ZEOLITE INTEGRATED SMOKE FILTER FOR MOTORCYCLE

IAN R. ARAMBALA

Thesis Manuscript Submitted to the College of Education, Arts and Sciences,

University of Southern Mindanao – Kidapawan City Campus,
Sudapin, Kidapawan City, in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL VOCATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION

(Automotive Technology)

OCTOBER 2021

1
2
 DEDICATION

This special project was sincerely dedicated to the following people for their

undying support in terms of moral, financial, advices, motivation, love, time and

effort that they rendered.

To his loving and supporting parents,

Mr. Angeles O. Arambala and Mrs. Marissa R. Arambala

To his sister,

Angela Marie R. Arambala

To his cousin,

Kenneth R. Ratilla

And,

Above all, to the Almighty God, for the strength, knowledge, and wisdom. The

provision given to the researcher, this work is humbly dedicated.

I.A

3
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researcher would like to express his heartfelt thanks and gratitude to

the following people who contributes to the success and realization of this study:

To Dr. Ronielyn F. Pinsoy, Chancellor, for her encouragement and

motivating the students to be involve themselves in research ventures;

To Dr. Ramil B. Purugganan, Chair of Research and Extension Services,

for his provision and encouragement to pursue this endeavour;

To Dr. Jonathan D. Renoblas, his thesis adviser and editor, for giving

strong encouragement, patience, correcting and checking the grammars, and for

improving the project;

To the board of panel, chaired by Dr. Ronielyn F. Pinsoy, and examining

committees, Mr. Fredde Rick Jan G. Naparan, and Mr. Julius P. Libut for their

invaluable time, guidance and for being patient in checking and giving

suggestions and recommendations for the improvement of the study;

To his dearest parents, Angeles O. Arambala & Marissa R. Arambala for

believing him and giving him support in this endeavor and for being his

inspiration to do this study from the very beginning. He loves them so much and

will always be his reasons in reaching his goals and for always striving hard;

To his family, especially his sisters and brothers who always pray for him

and extend their moral support by giving his advices on what to do and how to do

it during the conduct of his study;

To his friends for always being there for him especially during the

sleepless nights in making this study;

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 Above all to the Lord Almighty, for giving him enough strength to

overcome the challenges he has faced and to help him carry his duties until he

finished his project study and also for never giving up on him during the times, he

needed him. He will always be eternally grateful for His kindness and love.

IAN RENEGADO ARAMBALA

Researcher

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 ABSTRACT

ARAMBALA, IAN RENEGADO. 2021. Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter for

Motorcycle. BTVTED Thesis. College of Education, Arts, and Sciences.
University of Southern Mindanao – Kidapawan City Campus. Sudapin,
Kidapawan City. 43 pp.

Adviser: JONATHAN D. RENOBLAS, PhD

This study aimed to design and construct an improvise vehicle’s exhaust

smoke filter that will help the common commuters and transportation sector to
address the issues imposed by the pollutants from vehicles exhaust specially on
issues pressed on health and environment concerns. The outcome of the study
provides an essential and valuable output to the transportation sector to reduce
the pollutants exuded from the vehicle’s exhaust. Based on the findings gathered
after processing, constructing, revising and testing of the study, the researcher
concluded that an improvised smoke filter can be integrated with zeolite and
activated carbon. The used of zeolite integrated smoke filter initiates a catalyst to
the transportation sector to support and strengthen projects and activities that
reduces vehicle exhaust pollutants and promote a cleaner air through eco-
friendly exhaust pipes.

Keywords: Smoke Filter, Vehicle Exhaust, Zeolite

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

List of Appendices xi

INTRODUCTION 1

Objectives of the Study 2

Significance of the Study 2

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 3

Operational Definition of Terms 4

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

Review of Related Studies 13

Prior Arts 16

Conceptual Framework 17

METHODOLOGY 18

Materials and Equipment 18

Bill of Materials 19

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 Tools and Equipment Needed 19

Labor Cost 20

Project Cost 20

Project Design 23

Construction Schedule 24

Procedure of Construction 25

Testing and Revising 26

Process 26

Operating Procedure 26

Safety and Control Measure 27

Maintenance 27

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 30

Summary 30

Conclusion 30

Recommendation 31

LITERATURE CITED 32

APPENDICES 35

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Bills of Materials 18

2 Tools and Equipment 19

3 Labor Cost 20

4 Project Cost 20

5 Total Project Cost 21

6 Construction Schedule 24

7 Defects and Revisions 26

8 Emission Result on Carbon Monoxide 29

9 Emission Result on Hydrocarbon 29

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1 Prior Art 1 (CO2ube) 14

2 Prior Art 2 (CDEF) 15

3 Prior Art 3 (ECRFC) 16

4 Conceptual Framework of the Study 17

5 Top View 22

6 Side View 22

7 Cut View 23

x
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Page

A Letter Request 36

B Operational Manual 37

C Documentation of Project Construction 40

D Documentation of Testing 41

E Curriculum Vitae 42

xi
 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents introduction of the project study and it’s problem.

