DRAWING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

An illustration is a form of visual art in which a person uses different drawing tools to mark paper or other two-
dimensional or more mediums. A drawing tool releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark.
There are many purposes of sketching, such: describe or record something, document some evidence or history, explore
different objects or nature, remember the past or past moments, change people understanding or thinking, express
feelings and emotions, and many more.

This Self- Learning Module is a probing course which leads you to Fundamentals of Drawing. It covers four common
competencies that an education student like you ought to possess, namely:

1. Prepare Drawing Materials and Tools/Drawing Instruments

2. Perform Basic Mensuration and Calculation

3. Interpret Working Plans and Sketches

4. Apply Safety Practices

DRAWING MATERIALS, TOOLS, AND ITS USES/FUNCTIONS

There is an excellent variety of drafting materials and tools used in the fundamentals of drawing. The drawing materials
and tools discussed in this Module include most of the Basic ones but sufficient for your initial understanding of the
picture

 Drawing paper

Different types of drawing papers are available for use, but hard and soft surface drawing papers are highly endorsed to
be the best. This type does not easily groove when pressure should apply to the pencil.

 Masking tape

It uses for fixing the drawing paper on the drawing bench or drawing board. It does not destruct the board, and it will
not damage the document if it is removed by pulling it off.

 Pencil sharpener

Pencils should be polished whenever they show signs of dullness. Different types and designs are available in the store
for use.

 Eraser

It is applied to clean your sketches. A soft eraser is useful in taking off the pencil smears, while a harder eraser is
essential for making changes and correcting errors in the picture.
  Drawing pencil

It is one of the powerful instruments in a drawing. It comes in various grades. The grade of the pencil to be used
depends on the quality of the paper to be applied. You have to take a concern also the kind of line style is required.

- Hard pencils – are used where necessary accuracy is required.

- Medium pencils – are used for commonly work in drawing.
- Soft pencils – are too weak to be used in mechanical drafting. They are handy for the artwork of various kinds.

 Scale

It is an instrument used in the reproduction of a drawing in a more giant or smaller scale for an average fraction. Its
primary function is to reproduce the object’s measurements in full size, reduced size, and enlarged size.

 Erasing Shield

This tool is metal with holes in various sizes. It is an essential tool to take care of the drawing when clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines, and other erasures.

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS

Drawing instruments are pragmatic for drawing and designing purposes. Their quality is essential if you want to have a
good result. Cheaper drawing tools and devices will provide low-quality outcome or output. You have to discern proper
uses and care if you wish to them last longer.

 T-Square

It is a drawing tool used when making horizontal lines. It utilizes for guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines. There
are three kinds of T-square, namely:

1. Fixed Head. The head fastened to the blade. Its use for a regular job.

2. Adjustable head. It has an adjustable head and is used only for particular purposes.

3. Attachable head or separable head. It is intended for comfort when carrying the T- square.

 Triangle

A three-sided measuring and a drawing tool, which typically has two equal sides meeting at a 90 degrees angle and to a
third side at 45, 30, including 60-degree angles.

The base of the triangle must be placed on top of the T-square blade when its use. Commonly used triangles are:

a. 30 degrees X 60 degrees b. 45 degrees X 45 degrees

  Compass

This drawing instrument used when drawing arcs and circles. Its use in a similar way to a divider. It comprises one with
the pen leg and the needlepoint leg being held together with a handle. This drawing instrument can use for both
penciling and inking.

 Protractor

A semi-circular measuring tool in angles into 180 equal parts, each of which is called a degree. Its use to determine the
gradations of the degrees when measuring arcs, curves, and circles.

 Technical Pen

is a specialized instrument used by an engineer, architect, or drafter to make lines of constant width for architectural,
engineering, or technical drawings. "Rapidograph" is a trademarked name for one type of technical pen. Technical pens
use either a refillable ink reservoir (Isograph version) or a replaceable ink cartridge.

Others.

 French Curves
 Drawing Board
 Divider
 Lettering Guide

How Do You Utilize The Acquired Skills?

It is not enough that you learned thoughts and ideas on drawing materials and tools. But you are also able to
demonstrate the skills. Do this Activity.

Proper Usage of T-square

Directions: Underneath is a simple activity for you to develop. Practice the task following the given procedure.

