci rcuited. The constan t A is u s eful

sending-end voltage of ��. , Eq. (6.3) becom es

- I VJ?.F/J
I VU, FL I
I Vs l /l A I
Percent regulation = x 1 00 (6.1 1 )

Table A.6 in the Appendix l ists ABeD constants for v a riou s networks and
combinations of n c tworks.

6.4THE LONG TRANSMISSION LINE:

SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
The exact sol ution of any transmISSIon l in e and the one required for a h igh
degree of accuracy in calculating 60-Hz l ines more than approximately mi
long m u s t consider t h e fact that t he parameters of t he : i nes are not lumped but,
150
rather, a re distributed uniformly throu gh o u t the length of the l ine.
Figure 6.8 s hows one phase and the neut ral connection of a three-phase
line. Lumped p aram e ters are n ot shown because we are ready to consi der the
solution of the line with the impedance and admittance uniform ly d istributed .
I n Fig. 6.8 we consider a d ifferential element of length dx i n the l in e a t a
d ista nce x from the receiving end o f the line. Then z dx and y dx a re,
respectively, the series i mpedance and shu n t ad m it tance of the elemental
section . V and I a re ph asors which v a ry w i th x .

+
I
I
I
Gen. Vs V + dV

: I
x --------I
� dx --t+-- ----

I I

FIGURE 6.8
Sche matic diagram of a transmission l i n e show i n g one phase a n d the neu t ra l ret u r n . Nomenc; l a t u re
for the l i ne and the elemental length a re i n dica t e d .
 PROBLEMS 233

and p rotection of the ac c i r c u it breaker. There i s also no simple device to

since t here is no dc device which can provide the excellent switching operations

change the vol tage l evel, which the transformer acco mplishes for ac systems.

6.14 SUMMARY
The long-line equations given by Eqs. (6.35) and (6.36) are, of course, valid for a
line of any length. The approximations for the short- and medium-length lines
make analysis easier in the absence of a computer.
Circle diagrams were i n t roduced because of their instructional v a l ue in
showing the maximum power which can be transmitted by a l ine and also in
showing the effect of the power factor o f the load or the addition o f capacitors.
ABeD constants provide a straightforward means of writing equations i n a
more concise form and are v e ry convenient i n probl ems involving n etwork
reduction. Their usefulness is a pparent in the discussion of series and s h u n t
reactive compensation.
The simple discussion of transients, although confined to lossless lines a n d
d c sources, should give some i d e a o f t h e complexity o f t h e study of transi e n ts
which arise from lightning and swi tching in power systems.

PROBLEMS
6.1. An IS-km, 60-Hz, single-circuit, th ree-phase line is composed of Partridge con d u c­
tors equilaterally spaced with 1 .6 m between cen ters. The line delivers 2500 kW a t
1 1 kV t o a balanced load. Assume a w ire temperature of 5C.
(a) Determine the per-phase series impedance of the line.
(j) SO% lagging,
C b ) What must be the sending-end voltage when the power factor i s

( ii) unity,

(c) Determine the percent regu lation of the line at the above power factors.
(iii) 90% leading?

Cd) Draw phasor d iagrams depicting the operation of the line in each case.
6 .2. A I OO-mi, single-circuit, t hree-phase t ransmission l ine del ivers 55 MVA at O.S
power-factor lagging to the load at 1 32 kV (line to li ne). The l i ne is compose d of
Drake conductors with flat horizontal spacing of 1 1 .9 ft between adjacent con d u c­
tors. Assume a wire temperature o f 5C. Determine
(a) The s e ri es i m p ed a nc e a n d the s h u n t adm i t t ance o f t h e l i n e .
( b ) The ABeD constants of t h e l i ne.
( c ) The sending-end Voltage, current, real and reactive powers, and the power
factor.
Cd) The percent regul ation of t h e line.
6.3. Find t h e ABeD constants of a 7T circuit having a 600-.0 resistor for t h e shunt
b ranch at the send ing end, a l - k fl resistor for the shunt branch at the receiving
e n d , and an SO-o. resistor for the series branch.
234 CHAPTER 6 CURR ENT AND VOLTAGE RELATIONS ON A TRA N SMISSION L I N E

/ 0 .98°
6.4. The ABCD constants of a three-phase tra nsmission line are

142/76.40 D
A = D = 0 .936 + iO .016 = 0 .936

B = 3 3.5 + i1 3 S =

C = ( - 5 .] 8 + i914) x 10-6 S

The load a t the receiving en d is 50 M W at 220 kV with a power factor of 0.9

lagging. F i nd t h e magnitude o f the sending-end vo l lage and the vol tage reg u l �l t ion.
Assume that the magn itude of the send ing-e n d voltage rem a ins consta n t.
6.5. A 70-m i, single-circu it, three-phase line composed of Ostrich conductors is a r­
ranged i n flat horizontal spacing w i th 1 5 ft betwee n adjacent conductors. The line
deli vers a load of 60 MW at 230 kV w i th 0 .8 power-factor l aggi ng.
( a ) Using a base of 230 kV, 1 00 M VA, de termin e the series i mpedance a n d t he
shunt admittance of the line in per u n i t. Assume a wire temperat ure of 500 C.
Note that the base admittance m ust be the reciprocal of base i m p e d a n c e .
(b) Find the voltage, current, real and reactive power, and the power factor a t the
send ing end in both per unit and a bsol u te u n its.
Cc) What is the percent regulation of the line?
6.6. A single-circuit, three-phase transmiss ion line is composed of Parakeet con ductors
with flat horizonta l spacing of 19.85 ft between adjacent conductors. Determine the
characteristic impedance and the propagation constant of th e l ine a t 60 Hz a n d
5 0° C temperatu re.
6.7. Using Eqs. (6.23) and (6.24), show that if the receiving end of a line is terminate d
by its characteristic i mpedance Zc ' t h e n the impedance seen a t the sen d i ng e n d of
the l i n e is also Zc regardless of l i ne length.
6.8. A 200-m i transmiss ion line has the fol lowing pa rameters at 60 Hz:

Resistance r = 0 . 2 1 D/mi per phase

Series reacta nce x = 0 .78 D / m i per phase

Shunt susceptance b = 5 .42 X 1 0 - 6 Simi per phase

(a) Determine the a ttenuation consta nt a, wavelength A, and the veloc ity of
propagation of the line at 60 Hz.
(b) I f the line is ope n-ci rcu ited at the rece iving end and the receiving-end voltage
is maintained at 100 kV line to line, use Eqs. (6.26) and (6.27) to determine the

�
incident and reflected components o f t he sending-end voltage and current.
( c ) Hence, determ ine the sendi ng-end voltage and current of t he l ine.
6.9. Evaluate cosh e a n d s inh e for e = 0.5 .
6.10. Usi ng Eqs. (6. 1), (6.2), (6.10), and (6.37), show that the gene ralized circuit consta nts
of all three transmission-line models satisfy the condition that

AD - BC = 1