Automotive Industry imposed a great impact in the daily needs of the

commuters in the transportation sector. With this comes a big responsibility

shouldered by the manufacturers and consumers itself. The sector received a lot

of criticism from a subject of issues and controversy concerning the health and

environment advocates. Few of the effects of vehicle usage were health

concerns on emissions as a cause of respiratory diseases and environmental

concerns on its contribution to growing problems in air pollution. This study

initiated a catalyst to negate the adverse effect of vehicles exhaust through a

exhaust filter that filters not only the toxins in exhaust but also dirt.

Emissions from motor vehicles were one of the sources of air pollution in

many urban areas in the Philippines. According on the National Emission

Inventory Report conducted in 2015, showed that the majority (65%) of air

pollutants came from mobile sources were volatile organic compounds (VOC)

with (91%) and Carbon monoxide (CO) with (89%) (National Air Quality Status

Report, 2015).

In 2013, more than 3 million respiratory diseases were developed due to

air pollution but said to decline by 29% in the past 3 years (www.untvweb.com).

On a quote by the Assistant Director of Environmental Management Bureau of

DENR, Eva Ocfemia said “ It aggravates the respiratory diseases like asthma

and allegedly causes pregnancy defects”. Plausible evidence exposed that air

xii
pollution affects human health ( Bruneckreef and Holgate 2002; Kunzli er al.,

2000). Exposure to particulate matter (PM), derived from traffic was said to be

connected with the increased in cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality (Muala,

Sehlstedt, and Sandstorm, 2014).

However, this device was expensive, it needs larger space requirements,

and only comparatively large particles could be collected. Therefore, this device

might be useless in capturing and preventing the tiny pollutants in the air which

contributed to diseases like lung and heart diseases. Thus, the researcher

developed a technology that applied the concept of filtering harmful air particles

by the use of an exhaust-carbon filter integrated with zeolite.

Objectives of the Study

This study mainly focused to determine the efficacy of the modified motor

vehicle exhaust integrated with zeolite in absorbing the carbon monoxide and

hydrocarbons emitted in vehicle’s exhaust smoke.

Specifically, the study aimed to :

1.Design and construct a smoke filter integrated with zeolite.

2.Test the effectiveness of the smoke filter in reducing the pollutants

emitted by the motorcycle’s exhaust.

Significance of the Study

xiii
 Air pollution was the introduction of harmful substances in the atmosphere

and one of the top contributor were the excessive used of smoke-belching

vehicles.

Therefore, the researcher came up with a study on which the smoke and

dirt particles from the vehicle will be minimized. It aimed to help deplete the

amount of harmful substances in the atmosphere and also, aimed to help redeem

the cleanliness of air in our environment. This study was made to help towards

contributing in search for the solutions in air pollution.

This study aimed to inform the general public about the beneficial uses of

zeolite and activated carbon to be used for the reduction of hazardous air

pollutants discharged by motor vehicles through the modified filter.

Reduction of air pollutants will improve the health of people, the public and

commuters specifically, and stature of the environment.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study delimits on how to minimize the air pollutants found from the

vehicle’s exhaust. The investigation was limited in the production of filters for

vehicle exhaust pipe with the used of zeolite and activated carbon. The zeolite

used in this study were cracked to small pieces to allow and does not hamper the

air pressure in the motorcycles exhaust pipe. The zeolites volume in this

research does not affect the effectivity of the filter. Rather, the pore sizes of the

zeolite was the determining factor of the zeolite’s reduced and absorbed exhaust

pollutants.

xiv
15

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined operationally to be understood easily:

Air pollutants- substances that pollutes the atmosphere through smoke-belching

vehicles.

Activated carbon- is a form of carbon processed that increased the surface area

to allow adsorption and chemical reaction through its small, low-volume

pores.

Carbon Monoxide (CO) – gas formed by combusted fuels from gasoline that are

a byproduct from vehicles. Susceptibility to the effects of carbon dioxide

are common to fetuses, new born and people with chronic illness.

Combustion- rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, that

happens through the burning of fuel in the engine.

Emission- the production and discharge of gas through smoke-belching

vehicles.

Hydrocarbons (HC)- pollutants that reacts with nitrogen oxides, a primary

ingredient in smog. This gas irritates the respiratory system.

Smoke Filter- device developed to capture and reduce harmful gases and small

particulates emitted by motor vehicle’s exhaust.

Zeolite- is a mineral that reduces toxicity in the water especially use for the filter

on the emissions from a vehicle’s exhaust.

16

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the Related Studies, Patented Prior Arts and

Conceptual Framework.

Zeolites are translucent nanoporous inorganic materials shaped by TO4

tetrahedra which have distinct pore structures with a system thickness at least 20

particles for each 1000å (Busheuv, 2011). Zeolites are characterized into three

distinctive pore size classes dependent on the quantity of tetrahedral molecules

(Baerlocher and McCusker, 2007). Zeolites, for example, chabazite and Zeolite

An are little pore zeolites with biggest pore window measurements of roughly 3.6

Å x 3.6 Å. Medium-pore zeolites, for example, ZSM-5 have a 10 part ring

windows in their system that have measurements of roughly 5.5 Å x 5.5 Å. The

last gathering is huge pore zeolites like Beta and Zeolite Y which have ring sizes

of 12 and an element of about 7.5å x 7.5å. The measure of aluminum in the

Zeolite structure is one of the significant boundaries on controlling it’s properties.