Instrument: T – Square

Equipment: Drawing Table or Drawing Board

Procedures:

1. Position the head of the T-square against the edge of the drawing board.

2. Glide the working head of the T-square against the active edge of the drawing board.

Note: Do not use the T-square on the irregular surface and never cut the paper along its working edge.

Directions: Underneath is a simple activity for you to hone. Practice the task following the given procedure.

Materials: Drawing paper, Masking tape

Instrument: T – Square Equipment: Drawing Table

Procedure:

1. Press the T-square firmly against the working edge of the drawing table.

2. Place the drawing paper close to the drawing table's active edge and working head of the T-square, depending on
whether you are right or left-handed while the document is engaged on the top edge of the T-square.

3. Secure the upper left portion of the drawing paper, followed by the lower right and remaining corners.

Note: Always fasten a more massive backing sheet of thicker drawing paper on the board first.

Drawing a Horizontal Line

Directions: Underneath is a simple activity for you to work continuously.

Accomplish the task following the provided steps.

Materials: Drawing paper, Masking tape

Instrument: T – Square, Triangles (30 deg. X 60 deg. And 45 deg. x 45 )

Equipment: Drawing Table

Procedure:

1. Press the T-square head on the drawing board's working edge and inclined the pencil at about 60 degrees angle on
the drawing board.

2. Keep the position of the pencil while you slide lightly on the blade of the T-square.

3. Draw the line from left to right, occasionally rotating to produce uniform line weights. (Reverse this step if you are
left-handed).

Drawing a Vertical Line

Directions: Beneath is a simple activity for you to work continuously. Try this task after the given steps.

Materials: Drawing paper, Masking tape

Instrument: T – Square, Triangles (30 deg. X 60 deg. And 45 deg. x 45

Equipment: Drawing Table

Procedure:

1. Use a 45-degree triangle or 30 x 60 to sketch vertical lines.

2. Fix the triangle on T-square with the horizontal edge on the bottom and the vertical edge on the side.

3. The left hand shall be pressing the T-square head and the triangle on the drawing table, draw the line from the
bottom upward, rotating the pencil slowly between the thumb and forefinger.
BASIC MENSURATION AND CALCULATION

Lesson 1: Perform Basic Mensuration and Calculation Different Measuring Tools/Instruments and Its Application.

The understanding of measurement is essential for all parts of manufacturing and production technology. Measures
must be uniform so that people have a piece of shared knowledge and application in the production and use of
manufactured objects. Measuring tools are to measure dimensions, implementing any work with precision. The
measuring instruments are also primarily used in carrying out various types of measurements.

Significance of Measuring Instruments

Measuring instruments are essential for examining a finished product or semifinished output. The inspection includes
checking or testing an object based on the needed dimension on a drawing. Measurements taken must be precise.

Different Measuring Tools

1. T-Square is used as a guide in drawing horizontal lines and in measuring up to 48” straight lines.

2. Triangle is applicable in sketching a straight vertical line. The most common triangles are the 45 and the 30x 60. The
drawing below shows the proper use of drawing lines and measuring angles using the T-square and triangle.

3. A ruler is the most common kind of measuring instrument. It is usually 6 or 12 inches long. It is for measuring sizes
and distances.

4. Triangular Scale is for in the general drawing. Its primary purpose is to reproduce the dimension in full size or reduce
or enlarge them on a graphic. It can help an artist keep the proportions accurate.

Procedures in utilizing Triangular Scale

a. Place the scale parallel to the line measured.

b. Place the edge of the Scale that you're reading toward your non-dominant side or away from you. It can help from
casting shades on the face of the scale instrument.

c. Draw a light mark to indicate the distance you're measuring or drawing out, as measured.

d. Adjust dividers by making a pencil line as long as the dividers should be broad, using the Scale. Adjust dividers by
orienting the points on the ends of the pencil line. Adjusting the dividers by placing it point parts directly on the Scale
might nick the Scale's surface, making it hard to read.

5. A protractor is for measuring and setting of angles other than those obtainable with the triangles.

6. Tape or tape ruler is a spring-steel blade ranging from 1/4" to 1" and 6 to about 300 feet long. Measuring tape ruler
comes in up to 10 meters long.

