Pavia National High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Pavia, Iloilo

Growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil

Using composted Chicken and
Cattle Manure

Surriga, Rommel V.
Hilaos, Bea Marie C.
Nobleza, Shyne Angelie P.
Arcangel, Kristine May A.

Mrs. Ma. Wina G. Lustria

Teacher in Practical Research II

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Soil salinity is the quantity of dissolved salts in the aqueous phase of the soil.

Furthermore, the process in which the soil acquires soluble salts is known as salinization.

(Kalev et. al, 2018). Salinity is one of the harshest environmental factors, wherein it limits the

overall productivity of crop plants. It has been estimated that over 20% of the cultivated and

33% of irrigated agricultural areas worldwide are afflicted by high salinity. Further, these

salinized areas are increasing annually at a rate of 10% due to factors like low precipitation,

weathering of native rocks and the irrigation using saline water. By the year 2050, it has been

estimated that over 50% of the fertile cultivable areas would be salinized (Jamil et. al, 2011)

Most agricultural crops display a variety of different responses under salt stress. In

which most plant species are sensitive to salinity and could not tolerate high salt

concentrations in the soil (Shrivastava et. al, 2014). Salinity affects the major development

stages of plants including germination, growth and reproductive development. In addition,

saline soil also causes ion toxicity, osmotic stress and nutrient (N, Ca, K, P, Fe, Zn) deficiency

in plants. Uncontrolled build-up of sodium in the cell walls can rapidly lead to osmotic stress

and cell death (Munns, 2002). Moreover, salinity also disrupts the process of photosynthesis

mainly through the decrease of leaf area and chlorophyll content (Netondo et al., 2004).

Salinity adversely affects the reproductive development by inhabiting microsporogenesis and

stamen filament elongation which increase programed cell death in some tissue types, ovule

abortion and senescence of fertilized embryos (Ashraf, 2004)

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

On the other hand, Brassica Rapa or locally known as Pechay, is a widely-known table

vegetable throughout Asia. Also known as Chinese Chard, Chinese white cabbage or snow

cabbage, it is a popular produce which is consumed raw or cooked (Prado, 2010). Pechay is

a leafy, shallow-rooted crop which is usually planted during the cool season but can also stand

higher temperatures if it is exposed to enough moisture (Nacua et. al, 2019). It is also a

biennial herb which is cultivated annually if it reaches 15-30 cm in height during the vegetative

stage. The leaves are usually oval-shaped and are arranged widely. The plant body consists

of four main parts, namely, the leaves, petiole, stem and roots (Kelly, 1999). Furthermore,

pechay is also known for its rich nutritional value, wherein it contains different beneficial

components like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, Vitamin A and Vitamin K (Renee, 2018).

Presently, a majority of crop species under the genus Brassica are identified as

moderately salt tolerant. Out of the three Brassica crops species: white cabbage (Brassica

oleracea var. capitata), kale (B. oleracea var. acephala), and Chinese cabbage (B. rapa L.

pekinesis) with global and economic importance, Chinese cabbage has the highest sensitivity

rate to salinity stress among the selected brassicas (Pavlovic et al, 2019). Furthermore,

Chinese cabbage are also sensitive to the form of nitrogen which is supplied, particularly under

saline conditions (Feigin et al., 1991).

The application of organic materials greatly impacts soil quality and productivity. It

reduces evaporation and balances the soil temperature which reduces stress on plant roots

and enhances yield by supplying essential nutrients. (Eneji et al., 2001). According to a study

conducted by Goldberger (2008), organic matter also improves the physical properties of soil

including its structure, porosity and water-holding capacity.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

According to Lakhdar et.al (2008), saline soil limits soil fertility, whereas they are

relatively deficient in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Furthermore, Lakhdar

also stated that the addition of compost in such soil enriches the rhizosphere with micro- and

macro-nutrient elements and counteracts nutrient depletion. The introduction of organic

matter like compost in salt-affected soil allows flocculation of clay minerals to occur, wherein

it creates an essential condition for the aggregation of soil particles which plays an important

role in controlling erosion (McConnell et. al, 1993). The introduced organic matter helps intact

the soil particles together into larger water stable aggregates which further increase bio pores

spaces, a necessary factor for plant growth and microorganisms (Rasool et. al, 2007).