Aluminum give a negative charge in the structure lead to hydrophilic properties of

the zeolite. In this way, zeolites with high aluminum content are hydrophilic while,

zeolites with high silica content are hydrophobic, and the higher the aluminum

content the higher the causticity, a significant thought when utilizing zeolites as

strong impetuses (Payra et al, 2003).

Zeolites can trap hydrocarbons at low temperatures and convert them to

different species at higher temperature as the vehicle heats up. Zeolite

corrosiveness impact the HC adsorption proficiency because of contrast in

17

cooperation of every corrosive to HC (Elangovan, Ogura, and Davies, 2004).

Pore sizes influences the HC adsorption limit by confining or in any event,

keeping cumbersome particles from diffusing through them (Chen et. Al., 2006).

Zeolites are applied as hydrocarbon traps in both diesel and gasoline automotive

emission control systems to help reduce hydrocarbon emissions (Resitoglu et al,

2015). Zeolite acidity plays the role of trapping unsaturated hydrocarbons and

promotes catalytic reactions at low temperature and coke formations at high

temperature (Wang, 2007). Trapping hydrocarbon species efficacy depends on

the types of zeolite used and the sized trapped molecules against the zeolite

pore openings diameter (Donohue and Chrmier, 2005).

In an article by Jungkuk Lee on "Vehicle Emissions Trapping Materials:

Successes, Challenges, and Forward", inferred that unexchanged zeolites are

not compelling for putting away NOx. In any case, fundamentally more NOx can

be adsorbed on Pd particle traded zeolites. Little pore zeolites have higher

restricting energy of NOx contrasted with bigger pore zeolites, bringing about

higher desorption temperature. Also, a huge benefit of zeolite-based PNA's are

their further developed resistance to water at low temperatures and it's further

developed resilience to sulfur. An examination on "Particular Adsorption for

Removing Sulfur from Jet Fuel over Zeolite-based Adsorbents ", displayed a

zeolite's adsorption limit of about 10mg of sulfur/g of adsorbent at 80 °C with a

Model Jet Fuel (MJF) containing 510 ppmw sulfur and an adsorption limit of

about 4.5mg of sulfur/g on a 750 ppmw sulfur containing genuine stream fuel

(Velu et al, 2013).

18

Vehicle exhaust has been for quite some time thought about a huge giver

of anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) discharges (EPA, 2009; HEI, 2013). As

of now, administrative specialists across the world attempt to restrict the fumes

level outflows of vehicles, and with presentation of Diesel Particulate Filters

(DPF's) toward the start of 2000's the constraint of recognition of the gravimetric

technique was not, at this point adequately delicate to record PM fixations

utilizing the current guidelines of that time (Berg, 2003). In the United States

further upgrades have been looked for to diminish the restriction of location down

to 3 mg/mi and later to 1 mg/mi (CARB, 2012).

As per the diary of the American Heart Association, an investigation was

formulated to deliver a monetarily accessible molecule trap that can channel

infinitesimal toxins in diesel-motor fumes and forestall an about of 98% of the

arriving at air. David E. Newby and John Wheatley said in an article " This

investigation zeroed in on cardiovascular impacts in men uncovered in research

facility diesel vapor, and furnishing diesel controlled vehicles with particles could

fundamentally decreased coronary illness" (American Heart Association, 2011).

In a going with article, Robert D. Square added that "breathing in ignition related

particles is unmistakably fit for representing a prompt danger to cardiovascular

framework, and that showed advantages of industrially accessible snare adds

defense to US outflow standard for substantial truck and transports" (American

Heart Association, 2011).

The National Emissions Inventory for 2007 done by the Environmental

Management Bureau of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources

19

(EMB-DENR) gauges that the vehicle area contributed 31% of absolute PM

emanations, 38% of NO2 outflows and 85% of CO discharges. On the First

National Communication of the Philippines on Climate Change to the UNFCC the

country's GHG commitment in 1994 added up to 100.9 million tons of CO2 and

expanded to 169.8 million tons of CO2 in 2000. The energy area GHG

discharges in 1994 added up to 50 038 k/tons, of which the vehicle area

contributed of about 32%,while the force creating area is about 31%. In 2007, the

complete vehicle GHG emanations was assessed at 29.3 MtCO2e with the street

area contributing 23.8 MtCO2e, features the way that the street area contributes

a significant sum to add up to outflows (Merillo, 2011). The World Bank assessed

that the impacts of PM 10 on wellbeing cost in Manila, Baguio, and Davao arrived

at in excess of 400 million USD in 2001. Around the same time a sum of 515

passings came about because of 4705 street mishaps as per the Department of

Public Works and Highways (National Emissions Inventory, 2007).