7. A compass is for drawing circles, arcs, radii, and parts of many symbols.

Steps in Using Compass

a. Place the pointed part of the drafting compass at the center point of the circle you intend to draw. In drawing the arc,
imagine that it extends into a circle shape and place the point part of the compass at the center of that imaginary circle.

b. Adjust the compass's leaded end to touch where you'd like the edge of the arc—or circle--to be. If you're drawing an
arc shape at a specific distance from the center point, make a line of the desired length, adjust the pointed part, and
lead the end of the compass against the line's limitations. Place the point part of the compass back at the center of the
arc or circle.

c. Hold the handle of the compass between fingers. Twist it with your fingers downward pressure on the compass to
mark out the desired length of arc or circle with the compass's leaded end.

8. A divider is similar to the compass in construction. As the name implies, the divider tool divides distances into several
equal parts by the trial-and-error method.

Lesson 2: Conversion of Fraction to Decimal and Vice- versa Changing Fractions to Decimals

Any rational number can be converted from fractional form to decimal form. It is done by simply dividing the numerator
by the denominator.

Rounding Off Decimals

Metric in decimals are often long numbers. They must usually round to a convenient number of digits. In this text, most
metric dimensions are a millimeter or two-places decimals rounded off. Rules of rounding will are discussed below.

1. The first number is less than 5, drop it (and the number to the right of it) and let the last significant digit.

Example: Round off 25.4 mm to the whole millimeter.

Solution: Drop .4

Ans.: 25

Ex: Round off 0.3125 (5/16) into two significant digits.

Solution: The first number to is 2: Drop it and all digits to its right (5)

Answer: 0.31

1. If the number is five or more, decrease the number and add one to the last digit.
Ex:

a. Round off the 78.6 into its nearest ones.

Solution: The number to round off is six, which is greater than 5, drop six and add one to the last digit retained.

Ans: 79

b. Round off the 92.65 to the nearest tenths.

Solution: The figure to be rounded off is 5, drop five, and add one to 6, which is the last digit retained.

Answer: 92.7

Conversion of Decimals to Fractions

A decimal is changed to a fraction using ten or any power of 10 as the given decimal denominator. Then switch to the
lowest term when possible.

Illustrative Examples:
Lesson 3: Conversion of English to Metric Measurement System and Vice versa

MATHEMATICS / MEASUREMENT

Measuring is a skill that should learn. Inaccurate measurement would mean wasting time, effort, and materials. The
development of the craft in measuring starts with the ability to read the dimension. An object's orthographic or pictorial
view cannot as a working guide in constructing a drawing object without complete and accurate measurements show
the illustration.

Two systems of measurement:

These are two systems of measurement: The English system, which originated in England, and the Metric system or
Systems International (S.I.), which is originated in France. The basic units in the Systems International measurement are
called the meter. The meter has 100 centimeters. Each centimeter has 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:

 Millimeters mm
 Centimeters cm
 Decimeters dm
 Meters m

In the English system, the inch has 16 graduations, and the smallest graduation is 1/16.

To read measurements exceeding 1 inch, say 2," and for smaller graduations, it's read and written as: 2" 4/16 or 2 1⁄4. 1
foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it's read and written as: 14" 3/16

With the Systems of International measurement, the meter is divided into 10 millimeters, as shown below:

Metric System of Measurement (linear equivalent)

 10 millimeters (mm.) = 1 centimeter (cm.)

 10 centimeters (cm.) = 1 decimeter (dm.)
 10 decimeter (dm.) = 1 meter (m.)
 10 meters (m.) = 1 decameter (Dm.)
 Ten decameters (Dm.) = one hectometer (Hm.)
 Ten hectometers (Hm.) = 1 kilometer (Km.)
 10 kilometer (Km.) = 1 mayriameter (Mn.)

The English System of Measurement (linear equivalent)

 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.)

 3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.)

Metric Conversion Table

 1 millimeter = 0.03937 inches (in.)

 1 centimeter = .3937 inches (in.)
 1 meter = 39.37 inches (in.)
The English Conversion Table

 1 in. = .0254 mm. = 2.54 cm. = .0254 (m.)

 1 ft. = 304.8 mm. = 30.48 cm = .3048 (m.)
 1 yard = 914.4 mm = 91.4 cm = .9144 (m.)

The Conversion Formulas

 length in inch x 0.0254 = length in meter

 length in inch x 2.54 = length in centimeter
 length in feet ÷ 3.28 = length in meter
 length in meter x 39.37 = length in inch
 length in inch ÷ 39.37 = length in meter
 length in feet x 0.305 = length in meter
 length in feet x 30.5 = length in centimeter

TECHNICAL SKETCHING

Lesson 1- Create a Freehand Sketches Using Sketching Techniques

Types of Sketches

Technical sketches of 3D objects are usually one of four standard type of projection.

