Mom PPT-1

MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
WELCOME TO ONLINE CLASS

Lecture on Bending Stresses in Beams
Given by
Mr. V. ANAND KUMAR
Asst. Professor
Date : 14-04-2020
Time : 10.00 am – 12.00 noon
Mode : meet.google
ID : iri-qjvp-tyd
Bending Stresses in Beams
Topics
• Assumptions made in pure bending

• Derivation of bending moment equation
• Modulus of section
• Neutral axis and Moment of resistance
• Determination of bending stresses
• Numerical Problems
Introduction
When some external load acts on the beam, the shear force
and bending moments are set up at all sections of the beam. Due to
this shear force and bending moment, the beam undergoes certain
deformation. The material of the beam will offer resistance or
stresses against these deformation.
It is possible to estimate these stresses with certain

assumptions. The stresses induced by bending moment are known
as bending stresses (or flexural stresses). Similarly, shear force will
introduce stresses called shear stresses.
Understanding of the following terms are more useful in

the subject point of view.
• Pure bending or Simple bending
• Theory of Pure bending
• Neutral axis
Pure bending
If a length of beam is subjected to a constant
bending moment and no shear force, then the stresses will be
set up in that length of the beam due to bending moment only
and that length of the beam is said to be in Pure bending or
Simple bending.
A beam simply supported at A and B and overhanging
by same length at each support is shown in figure. A point
load P is applied at each end of the overhanging portion. The
S.F and B.M for the beam are drawn as shown in figure.
From these diagrams it is clear that there is no

shear force between A and B but the B.M between A and B is
constant. This means that between A and B the beam is
subjected to a constant bending moment only. This condition
of the beam between A and B is known as pure bending or
simple bending.
Theory of Simple Bending or Pure Bending
The above figure shows a part of a beam subjected to simple

bending. Consider a small length δx of this part of beam. Consider
two sections AB and CD which normal to the axis of the beam N-N.
Due to the action of bending moment, the part of length of
δx will be deformed. It is clear that all the layers of the beam, which
were originally of the same length, do not remain of the same length
any more.
The top layer AC has deformed to the shape A’C’. This layer
has been shortened in its length. The bottom layer BD has deformed
to the shape B’D’. This layer has been elongated.
In between top and bottom layers, there will be a layer which
is neither shortened nor elongated. This layer is known as neutral
layer. In the figure N’-N’ layer is known as neutral layer.
The line of intersection of the neutral layer on a cross section

of a beam is known as neutral axis.
The layers above neutral axis will be subjected to
compressive stresses.
The layers below neutral axis will be subjected to tensile
stresses.
The top and bottom most layers are subjected to max, stress.
The amount by which a layer increases or decreases in
length, depends upon the position of the layer with respect to neutral
axis. This theory of bending is known as theory of simple bending.
In general, the position of the layer with respect to neutral
axis is denoted by ‘y’.
Assumptions in the Theory of Pure Bending
Ø The material is homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hooke’s law

Ø The plane section of the beam normal to its longitudinal axis prior
to loading remains plane after the forces and couples have been
applied.
Ø The moduli of elasticity (E) in tension and compression are equal.

Ø No fibers of the beam are stressed beyond the proportional limit.
Ø The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal layers bend into
circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
Assumptions in the Theory of Pure Bending
Ø The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of

the cross section.
Ø Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently

of the layer, above or below it.
Ø The resultant pull or thrust on a transverse section of the beam is

zero.
Ø The transverse section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis

passing through the centroid of the section and parallel to the plane
of bending.
Derivation of bending moment equation
Modulus of section
Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia
of a section about the neutral axis to the distance of the outmost
layer from the neutral axis. It is denoted by the symbol Z.
The bending stress will be maximum at the section where B.M. is

maximum. The stress will be maximum, when y is maximum.
M = fmax x Z
Section modulus represents the strength of the section
Section modulus for Rectangular section
Section modulus for Hollow Rectangular section
Section modulus for Circular section
Section modulus for Hollow Circular section
Neutral axis and Moment of resistance
The neutral axis of any transverse section of a beam is
defined as the line of intersection of the neutral layer with the
transverse section. It is written as N.A.
The stress at a distance y from the neutral axis is given by

represents the moment of area dA about neutral axis.
represents the moment of entire area of the section about neutral

axis. We know that moment of any area about an axis passing
through its centroid is zero. Hence, neutral axis coincides with the
centroidal axis. Thus the centroidal axis of a section gives the
position of neutral axis.
Moment of Resistance
Due to pure bending, the layers above the N.A. are
subjected to compressive stresses where as the layers below the
N.A. are subjected to tensile stresses. Due to these stresses the
forces will be acting on the layers. These forces will have moment
about the N.A. The total moment of these forces about the N.A. for
sections is known as Moment of Resistance of that section.
Determination of bending stresses
• Identify the position of neutral axis of the given section
• Calculate the moment of inertia of the section about neutral axis
• Calculate the distance of the top most layer or fibre from the
neutral axis.
• Calculate the maximum bending moment of the given beam.
• By substituting these values in the bending equation, the
maximum bending stress can be calculated.
• Some times calculate the section modulus and substitute this value
in the corresponding equation to calculate bending stresses.
Thank you

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MUFFAKHAM JAH COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

WELCOME TO ONLINE CLASS

• Assumptions made in pure bending

It is possible to estimate these stresses with certain

Understanding of the following terms are more useful in

From these diagrams it is clear that there is no

The above figure shows a part of a beam subjected to simple

The line of intersection of the neutral layer on a cross section

Ø The material is homogeneous, isotropic and obeys Hooke’s law

Ø The moduli of elasticity (E) in tension and compression are equal.

Ø The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of

Ø Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently

Ø The resultant pull or thrust on a transverse section of the beam is

Ø The transverse section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis

The bending stress will be maximum at the section where B.M. is

The stress at a distance y from the neutral axis is given by

represents the moment of area dA about neutral axis.

represents the moment of entire area of the section about neutral

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