Starting at 2015, there were 93 air quality checking stations from one side

of the country to the other. These manual and continuous stations are arranged

in profoundly urbanized urban areas, just as provincial regions in various districts

of the country. Checking stations monitor standards toxins or air contaminations

for which National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (NAAQGV) values have been

set up. These toxins incorporate Total Suspended Particulate (TSP), Particulate

Matter with breadth of under 10 microns (PM10), Particulate Matter with

measurement of under 2.5 microns (PM2.5), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen

Dioxide (NO2), and Ozone (O3). On that very year, there was a sum of 22
20

airshedsin the country, for formally assigned airsheds, administering sheets have

been set up (National Air Quality Status Report, 2015).

As per a report from the vehicle enterprises (Volkswagen and Audi), NO2,

CO2, H2O, and 02, are the significant segments of vehicle exhaust discharges

(Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions, 2005). The poisonous fumes parts and terms

which utilized over and over are: CO, NOx, SO2, O3, substantial metals, HC and

Diesel PM. These contaminations irreversibly affect both human wellbeing and

the climate in which we are living in (Amer, 2007).

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) is created when fills are consume at high

temperatures, high pressing factors and oxygen in the motor burning chamber

(US EPA, 2010). NOx discharges are brought about by vehicles using sparkle

and pressure start motors copying fuel and diesel individually and diesel vehicles

are the predominant fumes wellspring of NOx (Sawyer et al., 2000). There are a

great deal of unfriendly wellbeing impacts related with NOx like an increment in

mortality, cardiovascular passing, and newborn child mortality (Colvile et al.,

2001).

Ozone (O3) are delivered when NOx and unstable natural mixtures

respond within the sight of warmth and daylight. Individuals with lung illness like

asthma and each and every individual who works or exercise outside are in

danger of the antagonistic impacts of O3 that outcomes to decrease in lung work,

expanded respiratory side effects, and perhaps unexpected losses (US EPA,

2010).
21

Heavy Metals (Pb) are found in ordinary gas powers blended as tetra-ethyl

lead utilized as it's enemy of thump added substance. PB unfavorable influences

are ordinarily on sensory system, kidney work mine framework, conceptive and

formative frameworks, the cardiovascular framework, and PB's likewise

influences the oxygen conveying limit of blood (US EPA, 2006).

Hydrocarbons (HC) are delivered from inadequate fuel burning and from

the dissipation of powers. HC are apparent in photochemical exhaust cloud that

are considered as significant air toxin in metropolitan regions. Undeniable degree

of HC can cause disease and unsafe impacts on tissues and the human

insusceptible framework (US EPA, 2006). Current vehicles with exhaust systems

will assist with diminishing the HC emanations, in any case, HC discharges are

as yet a significant issue in vehicle exhaust (Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions,

2005).

Related Studies and Patented Inventions

There are different after treatment advancements for controlling NOx

discharges from lean-ignition diesel motors, including fumes gas distribution, lean

NOx catalysis, specific synergist decrease (SCR), and NOx adsorption.

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) shows high efficiencies for lessening

NOx emanations under consistent state conditions and have been utilized for

quite a long time on fixed discharge sources. Also, SCR frameworks are lenient

to higher sulfur content and have been adjusted by motor producers for versatile

outflow sources to meet rigid NOx guidelines ( Lloyd and Cackette, 2001).
22

Zeolite-SCR frameworks are equipped for working up to 600°C, a diesel

particulate channel recovery normal temperature. Though, Pt and V205 impetus

have most extreme working temperatures of 250°C and 450°C individually.

Because of zeolite-SCR framework selectivity, the change efficiencies of zeolite-

impetus increment with expanding temperature dissimilar to valuable metal base

impetuses which regularly have a tight scope of working temperatures (Hell and

Farauto, 1995).

Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) are barrel shaped clay structure with

thousand of little equal diverts situated a longitudinal way of the fumes

framework. DPF's permeable surface divider stone monuments are made of

pottery equipped for a more exact controlled porosity, while the neighboring

diverts in the divider stream that are on the other hand connected each end

powers the diesel vaporized to move through the permeable substrate dividers

that goes about as medium. The channels stores the particles that are too large

to go through the permeable surface (Johnson, 2011; Ohara et al., 2007; and

Khair, 2005).

SCR Filter at the same time diminishes NOx and Molecule Matter (PM) in

the exhaust and are considered as compelling approach to meet discharge

guidelines. SCR Channel is a mix of a diesel particulate filtration (DPF) and

particular synergist decrease (SCR) that give a successful response surface and

diminishes the potential back pressure. Be that as it may, SCR channel's deNOx

responses can be influenced by the particulates filtration and recovery measure

(Yang et al., 2015).

23

Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) is a non-channel based open stone

monument framework applied likely as a traditional exhaust system for gas and

diesel motors which varies in impetus creation to improve the impetus action

under lean conditions (Prosad and Bella, 2010). DOC's contains platinum which

play an essential capacity of viably advances the oxidation of unburned

hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and lessen it's outflows coming from the

motor (Lucachick et al., 2014).