1. Multi-view Projection

2. Axonometric (Isometric) Projection

3. Oblique Projection

4. Perspective Projection

Multi-view projection shows one or more necessary views. Axonometric, oblique and perspective sketches are methods
of showing the object pictorially in a single view.

Techniques of Lines

The main difference between an instrument drawing and freehand sketch is in the style or technique of the lines. A good
freehand line is not expected to be precisely straight or exactly uniform, as a CAD or instrument-drawn line. Freehand
lines show freedom and variety. Freehand construction lines are very light, rough lines. All other lines should be dark
and clean.
Style of Lines

Each line on a technical drawing has a definite meaning. Drawings use two different line widths, thick and thin, and
different line styles indicate the meaning of the line. A person reading a drawing depends on line styles to communicate
whether a line is visible or hidden. If it represents a center axis, or if its purpose is to convey dimension information.
Without making these distinctions, drawings would become a confusing jumble of lines. To make your drawings clear
and easy to read, make the contrast between the two widths of lines distinct.
Lesson 2- Sketch Circles, Arcs and Ellipses

Sketching Circles, Arcs and Ellipses

Small circles and arcs can be sketched in one or two strokes without any preliminary blocking in. Sketching arcs is similar
to sketching circles. In general, it is easier to sketch arcs by holding your pencil on the inside of the curve. In sketching
arcs, look closely at the actual geometric constructions and carefully approximate all points of tangency so that the arc
touches a line or other entity at the right point. Circle templates also make it easy to sketch accurate circles of various
sizes. If a circle is tipped away from your view, it appears as an ellipse. You can learn to sketch small ellipse with a free
arm movement similar to the way you sketch circles, or you can use ellipse templates to help you easily sketch ellipses

Three Methods in Sketching Circles

Method A

1. Sketch lightly the enclosing square and mark the midpoint of each side.

2. Draw light arcs connecting the midpoints.

3. Darken in the final circle.

Method B

1. Sketch the two center lines

2. Add light 45 degree radial lines. Sketch light arcs across the lines at an

estimated radius distance from the center.

3. darken the final circle.

Method C

1. Mark the estimated radius on the edge of a card or scrap of paper and

set off from the center as many points as desired.

2. Sketch the final circle through these points.

Methods in Sketching an Ellipses

Method A

1. Hold the pencil naturally, resting your weight on your upper forearm,

and move the pencil rapidly above the paper in the elliptical path you want.

2. Lower the pencil to draw several light overlapping ellipses.

3. Darken the final ellipse.

Method B

1. Sketch light lightly the enclosing rectangle.

2. Mark the midpoints of the sides and sketch light tangent arcs, as shown.
Method C

1. To sketch an ellipse on a given axes, lightly sketch in the major and minor

axes of the ellipse.

2. Mark the distance along the axes and lightly block in the ellipse.

3. Darken the final ellipse.

HAND LETTERING

Lesson 1- Develop Hand Lettering Skills

FREEHAND LETTERING

Lettering is often necessary to completely describe an object or to provide detailed specifications.

Lettering should be legible and easy to create and should use styles acceptable for traditional drawing

and CAD drawing.

 Most freehand lettering is single-stroke Gothic font. A font is a name for a particular shape of letters. Most hand-
drawn notes are lettered 1/8 inch high is within light horizontal guidelines.

Text is an integral part of a technical drawing. Not all information required on technical drawings are. Examples are
dimension and material types.

 Several different ways are applied to create text. The traditional method is the freehand lettering. Other
methods include mechanical lettering as a scriber template. Neat lettering is essential so that the information
transferred can be easily read.
 For uniformity, all letters should be of the same height, proportion, and inclination. A necessary tactic for
maintaining uniformity is the use of guidelines.
  Guidelines are a significant part of freehand lettering. Uniformity, neatness, and stability cannot achieve without
using procedures. If your lettering consists of capitals, draw only the cap line and baseline.

To layout guidelines for caps and lowercase, let the height of capital be 1 1⁄2 time the distance "a.“. Set a compass or
dividers to distance "a" and lay off distance "a" above and below the midline guidelines. It is on the cap line and the drop
line. Set the compass or dividers to ''a," and lay off this distance above and below the midline.