One of the most valuable examples of organic matter is Cattle Manure. Cattle dung

had a high organic matter content (4.7 percent) and provided 49 and 99 kgha-1 N at 5 and

10 t/ha, respectively (Mathias et al, 2015). Higher organic matter soil has a larger nutrient

reservoir, is less prone to compaction, erosion, and surface crusting, and has greater water

infiltration and water holding capacity. Higher levels of organic matter in the soil can help to

moderate soil temperature and pH, improve plant root growth, and maximize biological

activity. (Sun et al., 2015)

Moreover, chicken is also an excellent source of organic matter. The treatment with

chicken manure resulted in taller plants, more leaves per plant and higher fresh and dry matter

yields than the control. Its high levels of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium may be

responsible for these reactions (Schlegel, 1992). Some study shows that increase in water

stable aggregates and hydraulic conductivity values were more remarkable in fresh chicken

manure (Cayci et al, 2017). Moreover, composted manures in high doses also come with

higher saturation, aeration porosity, and available water values (Cayci et al, 2017). Hence,

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

having more fixed physical and chemical properties compared to the fresh chicken manure

(Cayci et al, 2017).

Composting is an excellent way to manage manure since it cuts down on volume, kills

pathogens and weed seeds, and enhances soil health and fertility. However, nutrients in soil

and compost should be evaluated (eorganic.org, 2022). Composting produces organic fertilizer

that can be applied to agricultural land. However, reducing cellulose levels in manure takes

an inordinate amount of time (eorganic.org, 2022). Composting is one of the most efficient

and appropriate strategies for dealing with livestock manure (ag.ndsu.edu, 2022).

Vermicomposting is a type of composting wherein certain species of earthworms are used to

enhance the process of organic waste conversion and produce a better end-product. Furthermore,

vermicompost can greatly improve the biological, chemical, and physical properties of the soil

(Zafar, 2020).

In this study the researchers aimed to enhance and support the growth of Brassica

Rapa under saline stress with the help of composted cattle and chicken manure. This study

also wants to compare the effectiveness of two composted manure in terms of supporting the

growth of Brassica Rapa in saline soil. Lastly, this study can be a great benefit to farmers,

livestock farmers, residents and future researchers in utilizing manures.

Conceptual Framework

Soil salinity is the quantity of dissolved salts in the aqueous phase of the soil.

Furthermore, the process in which the soil acquires soluble salts is known as salinization.

Salinity is one of the deteriorating problems in the world in which it affects plant growth and

soil quality. It mainly limits plant growth and development making it difficult for them to

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

undergo processes such as germination, photosynthesis, reproductive development and many

more.

On the other hand, Brassica Rapa or locally known as Pechay, is a widely-known table

vegetable throughout Asia. It is a leafy, shallow-rooted crop which is usually planted during

the cool season but can also stand higher temperatures if it is exposed to enough moisture

(Nacua et. al, 2019). It is also a biennial herb which is cultivated annually if it reaches 15-30

cm in height during the vegetative stage. Moreover, Brassica Rapa is known to have a low

salinity tolerance.

In order to address salinity problems, in some research organic matter is introduced

to affected areas where it helps intact the soil particles together into larger water stable

aggregates which further increase bio pores spaces, a necessary factor for plant growth and

microorganisms. Composted manure is one of the best examples of organic matter. Commonly

chicken and cattle manure are some of the best and most common manures. Wherein they

contain nutrients that could contribute to elevate soils quality and plant growth.

This research study aims to determine the efficacy of composted cattle and chicken

manure in enhancing and supporting the growth of Brassica Rapa in saline soil. It also aims

to compare which manure has best and least effect in assisting the growth development of

the plant. Lastly, this study aims to develop a low-cost strategy to overcome problems about

salinity.

Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

a. Composted Cattle Manure Growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil

b. Composted Chicken Manure  Speed of germination

c. Mix Composted Cattle and Chicken  Stem Length 6|P age
Manure  Leaf count
 Pavia National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

Statement of the Problem

Generally, the study aims to support and enhance the growth of Brassica rapa under

saline soil with the aid of composted chicken and cattle manure

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the growth rate of Brassica Rapa under saline soil in terms of leaf count, stem
length and speed of germination with the application of composted cattle manure?
2. What is the growth rate of Brassica Rapa under saline soil in terms of leaf count, stem
length and speed of germination with the application of composted chicken manure?
3. Which composted manure has the best effects in supporting the growth rate of
Brassica Rapa under saline soil in terms of leaf count, stem length and speed of
germination with the application of composted chicken and cattle manure?
4. Is there a significant difference in the growth rate of Brassica Rapa under saline soil
using 100g composted cattle manure, 100g composted chicken manure, and mix 50g
composted Cattle manure and 50g of composted chicken manure?

Statement of the Hypothesis

It is hypothesized that there is no significant difference in the efficacy rate of applying

composted chicken and cattle manure in supporting the growth of Brassica rapa under saline

soil.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be a great benefit to the following:

Local Plant Farmers. This will help them give the best possible care for their plants

and soil, as well as solutions to any saline related problems they may face in the future. It will

also assist them in controlling soil salinity for optimal crop performance.

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Livestock Farmers. This can assist animal breeders and poultry enterprises in

disposing of animal manure and spare them the effort of figuring out the best way to dispose

of it. It can be repurposed in a variety of ways, including as an amendment in soil.

Residents. They can now utilize animal manure to adjust or lower the salinity level

of their soil at home, reducing the usage of artificial fertilizer and its negative consequences

on society.

Future Researchers. This will aid in the education of the advantages of cattle

manure, chicken manure, growth of Brassica rapa and saline soil. It could be used as a

reference in the future by those interested in conducting study on these subjects.

Definition of Terms

For a clearer and better understanding of the terms presented in this study, different

terminologies are defined conceptually and operationally.

Saline Soil. Is the term used to illustrate the excessive levels of soluble salts in the

soil solution (ndsu.edu, 2022)

In this study, it refers to the soil which contains soluble salt in which the Brassica rapa

plant will be exposed during its germination stage.

Brassica rapa Is an annual to biennial herb specie that is widely cultivated worldwide

as a vegetable or oilseed crop (cabi.org, 2022)

In this study, the researchers will measure the growth of Brassica rapa under saline

soil using composted chicken and cattle manure.

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Manure. The refuse of stables and barnyards consisting of livestock excrete, with or

without litter, which acts as materials that fertilize land (Merriam Webster, 2021)

In this study, organic chicken and cattle manure will be used as amendments in soil.

Cattle. Group of animals that includes cows, buffalo and bison that are often being

kept for milk and meat production (Cambridge Dictionary, 2021)

In this study, the researchers will apply cattle manure and test its efficacy the growth

of Brassica rapa under saline soil

Composting. The natural process of recycling organic matter that can enrich soil and

plants. (nrdc.org, 2021)

In this study, chicken and cattle manure will be composted before applying it to the

saline soil samples.

Vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is the process by which worms are used to

convert organic materials into a humus-like material known as vermicompost. (sciencedirect,

2021)

In this study, this is the specific type of composting method that will be used to

produce composted chicken and cattle manure.

Scope and Delimitation

This research study focuses on investigating the efficacy of adding composted chicken

and cattle manure in enhancing and supporting the growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil.

This study is an experimental research that uses Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

in managing the treatments. The soil samples will come from an agricultural site in Barangay

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Pagsanga-an, Pavia, Iloilo. On the other hand, the dry chicken manure is from a poultry farm

at Pagsanga-an, Pavia, Iloilo. While the cattle manure is from a farm in Barangay Anilao,

Pavia, Iloilo. The animal manures will be composted using the vermicomposting process for

4-6 weeks and then it will be applied within the soil samples. A saline solution will be added

to the soil samples in order for it to be saline. The samples will be then analyzed using a soil

PH test kit recommended by the Department of Agriculture Region 6 assuring that it is in exact

value of pH 8 (saline soil pH level). The treatments will be monitored, tested and water daily

within a 14-day experimental period. This study will be conducted at one of the Researcher's

residences in Sitio Ilaya, Irrigation, Barangay Balabag, Pavia, Iloilo. The mean, standard

deviation, and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) are the statistical tools that will be

used to analyze the data in order to determine the efficacy of composted organic Chicken and

Cattle Manure in in the growth rate or germination of Brassica rapa under saline soil.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