Partial Diesel Particulate Filter (pPDF) is a hybrid of PDF and DOC,

wherein the carbonaceous PM is caught by choppiness systems (Lethoranta et

al., 2007). pPDF gives 30%-85% PM decrease and an estimated PM decrease of

35%-92% from diesel fumes. Notwithstanding, the productivity is lower than of

the PDF's.

Exhaust Carbon Filter reduces CO2 emissions presented by a dynamic

work effort through carbon capture and storage mechanism. Zeolite as the solid

adsorbent, locks and holds the carbon molecules from the exhaust. In this study,

it’s been found out that there is approximately 28%-50% reduction in CO2 gas

emissions using the tail pipe. Results provided that in using i10 magna @1000

rpm the CO2 emission is reduced from 1800 rpm to 1300 rpm, while on

increasing it’s engine speed @ 2000 rpm CO2 emission is reduced from 2500

rpm to 1300 rpm (Sapkota et al, 2005).

Improved Exhaust Gas Oxidizer for an ICE is an apparatus for controlling

exhaust gas emissions, comprising a housing capable of allowing entry and

discharge of exhaust gases coming from the combustion chamber. Capable of

24

accelerating the flow speed of the exhaust gases passing and minimizes

pressure build up allowing entry of atmospheric air coming from air passage,

such that oxidizing reaction between the hot gases and air occurs which causes

the hot gases to be converted into environment-friendly gases before discharging

it to the atmosphere characterized by a catalyst provided in the reaction chamber

to ensure oxidation of noxious components.

Particular Filter for Vehicle and Exhaust System is a smoke filter and

exhaust that can effectively burn the smoke collected in the smoke filter. A soot

filter includes a first layer coated with a first hydrocarbon trap for adsorbing

hydrocarbons contained in exhaust gases at low temperature. A second layer

coated with a first oxidation catalyst for oxidizing a hydrocarbon contained in the

exhaust gas, wherein the hydrocarbon adsorbed on the first layer is desorbed at

a high temperature, and the desorbed hydrocarbon is oxidized in the layer to

exhaust (Wade, 1981).

Prior Art
Zeolite Exhaust Emissions Filter (Amato, N., Gallinari, A., Nguonly, J., Yona, E.,

2017)

Abstract
Most current cars, thankfully, come with catalytic converters or diesel

particulate filters. These devices, which are installed in the exhaust systems of

automobiles, contain catalysts for converting polluted gases into less pollutant

gases Despite the fact that the gases partly combusted hydrocarbons emerge

from catalytic converters and diesel particle filters. Carbon dioxide (CO2), such
25

as soot and black carbon and VOCs (volatile organic compounds). Despite the

fact that they are less dangerous than those that enter, they might nonetheless

have a negative impact on air quality. human respiratory health and the

environment This study proposes a simple, user-friendly system, a removable

device that employs zeolites to absorb dangerous pollutants that aren't being

dealt with the catalytic converter is responsible for this. This device is designed

for people who are concerned about their environmental effect because they

have no other option, they must rely on motor cars to go around. The creation of

a filter of this type,taking into account everything.

Fig.1.Prior Art 1: CO2ube Internal View

Ceramic Diesel Exhaust Filters (Patent No.: US 7,578,979 B2) (Alward, G., and

Dichiara, R., 2009)

Abstract
26

The employment of an inorganic, non-woven fiber filter element results in

a better, efficient, and regenerable exhaust emission filed on filter and filter

system. The interwoven design of the filter element, as well as area

enhancements applied to the filter element, including microscopic modifications,

allow the filter to catch exhaust pollutants and particles. Because of the high

temperatures that the filter element can tolerate, the filter has a longer life and

can burn a higher proportion of trapped particles. A non-woven fiber block is

machined or molded into a filter foundation to create the filter element. A variety

of coatings and catalysts can be applied to the filter element, which can also be

wrapped in insulation and a case. For diesel engine exhausts, the improved

exhaust emission filter is very important.

Fig.2. Prior Art 2: Ceramic Diesel Exhaust Filters

Emission Control and Reduction in Fuel Consumption of two-stroke SI engine

using Nano-Fragment as a Catalyst (Karthikeyan Subramanian, A. P. Sathiya

Gnanam, D. Damodharan, N. Prasanna, and N. Mukilarasan, 2020)

27

Abstract

Nowadays, pollution is the most significant environmental concern, and it

is growing exponentially every day, potentially resulting in the extinction of all

living organisms. Automobiles are the principal source of pollution, and two-

wheelers play an important role in this. To control pollutants, there are two

methods: pre-emission treatment and post-emission treatment. This work is

entirely based on a two-wheeler post-emission treatment strategy using a nano-

fragment as a catalyst. The emanation of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and

nitrogen from a car's catalytic converter oxidizes harmful fumes gasses into

harmless gasses in the fumes gadget, thereby regulating emanation. The current

project aims to use zeolite nano-fragment as a catalyst agent for catalytic

converters, with testing taking place on a two-wheeler SI engine. HC (900 ppm),

CO (1.65 percent vol), and NOx (2850 ppm) are the most valuable fumes

emission estimates determined at full load.