Lesson 2- Add Lettering to a Sketch

Lay off letter heights, H, and draw light guidelines with a 2H pencil. Spacelines were no closer than H/2 apart. Draw
vertical guidelines as light, thin, randomly spaced lines. Draw letters with single strokes using a medium grade pencil.
PROPER WAYS OF PENCIL GRIPPING

Lesson 1- Learn the Proper Ways of Gripping the Pencil

There are several ways to hold a pencil. Most are variants of two main grip types; Tripod and Overhand. Both can be
applied when having different kinds of drawing media. You may still notice a tendency to grip tubular media (pencils and
ink pens) with the Tripod grip and bulkier media with the Overhand. By holding the pencil in different ways, we can
instantly create variety in our drawings. Beyond this, however, expanding the possibility of how the pencil will lead to
new ways of making marks expands our drawing possibilities. So, let’s look at a few ways that you can hold your pencil
to create different marks in your drawing.

Five (5) Different Ways of Pencil Gripping

Pencil Grip #1 – Traditional

The traditional grip is precisely what the title suggests. It is how most

of us had learned how to grip a pencil when we first started learning

how to write. For many people, this is the only grip that is for drawing.

I'll admit, this is still my "go-to" grip.

Pencil Grip # 2 – The Drumstick Grip

The pencil is held loosely between the index finger and the thumb,

while the other fingers act to stabilize it. Having the pencil in this

manner allows for the marks to originate from the side of the exposed

graphite (or charcoal or colored pencil)

Grip #3 – The Paint Brush Grip

The pencil is held loosely between the index finger and the thumb,

while the other fingers act to stabilize the pencil. Having the pencil

in this manner allows for the marks to originate from the side of the

exposed graphite (or charcoal or colored pencil).

Grip #4 – Tip Heavy Overhand / Overhand Grip

This grip is for forceful applications of the material onto the surface.

The pencil's midsection is held between the middle finger and the

thumb while pressure onto the pencil's tip. The result is a strong mark

that has the potential for width variance. This grip is excellent for filling

in large areas of the medium quickly.

Grip #5 – The Inverted Grip

The pencil is held by resting it upon the forefinger and stabilizing it with

the thumb and lower fingers for this grip. The pencil should point back

towards the artist. This grip allows the artist to see patterns made since

the hand and the fingers are out of the way.

A correct pencil grip will enable the artist to move the fingers, controlling the pencil or pen with efficient finger
movements. The ability to hold a pencil correctly can affect a child's attitude to learning and schoolwork, their academic
achievement, and their motor/joint development.

BASIC SHAPES, FORMS AND SHADING

Lesson 1- Application of the Basic Shapes and Forms

Simple shapes become more difficult through the application of value and shadow. Therefore, a circle becomes a sphere,
a square becomes a cube, and a triangle becomes a pyramid. These are the necessary forms that make up the complex
objects that we draw.

These are four main shading techniques: smooth, cross-hatching, "slinky," which can be called hatching and stippling.

Elements of shading:

• Shadow edge. It is where the object is turning away from you and is lighter than the cast shadow.

• Halftone. It is the mid-gray of the object.

• Reflected light. The reflected light is a light-gray tone.

• Full light

• Blending & Rendering

• Hatching
• Cross-hatching

• Stippling.

Contour Lines

It defines the edges and surface points of an object. A figure line also creates a boundary

separating one area from another.

Shading

It is the use of light and dark values to give the illusion of form and depth.

Shading Terminologies

✓ Highlights: Small areas of white use to show the very brightest spots of an object.

✓ Transitional Light Mid Tones: Used to Show the Actual Color of the Object.

✓ The core of the Shadow: Represents the shady side of an object.

✓ Cast Shadow: The shade where the object meets the surface (the darkest tone).

✓ The reflected light is a faint rim of light reflected onto an object from the object's surfaces.

Shading Techniques

Hatching- It is a series of straight or curved lines (called a set), drawn beside one

another to give the illusion of value.

Cross-hatching- is a shading technique in which one set of lines crosses over

(overlaps) another set.

The act of dotting involves covering an area with dots. It is a wildly time-consuming

technique, in which an image has drawn drop by drop. Pointillism in art is base on this technique.

Samples of Shading Techniques