Soil Salinity

The beginning of the 21st century is defined by worldwide water scarcity, pollution,

and rising salinization of land and water. One threat to agricultural sustainability is the

shrinking amount of land accessible for production (Shahbaz and Ashraf, 2013). Soil salinity

is one of the most devastating environmental stresses, causing significant reductions in

cultivated land area, crop productivity, and quality. (Yamaguchi and Blumwald, 2005; Shahbaz

and Ashraf, 2013). A range of adaptations and mitigation strategies are required to address

such problems. Salinity stress can be alleviated through efficient resource management and

crop/livestock improvement to evolve healthier breeds. However, because such solutions are

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time-consuming and costly, there is a need to create low-cost and straightforward biological

methods for salinity stress control that can be implemented quickly. (Shrivastava et al. 2014)

Plant and soil productivity research is essential because of the overwhelming need to

feed the world's rising population while combating soil degradation, salinization, and

desertification. In such circumstances, appropriate biotechnology is required to improve crop

productivity and soil health through interactions between plant roots and soil microbes

(Lugtenberg et al., 2002).

Abiotic stressors caused by global warming and accompanying climate change are

causing havoc on crop yields and quality in many affected areas. Soil salinity is one of these

pressures (which is aggravated by numerous human activities). High salinity affects almost

7% of the world's total land and over 20% of irrigated land (Zhang et al., 2014; Munns and

Gilliham, 2015).

There are 1.5 billion hectares of arable land on the planet, of which 77 million hectares

are unfit for crop cultivation due to high salinity. Many sections of the world are seeing an

increase in the quantity of land inhabited by saline soils, particularly in dry and semiarid

climates with low precipitation and high temperatures and evaporation rates (Selvakumar et

al., 2014; Miransari, 2016).

Plant growth is affected by salts, which increase soil osmotic pressure and interfere

with plant feeding. The osmotic or water-deficit impact of salinity refers to how a high salt

content in soil solution decreases plants' ability to acquire water. When the concentration

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reaches a critical level, crop growth is slowed. Indeed, the impacts of salinity on plant growth

are a time-dependent process. (Munns et al., 2017)

Pechay (Brassica Rapa)

In the Philippines, pechay (Brassica rapa) is a popular table vegetable. Also known as

Snow cabbage, Chinese chard, or white cabbage, it is a type of cabbage that can be eaten

raw or cooked. As a result, the usage of organic fertilizer in pechay production is comparable

to urea. Organic farmers and gardeners are advised to utilize organic inputs over non-organic

inputs because of their economic and environmental benefits. (Prado, 2010)

Pechay, a product of the Brassiceae family, is one of the Philippines' most well-known

vegetables. It is also regarded as one of Asia's earliest green veggies. As a result, it plays a

significant part in both the Philippine economy and the Filipino people's nutrition. (Gonzales

et al., 2015)

Brassica rapa is one of the world's most economically significant vegetable crops. B.

Rapa is an essential reference for understanding polyploidy-related crop genome evolution

because of its agronomic importance and phylogenetic position (Mun et al., 2009). Salt stress

decreases Brassica seed germination by delaying germination and slowing the imbibition

process. Seed priming could potentially improve germination by enhancing numerous

physiological processes in seeds (Khaliq et al., 2015).

Due to its high economic and nutritional value, Brassica takes third place among the

major oilseed species. Salinity, on the other hand, stunts their growth, yield, and oil output.

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Seed germination and early seedling growth, in particular, have been observed to be

particularly sensitive to salinity. y (Ashraf and McNeilly 2004)

To address salinity-related issues, it's evident that understanding the tolerance levels

and mechanisms of major crops is critical. Most Brassica crop plants are currently categorized

as somewhat salt tolerant. The amphidiploid species B. juncea, B. napus, and B. carinata, on

the other hand, are said to have a higher tolerance than the diploid species B. oleracea, B.

nigra, and B. Rapa (Purty et al., 2008).

Cattle Manure

Cattle manure is not only an agricultural waste but also a source of fertilizer. Organic

fertilizer application is viable for mitigating soil degradation caused by the overuse of chemical

fertilizers, affecting soil bacterial diversity and community composition. Manure provides

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients to plants instantly by warming the soil,

speeding up decomposition, and lowering the soil's acidity level, or pH, more diminutive than

chemical fertilizers. (Zhang et al., 2020)

The use of cow dung, or cattle manure, in the garden is ordinary in many rural areas.