Fig. 3. Prior Art 3: ECRFC Working Setup

28

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Conceptual Framework emphasizes the flow process of the study. The

purpose of this study was to conceptualized through three representations: the

input, process, and output. The input includes the materials, tools, and ideas in

formulating the project.. The process was more focus on the physical and

practical phase including the planning, designing, constructing, testing and

revising, and finalizing the project. The output was the end product zeolite-

integrated exhaust filter for motorcycle exhaust emissions.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Existing Problem Planning

Ideas Designing Zeolite integrated
Existing Design Constructing smoke filter for
Reference Testing motorcycle.
Tools Revising
Supplies Finalizing

Fig. 4. Conceptual Framework of the Study

29

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the Materials and Equipment, Bill of Materials, Tools

and Equipment Labor Cost, Project Cost, Project Design, Construction Schedule,

Procedure of Construction, Testing and Revising, Process, Operating Procedure,

Safety and Control Measure, and Maintenance.

Materials and Equipment

This section shows the materials and equipment used in the conduct of

the study.

Table 1 shows the list of supplies and materials with its quantity, unit,

description and it’s corresponding cost.

Bills of Materials

Table 1. Bills of Materials

Name Description Quantity Unit Unit Total Price
Price
Zeolite 0.5g/cm³ 1 pack 120.00 120.00
Activated Carbon 50 g 1 pack 225.00 225.00
Strainer 13
roundx34cm 1 pc 620.00 620.00
Mesh 200mesh
(30x30cm) 4 pcs 35.00 140.00
Thick Tie Wire GI wire
no.16(3mm) 1 meter 65.00 65.00
Welding Rod E6010 10 pcs 5.00 50.00
Nuts and Bolts 3mmx4mm 10 pcs 10.00 100.00
Total Php1585.00
30

The strainer was for the container of the activated carbon and Zeolite, the

reason why the researcher used this, was because it has tiny holes that are

enough to hold the activated carbon and zeolite, and to let the filtered smoke

pass.

The activated carbon and zeolite ws for filtering or reducing the harmful

gases emitted from the motor vehicle's exhaust.

The mesh was for the final stage of filtration. It was to filter the tiny

particles that can escape from the activated carbon and zeolite.

The thick tie wire acted as a support for the mesh to avoid deformation

inside the smoke belcher of the vehicle that was the casing of the filter.

Tools and Equipment

Table 2 shows the list of tools and equipment with its corresponding

functions.

Table 2. Tools and Equipment

Description Function
Tools
Screwdriver Use to tightening and loosening screws
Pliers Use to cut and bend wires and cables
Equipment
Soldering iron Use to heat and melt solder joints
Welding Machine Use to join metal parts
Drilling Machine Use to drill holes in various materials
Hand Drill Use to drill a range of sizes of holes
31

Labor Cost

Table 3 shows the cost of labor amounting five hundred pesos. The

amount paid to a local mechanic in our barangay. His skills and experience was

reassuring as a reason for him to take part in the completion of this project.

Table 3. Labor Cost

Mechanic Labor Cost
Mechanic 500.00
Total: Php 500.00

Project Cost

This section shows the total cost of the proposed project including the

supplies & materials and overall project cost, which involves the labor.

Table 4 shows the costing for the supplies and materials used in the

proposed study.

Table 4. Project Cost

Materials Quantity Unit Cost/Unit Total cost
Zeolite 1 kg 120.00 120.00
Activated Carbon 1 kg 225.00 225.00
Strainer 1 pc 620.00 620.00
Mesh 4 pcs 35.00 140.00
Thick Tie Wire 1 meter 65.00 65.00
Welding Rod 10 pcs 5.00 50.00
Nuts and Bolts 10 pcs 10.00 100.00
Total Php 1585.00
32

Table 5 shows the costing of the project.

The total cost of the project, which includes the cost of supplies and

materials, and labor cost had an overall amount of Two Thousand Eighty Five

Pesos (2085.00).

Table 5. Total Project Cost

Description Cost
Supplies and Materials 1,585.00
Labor Cost 500.00
Total Php 2085.00
33

Project Design

Fig. 5. Top View

Fig. 6. Side View

34

Fig. 7. Cut View

35

Construction Schedule

Table 6 shows the actual time framework of the completed process design

until the final operation of the zeolite integrated vehicle exhaust smoke filter was

attained. The first two weeks was the planning and designing, two weeks was

expended for preparation of materials. After the materials were all prepared, the

construction of the project was performed for three weeks, testing and revision of

the project was conducted for four weeks and improved it to meet project

objectives.

Table 6. Construction Schedule

Number of Weeks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Scope of Work
A

Legend:

A – Planning and Designing

B – Preparation of Materials
C – Constructing the Project
D – Testing and Revising
36

Procedure of Construction

The procedure of constructing the project were discussed below:

1. Preparing all the materials, tools, and equipment.

2. Layout pattern for the smoke filter.

3. Measure and Mark the strainer, mesh and other materials to its required

measurements.

