POLITEKNIK PENERBANGAN MEDAN

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK TELEKOMUNIKASI DAN NAVIGASI UDARA

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

Nama : Samuel Yohanda R Silaen Hari/ : Jumat, 31 Desember 2021

Mata : Elementary English tanggal
kuliah
Dosen : English Team Course : TNU XX

I. Find an article/ a journal relating to the aviation on the internet, then read the
article/journal in good English pronunciation and record it (in audio file).
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howplaneswork.html

II. Summarize the content of the article/journal.

How Do Planes Fly ?
If you've ever watched a jet plane take off or coming in to land, the first thing you'll have
noticed is the noise of the engines. Jet engines, which are long metal tubes burning a
continuous rush of fuel and air, are far noisier (and far more powerful) than
traditional propeller engines. You might think engines are the key to making a plane fly,
but you'd be wrong. Things can fly quite happily without engines, as gliders (planes with
no engines), paper planes, and indeed gliding birds readily show us.

If you're trying to understand how planes fly, you need to be clear about the difference
between the engines and the wings and the different jobs they do. A plane's engines are
designed to move it forward at high speeds. That makes air flow rapidly over the wings,
which throw the air down toward the ground, generating an upward force called lift that
overcomes the plane's weight and holds it in the sky. So it's the engines that move a
plane forward, while the wings move it upward.

Four forces act on a plane in flight. When the plane flies horizontally at a steady speed,
lift from the wings exactly balances the plane's weight and the thrust exactly balances
the drag. However, during takeoff, or when the plane is attempting to climb in the sky
(as shown here), the thrust from the engines pushing the `plane forward exceeds the
drag (air resistance) pulling it back. This creates a lift force, greater than the plane's
weight, which powers the plane higher into the sky.

Newton's third law of motion explains how the engines and wings work together to
make a plane move through the sky. The force of the hot exhaust gas shooting backward
from the jet engine pushes the plane forward. That creates a moving current of air over
the wings. The wings force the air downward and that pushes the plane upward. 

How do wings make lift? In one sentiment, wings make lift by changing the direction and
pressure of the air that crashes into them as the engines shoot them through the sky.
Pressure differences Okay, so the wings are the key to making something fly—but how
do they work? Most airplane wings have a curved upper surface and a flatter lower
surface,
making a cross-sectional shape covered an airfoil.

In a lot of science books and web pages, you'll read an incorrect explanation of how an
airfoil like this generates lift. It goes like this: When air rushes over the curved upper
wing surface, it has to travel further than the air that passes underneath, so it has to go
faster (to cover more distance in the same time). According to a principle of
aerodynamics called Bernoulli's law, fast-moving air is at lower pressure than slow-
moving air, so the pressure above the wing is lower than the pressure below, and this
creates the lift that powers the plane upward.

Although this explanation of how wings work is widely repeated, it's wrong: it gives the
right answer, but for completely the wrong reasons! Think about it for a moment and
you'll see that if it were true, acrobatic planes couldn't fly upside down. Flipping a plane
over would produce "downlift" and send it crashing to the ground. Not only that, but it's
perfectly possible to design planes with airfoils that are symmetrical (looking straight
down the wing) and they still produce lift. For example, paper airplanes (and ones made
from thin balsa wood) generate lift even though they have flat wings.

But the standard explanation of lift is problematic for another important reason as well:
the air shooting over the wing doesn't have to stay in step with the air going underneath
it, and nothing says it has to travel a bigger distance in the same time. Imagine two air
molecules arriving at the front of the wing and separating, so one shoots up over the top
and the other whistles straight under the bottom. There's no reason why those two
molecules have to arrive at exactly the same time at the back end of the wing: they could
meet up with other air molecules instead. This flaw in the standard explanation of an
airfoil goes by the technical name of the "equal transit theory." That's just a fancy name
for the (incorrect) idea that the air stream splits apart at the front of the airfoil and meets
up neatly again at the back.

How airfoil wings generate lift#1: An airfoil splits apart the incoming air, lowers the
pressure of the upper air stream, and accelerates both air streams downward. As the air
accelerates downward, the wing (and the plane) move upward. The more an airfoil
diverts the path of the oncoming air, the more lift it generates.

So what's the real explanation? As a curved airfoil wing flies through the sky, it deflects
air and alters the air pressure above and below it. That's intuitively obvious. Think how it
feels when you slowly walk through a swimming pool and feel the force of the water
pushing against your body: your body is diverting the flow of water as it pushes through
it, and an airfoil wing does the same thing (much more dramatically—because that's
what it's designed to do). As a plane flixes forward, the curved upper part of the wing
lowers the air pressure directly above it, so it moves upward.

Why does this happen? As air flows over the curved upper surface, its natural inclination
 is to move in a straight line, but the curve of the wing pulls it around and back down. For
this reason, the air is effectively stretched out into a bigger volume—the same number
of air molecules forced to occupy more space—and this is what lowers its pressure. For
exactly the opposite reason, the pressure of the air under the wing increases: the
advancing wing squashes the air molecules in front of it into a smaller space. The
difference in air pressure between the upper and lower surfaces causes a big difference
in air speed (not the other way around, as in the traditional theory of a wing). The
difference in speed (observed in actual wind tunnel experiments) is much bigger than
you'd predict from the simple (equal transit) theory. So if our two air molecules separate
at the front, the one going over the top arrives at the tail end of the wing much faster
than the one going under the bottom. No matter when they arrive, both of those
molecules will be speeding downward—and this helps to produce lift in a second
important way.