This type of manure is not as high in nutrients as many others; however, the high ammonia

levels can burn plants when applied directly. In contrast, composted cow manure can provide

numerous benefits to the garden (Tilley, 2021).

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To improve soil crop forage production, cow manure amendments are necessary. With

respect to salinity and nitrate content, however, great care must be taken to preserve

optimum soil quality. After several years, triticale forage crops with all soil surfers cover is a

viable alternative for taking up high concentrations of salt and nitrate. The soil salinity and

nitrate levels in this study were lower than the maximum allowable limits of 4 mmhos cm-1 in

salinity and fewer than 20 ppm in nitrates three years after seven treatments of cow manure.

In all plots where cow manure was applied, forage yields were likewise higher than the control

and chemical fertilizer treatments in all plots where cow manure was applied (Sosa et al,

2016).

Some studies showed that cattle manure is a dilute fertilizer due to its high water and

organic material content. Higher organic matter soil has a larger nutrient reservoir, is less

prone to compaction, erosion, and surface crusting, and has greater water infiltration and

water holding capacity. Higher levels of organic matter in the soil can help to moderate soil

temperature and pH, improve plant root growth, and maximize biological activity. (Sun et al.,

2015)

An experiment was carried out to determine the concentrations of total C, total N,

extractable P, K, Na, and B in cow fresh and composted manure. Manure pH reduced

significantly with aerobic composting. This decrease in pH could be attributed to the modified

chemical composition of manure through microbial action, notably the production of organic

acids. (M. Irshad et al., 2013)

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On the other hand, the impact of manure and its biochar application on the

spatiotemporal distribution of soil enzyme activities under the stress of Cr contamination was

identified and compared. During the 45-day incubation period, the pH of the soil dropped

dramatically. The findings highlight the importance of pH in Cr bioavailability and enzyme

activity and show that biochar application is better suited for remediating Cr-contaminated

soil. (Liu et al. 2019)

Chicken Manure

Poultry manure fertilizer contains all the essential nutrients required for crop as

determined by North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Chicken manure, also one of the types

of poultry manure that contains high nitrogen where it undergoes co-composting in which it

could commend microorganisms to degrade other organic solid wastes into a more qualified

compost (Hwang et. al, 2020).

Furthermore, due to its high concentration of macronutrients, chicken manure is preferred

over other animal wastes (Warman, 1986; Duncan, 2005). In addition, adding chicken manure

to the soil increases the amount of water-soluble salts in the soil. Soluble salts (also known

as soil salinity) are used by plants to acquire nutrients, but an excess amount of soluble salts

(also known as soil salinity) inhibits plant growth. In silt loam soils too high for salt sensitive

crops, Stephenson et al. (1990) reported an Electric Conductivity of roughly 11 dS/m in

chicken manure. Because of this, most of the nutrients are available in dry chicken manure

pellets (López-Masquera et al., 2008), while soil pH (6.5) has an impact on the availability of

nutrients to plants (Warman, 1986).

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In another study, the application of chicken manure (CM) and spent mushroom

substrate (SMS) on organic matter accumulation, acidity, and hydraulic properties of soils

shows results improving crop productivity by increasing soil water retention capacity and

decreasing acidity. (Lipiec et. al, 2021).

Some study shows that increase in water stable aggregates and hydraulic conductivity

values were more remarkable in fresh chicken manure (Cayci et al, 2017). Moreover,

composted manures in high doses also come with higher saturation, aeration porosity, and

available water values (Cayci et al, 2017). Hence, having more fixed physical and chemical

properties compared to the fresh chicken manure (Cayci et al, 2017).

According to a study conducted by Schjegel (1992), The treatment with chicken

manure resulted in taller plants, more leaves per plant and higher fresh and dry matter yields

than the control. Its high levels of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium may be responsible

for these reactions. Since this crop is non-leguminous, fertilization suggests that it may have

gotten a lot of nitrogen directly from the soil. In fact, Hassan (2002) found that fertilization

with chicken dung significantly increased the height of the plants. A higher amount of chicken

manure (5 tons per hectare) considerably improved the growth parameters of the forage

sorghum cultivar (Abusabien) compared to the control (Ismaeil et al, 2012).