4. Customize the strainer, mesh and other materials to the measurement fitted

to the diameter of the smoke belcher.

5. Place the first layer with mesh and activated carbon for the initial filtration.

6. Put the thick Tie Wire to support the first layer from deformation.

7. Place the second layer of filter with the construction of mesh and zeolite

supported by the tie wire.

8. Craft a wider opening on the end tail of the smoke belcher as an entry for the

smoke filter.

9. Insert the smoke filter inside the smoke belcher through the window opening

to fit.

10. Close the pipe with a narrow end cover and tighten it with nuts and bolts

to secure its position.

37

Testing and Revising

Testing and revising were carried out to determine whether the designed

project was working and to determine the problems that occurred during the

operation of the said device. Table 6 shows the results of this process.

Table 7. Defects and Revisions

Defects Revisions

The filters strainer used is The strainer used is changed to

aluminum that is unlikely to be stainless steel.
weld.

Process

When the project was finally constructed, it was used accordingly to its

purpose. Care was taken to avoid early malfunction, ensure quality and meet the

satisfaction of the user.

Operating Procedure

1. Make sure that all layers are in place and the mesh are not deformed.

2. Craft a wider opening on the smoke belcher as an entrance for the smoke

filter.

3. Bolt the smoke filter to the cover for the opening on the exhaust pipe.

4. Secure with gasket maker to avoid leaking and air pressure release.

5. Place the smoke filter to the smoke belcher through the opening.
38

6. Use the nuts and bolts to secure and tighten the position of the filter inside

the smoke belcher.

7. Start the emission test to read the efficacy of the smoke filter.

Safety and Control Measure

1. Check the layers and mesh if secured.

2. Wear mask in replacing the zeolite and activated carbon content of the

filter to avoid inhalation of toxic.

3. Keep it secured and tightened to the smoke belcher.

4. Seek guidance to the mechanic for the installation of the filter.

Maintenance

Maintenance of this project are as follows:

1. Check the layers or mesh if it is deformed.

2. Check and clean the filter content if it is full of large particles or dirt.

3. Replace the zeolite’s and activated carbon content to maintain the filter’s

efficacy.

4. Dispose the filter’s content properly to avoid intoxication and contribution

to pollution.
39

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the presentation of the results and discussion based

on the project study titled Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter for Motorcycle.

The completed output Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter for Motorcycle

required low budget construction cost. Concentrated on buying the strainer and

emission reducing substances used in the study like zeolite and activated

carbon. Measured the materials to the required measurement, welding the

strainer for the shape and design. Drilling the pipe to make a hole to fit the nuts

and bolts in securing the pipe and filter together.

Construction method and strategies were followed to avoid failure. Plan

were seamless that was used in constructing the product. After the construction

was finished to ensure the products effectiveness, the researcher conducted an

emission test at Quick Motor Vehicle Inspection Technical Testing Services.

Documentation of Project Construction

Top View Side View

40

Table 8. Emission Result on Carbon Monoxide (%) (<=2.50)

Exhaust Pipe without Filter 0.40
Exhaust Pipe with Filter 0.08
0.32

Table 8 showed the amounts of Carbon monoxide emitted with and

without the smoke filter mechanism. The Exhaust Pipe (with filter) emits less

amount of Carbon monoxide with 0.08% emission result than the Exhaust Pipe

(without filter) with 0.40% emission result. The data stated that the device is

effective in reducing the amount of Carbon Monoxide emitted with a result

difference of 0.32%.

Table 9. Emission Result on Hydrocarbons (ppm) (<=6000)

Exhaust Pipe without Filter 196
Exhaust Pipe with Filter 84
112

Table 9 showed the amounts of Hydrocarbon emitted with and without the

smoke filter mechanism. The Exhaust Pipe (with filter) emits less amount of

Carbon monoxide with 84 ppm emission result than the Exhaust Pipe (without

filter) with 196 ppm emission result. The data stated that the device is effective in

reducing the amount of Hydrocarbon emitted with a result difference of 112 ppm.
41

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the Summary of the project study, Conclusion and

the corresponding Recommendation.

Summary

This project study entitled, “Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter for Motorcycle”

was designed and constructed for the benefit of the common commuters and the

transportation sector to breathe a cleaner air by reducing the adverse effects of

exhaust smokes from motorcycle pipes. The output has a simple design

comprised of strainer and reducing substances zeolite and activated carbon

located on the bottom part of the belcher. After the testing and revisions made,

the Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter for Motorcycle was able to work effectively.

The outcome of the study provided an appropriate and valuable output to the

transportation sector to help reduce emitted smoke exhausted by motorcycle

pipes.

Conclusion

After the completion of the project study entitled ``Zeolite Integrated

Smoke Filter for Motorcycle``, testing the effectivity of the smoke filter based on

the emission test results the researchers concluded that the Smoke Filter is

feasible and effective in reducing Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons caused

42

by Motor Vehicles exhaust. The amount of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbon

emitted from the vehicles exhaust is significantly reduced when filtered.