III. Find and make any marks on the article/journal indicating this form of English structures:
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound-complex sentence
5. Simple present tense
6. Simple past tense
7. Simple past continuous tense
8. Simple future tense
9. Present perfect tense
10. Modal auxiliary

Essay
Please answer the questions below!

1. Name 10 tools you find in a workshop (GWS) and say its function.
 Soldering Iron : A hand tool that plugs into a standard 120v AC outlet and heats
up in order to melt solder around electrical connections.
 Avometer : measuring instrument with the basic function of measuring
electric current, voltage, and resistance.
 Wire Stripper: used to remove the insulating outer sheath from cables in order
to attach terminals or connectors to the central core via crimping or soldering.
Some strippers also allow electricians to cut right through the copper or conduit
in a wire or cable.
 Electric Tape : used to insulate wires or other items that conduct electricity. 
 Needle-Nose Pliers : It will be used for bending and twisting wires whenever you
are making screw-terminal connections.
 Screwdriver : a tool, manual or powered, used for screwing (installing) and
unscrewing (removing) screws. 
 Breadboard : used to build and test circuits quickly before finalizing any circuit
design.
  Oscilloscope Probe : a device that makes a physical and electrical connection
between a test point or signal source and an oscilloscope.
 Rubber-insulated gloves : to protect us from voltage and electric shock.
 Safety boots : protect us from a static electric spark by dissipating static
electricity from the body to the ground

2. Describe an airport that you ever visited using some aviation terminologies.
I ever visited Barcelona El Prat Airport, also known as Barcelona airport is the main
international gateway to Barcelona and the second busiest airport in Spain. Barcelona
Airport is located in the municipalities of El Prat de Llobregat, Viladecans and Sant Boi,
about 12 km (7.5 miles) southwest of Barcelona city centre. The airport has three
runways and two terminals. The old terminal, Terminal 2, dates back to 1968, is now
the de facto low-cost terminal, although not all airlines using this terminal are low-cost
carriers. The airline EasyJet uses the 2C section, while the 2B is used by Ryanair and
Transavia.
Terminal 1 is the fifth largest terminal in the world and can accommodate wide-body
aircraft such as the B747 and A380. The terminal opened in 2009 and handles most of
the air traffic. The terminal is divided into five modules : Module A is used for flights to
Madrid, Module B is used for flights to the Schengen area, Module C is used for flights
from Air Nostrum airlines, Module D is used for Non-Schengen flights to Europe and
Module E is used for all traffic. other international flights.

3. What do you think about aviation in the future? Give your opinion.
I think the aerospace industry has been truly innovative over the last hundred years.
There are focus on weight, focus on the propulsion innovation, focus on the
aerodynamics and the configuration. During the last 40 years aviation choose to
prioritize making travelling by air more convenient, efficient and available to the
masses. The innovation has probably been a little bit more behind the scenes, less
visible to the flying public, than perhaps those very early days when different aircrafts
were coming out every year. Huge industry players such as airbus, boeing, and NASA
are exploring sustaibable propulsion technology, fuelling aircraft with renewable
energy sources sush as solar and wind power. Another way to cut emissions is to make
planes lighter.there are also revolutionary ideas on the drawing board for intelligent,
shape shifting aircraft that know how to morph in flight to suit flying conditions.
Groundbreaking technologies are much needed. As in the 2010s, flying grew become
more popular than ever but by the end of 2019, skies went silent. In early 2021, covid
19 halted the aviation industry. 2020 marked the worst downturn for aviation in its
entire history. The interesting about covid it hasn’t affected at all peoples desire and
appetite to actually do the research to help achieve long term sustainability goals

4. What do you know about air navigation and how you relate it to your job in the future?
Air navigation are manifestly important to the safety and efficiency of air
transportation. They also impact airline economics both in terms of the charges they
impose upon users of the system, and the delay and circuity they can impose on
aircraft operations. “Among the traditional functions of government, air traffic control
 is provided for the purpose of preventing collisions between aircraft in the air and
between aircraft and obstructions on the ground, as well as expediting and
maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.

5. Please give your opinion about positive and negative impact of conducting online and
offline learning.
My opinion about positive impact of conductiong online we as a student more
convenient. The biggest advantage of an online course is that your classroom and instructor
(theoretically) are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Your only excuse for missing
class is not getting online! Otherwise, everything is available to you. You can get
announcements, access notes, review assignments, take practice quizzes, discuss questions,
chat with fellow students and study any time you want. Other than certain due dates, you
make your own schedule for completing the requirements of the course.
The Negative impacts for us of online learning are seen in the technicality of the actual
use of it. These impacts include how technology is not always efficient, it is harder for
students to grasp concepts being taught, online learning can cause social isolation, and
can cause students to not develop needed communication skills. Online school’s
negative implications can easily be fixed through students coming physically to school. 

But if we conducting offline learning as a engineering it is very beneficial for us, where
we have to do more practical work than theory, we can do theory but we as technicians
understand better when we practice directly in the field