Composting

Composting is the natural process of turning organic matter like manures, leaves and

food scraps into a valuable fertilizer that can benefit both soil and plants. Composting simply

accelerates the decomposition process by providing an ideal environment for bacteria, fungi,

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and other decomposing organisms (such as worms, sow bugs, and nematodes) to work in.

Compost is the decomposed matter that looks like fertile garden soil after it has decomposed.

Compost, also known as "black gold" by farmers, is nutrient-rich and can be used in gardening,

horticulture, and agriculture. (Sheila,2020)

Composting animal manure is an effective way to kill pathogens. Grewal (2006)

investigated and compared the lifespan of pathogens in simulated composted dairy fertilizers,

simulated dairy fertilizer packs, and simulated liquid dairy lagoons. Grewar said no E. coli,

Salmonella, or Listeria were detected after composting at 131 F for 3 days

Composting has become more popular as a tool for livestock producers to manage

animal manure in recent years. Aside from the soil health benefits of using animal manure

compost, there are also improved storage options, a lower volume of material to transport

and spread on fields, and it is more suitable for use on hay and pastures during the growing

season than raw manure. (Wardynski, 2015)

The addition of compost to the soil is really beneficial. Fertility, water retention, bulk

density, and biological characteristics are all improved (Flavel and Murphy, 2006). Because of

the high temperatures that occur during microbial breakdown, odors are decreased and fly

eggs die (Larney et al., 2006)

Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich, microbiologically active organic amendment produced

by earthworms and microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter. It is a stabilized,

finely divided peat-like material with a low C: N ratio, high porosity, and high water-holding

capacity, in which most nutrients are present in forms that are easily taken up by plants

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(Dominguez, 2004). Earthworms act as mechanical blenders, modifying the physical and

chemical status of organic matter by gradually reducing the ratio of C: N and increasing the

surface area exposed to microorganisms, making it much more favorable for microbial activity

and further decomposition (Dominguez et al., 2010).

Summary

There are 1.5 billion hectares of arable land on the planet, of which 77 million hectares

are unfit for crop cultivation due to high salinity. Many sections of the world are seeing an

increase in the quantity of land inhabited by saline soils, particularly in dry and semiarid

climates with low precipitation and high temperatures and evaporation rates (Selvakumar et

al., 2014; Miransari, 2016).

A range of adaptations and mitigation strategies are required to address such

problems. However, because such solutions are time-consuming and costly, there is a need

to create low-cost and straightforward biological methods for salinity stress control that can

be implemented quickly. (Shrivastava et al. 2014)

Pechay, a product of the Brassiceae family, is one of the Philippines' most well-known

vegetables. It is also regarded as one of Asia's earliest green veggies. As a result, it plays a

significant part in both the Philippine economy and the Filipino people's nutrition. (Gonzales

et al., 2015) Salt stress decreases Brassica seed germination by delaying germination and

slowing the imbibition process. Seed priming could potentially improve germination by

enhancing numerous physiological processes in seeds (Khaliq et al., 2015).

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

Chicken manure, also one of the types of poultry manure that contains high nitrogen

where it undergoes co-composting in which it could commend microorganisms to degrade

other organic solid wastes into a more qualified compost (Hwang et. al, 2020). In addition,

chicken manure contains all essential plant nutrients that are required by plants (Amanullah

et. al 2010). Furthermore, a study determined that chicken manure could effectively reduce

the bio-availability of Cd in which it could increase the soil pH (Huang et al, 2019).

Cattle manure is not only an agricultural waste but also a source of fertilizer. Organic

fertilizer application is viable for mitigating soil degradation caused by the overuse of chemical

fertilizers, affecting soil bacterial diversity and community composition. (Zhang et al., 2020).

In contrast, composted cow manure can provide numerous benefits to the garden (Tilley,

2021).

Compost can effectively lower the pH without negatively impacting the living soil

community. Raw Cattle manure can have higher nitrogen levels, which can lower pH over time

(Teutschmann, 2020). Higher levels of organic matter in the soil can help to moderate soil

temperature and pH, improve plant root growth, and maximize biological activity. (Sun et al.,

2015)

Composting is the natural process of turning organic matter like manures, leaves and

food scraps into a valuable fertilizer that can benefit both soil and plants. Composting simply

accelerates the decomposition process by providing an ideal environment for bacteria, fungi,

and other decomposing organisms (such as worms, sow bugs, and nematodes) to work in.