Recommendation

The following recommendation was derived from the summary and

conclusion:

1. Determine the longevity of the effectivity of the filtering substances

zeolite and activated carbon.

2. Design a smoke filter that is viable for heavy vehicles.

3. For other designs craft a window like opening on the pipe as entry of

the filter to the pipe instead at the opening at the end of the pipe for

easier replacement of filter.

4. On the production of smoke filter use the stock pipe rather than an

open or an extension pipe as the filter’s housing.

43

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44

Health Effects Institute. (2010). Traffic-related air pollution: A critical Review of

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http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0304.

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biofuelled Vehicles – their characteristics and impact on the number
based regulation of Atmospheric particles. Royal Meteorological
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Control. J. Air & Waste Manage. Association, (51), 809-847.

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Prospects. The 1st FEZA School on Zeolites, 41-64.

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standards, Etc. http://www.volkspage.net/technik/ssp/ssp/SSP_230.pdf.

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T., Makino, M., Takahashi, A., Sakai, H., Tanaka, M., Martin, A., Fujii, S.,
45

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Behavior of Diesel Particulate Filters. SAE Technical Paper.
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pollution-philippines-denr/.

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0793-9.

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and Utilization. John Institute of Technology Bengaluru.

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(2000). Mobile sources critical review: 1998 NARSTO assessment.
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http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/index..
46

APPENDICES
47

APPENDIX A
LETTER REQUEST
Republic of the Philippines
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO KIDAPAWAN CITY CAMPUS
Sudapin, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato

October 4, 2021

RAMMER MAGBANUA
MV Inspector
Quick Motor Vehicle Inspection Technical Testing Services

Dear Sir,

Greetings of Peace and Solidarity!

I am conducting a project study entitled “Zeolite Integrated Smoke Filter

for Motorcycle” as course requirements in Bachelor of Technical Vocational
Teacher Education major in (Automotive).
In connection with this, I would like to ask your help to provide the
necessary data for my study through an inspection and emission test in your
emission test center.
I would like to appreciate your assistance and support in this research
endeavor.
Thank you so much for your participation.

Sincerely yours,

(Sgd.) IAN R. ARAMBALA

Researcher

Noted:

(Sgd.) JONATHAN D. RENOBLAS, PhD

Research Adviser
48

APPENDIX B

Operational Manual
Technical Specification
49

Operating Procedure

1. Make sure that all layers are in place and the mesh are not deformed.

2. Craft a wider opening on the smoke belcher as an entrance for the smoke

filter.

3. Bolt the smoke filter to the cover for the opening on the exhaust pipe.

4. Secure with gasket maker to avoid leaking and air pressure release.

5. Place the smoke filter to the smoke belcher through the opening.

6. Use the nuts and bolts to secure and tighten the position of the filter inside

the smoke belcher.

7. Start the emission test to read the efficacy of the smoke filter.

Safety and Control Measure

1. Check the layers and mesh if secured.

2. Wear mask in replacing the zeolite and activated carbon content of the

filter to avoid inhalation of toxic.

50

3. Keep it secured and tightened to the smoke belcher.

4. Seek guidance to the mechanic for the installation of the filter.

Maintenance

Maintenance of this project are as follows:

5. Check the layers or mesh if it is deformed.

6. Check and clean the filter content if it is full of large particles or dirt.

7. Replace the zeolite’s and activated carbon content to maintain the filter’s

efficacy.

8. Dispose the filter’s content properly to avoid intoxication and contribution

to pollution.
51

APPENDIX C

Documentation of Project Construction

Top View Side View

52

APPENDIX D
Documentation of Project Testing

Without Smoke Filter With Smoke Filter

53

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. PERSONAL DATA

Name: Ian Renegado Arambala

Address: Luvimin, Kidapawan City

Sex: Male

Date of Birth: January 22, 2000

Place of Birth: Luvimin, Kidapawan City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father ‘s Name: Angeles Ombina Arambala

Mother’s Name: Marissa Renegado Arambala

B. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: University of Southern Mindanao-Kidapawan City Campus

Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education
Major in Automotive Technology
2021-2022

Secondary: Central Mindanao Colleges

2017-2018
With Honors

Primary: Luvimin Elementary School

2011-2012
Salutatorian

C. AFFILIATION

Non-Academic: Sangguniang Kabataan

SK Council
2019-2022
54 43

D. SEMINARS ATTENDED
July 23, 2021 Webinar on Manual and Automatic Drive Train
and Front End Alignment
USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

August 03, 2021 Webinar on EPAS NC II Orientation,

Enrichment and Practice
USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

August 03, 2021 Webinar on Engine Overhauling and Engine

Mechanical Service System
USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

August 06, 2021 Webinar on Auto Electrical System Servicing

and Brake Servicing and Repair
USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

August 06, 2021 Webinar on Car Air-conditioning Servicing and

Engine Management System Servicing
USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

September 03, 2021 Webinar on Lesson Planning

USM-KCC, Sudapin, Kidapawan City

CERTIFIED TRUE AND CORRECT:

IAN R. ARAMBALA
[email protected]
09514804266