(Sheila, 2020)

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Composting animal manure is an effective way to kill pathogens (Grewal, 2006). Aside

from the soil health benefits of using animal manure compost, there are also improved storage

options, a lower volume of material to transport and spread on fields, and it is more suitable

for use on hay and pastures during the growing season than raw manure. (Wardynski, 2015)

Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich, microbiologically active organic amendment produced

by earthworms and microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter. Earthworms act

as mechanical blenders, modifying the physical and chemical status of organic matter by

gradually reducing the ratio of C: N and increasing the surface area exposed to

microorganisms, making it much more favorable for microbial activity and further

decomposition (Dominguez et al., 2010).

Chapter 3

Methodology

Research Design

This research study applied quantitative research design which observes and

emphasizes objective measurements and the numerical, mathematical and statistical analysis

of data. Quantitative research mainly revolves on gathering numerical data and simplifying it

across groups of people to describe a certain event or phenomenon (Babbie, 2010)

The role of quantitative research is to identify the relation of a certain thing

(independent variable/s) and another (dependent variable/s) within a population. It can either

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be descriptive (subjects/s are measured once) or experimental (subject/s are measured before

and after the treatment. In this research project, experimental research design was used to

address and analyze the overall results. Specifically, the sample population in an experimental

research is fairly small and is specifically chosen, which intends to create causality between

the variables (Libguides, 2021).

The implication of experimental design in this study allowed the researchers to have

full control over the use of composted organic cattle and chicken manure as the materials to

be applied to soil samples and see its effects in the growth of the Brassica Rapa plant under

saline soil. This kind of research allowed the researchers to control and manage the different

amounts of composted manures as agents in improving the growth of Brassica Rapa under

saline stress. Furthermore, it authorized the researchers to manipulate and control different

variables including the environment in which the set-ups will be exposed to.

Through the use of Randomized Complete Block Design, a total of 12 experimental

samples are divided into three blocks which indicates the number of replicates. There are four

treatments which will have three replications each.

Randomized Complete Block Design is the standard design used in agricultural

experiments in which the same experimental samples are grouped into blocks or replicates.

RCBD is used in order to control variation in an experiment by constructing structural

outcomes in the field. (Grant, 2010). The set-ups were arranged as shown in Table 1.

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Table 1. Lay-out of the Experimental Units Arranged in Randomized Complete Block

Design.

R1 R2 R3

B C D

D A C

A B A

C D B

Legend:

● (A) T1 – contains three seed bags with 100g of saline soil and 100g of composted

cattle manure

● (B) T2 – contains three seed bags with 100g of saline soil and 100g of composted

chicken manure

● (C) T3 – contains three seed bags with 100g of saline soil, 50g of composted chicken

manure and 50g of composted cattle manure.

● (D) T4 – contains three seed bags with 200g of saline soil only

Materials

The following primary materials were used in this study: Cattle and Chicken manure,

Brassica Rapa seeds and loam soil. Furthermore, the two stated manures serve as nitrogen

sources in the process of vermicomposting, while grasses and rice straws act as carbon

sources, and African Night crawlers (earthworms) serve as vermicast producers; tarpaulins or

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sacks as compost containers; gloves and a mini shovel as safety precautionary materials when

handling the manures, earthworms and when doing the sandwich layering method; tap water

and table salt to create the saline solution, and a sprinkler to maintain moisture content and

to prevent dehydration. The following secondary materials were used in the preparation and

testing of the experimental subjects: a weighing scale to weigh the vermicast or end product;

needed in each treatment, a beaker to measure the saline solution, a soil PH test kit to

evaluate the salinity of the soil, a ruler to assess the stem length; a piece of wood for the tray

set-up and seed bags to hold the seeds during the germination stage.

Data collection procedure

Aggregation of Soil samples and Animal Manures. The 1,700 grams of loam soil

were collected from one of the agricultural sites in Barangay Pagsanga-an, Pavia, Iloilo. It was

ensured that the sample only came from one source. Whereas, 5 kg each of Cattle and Chicken

manure will be collected from a farm facility located in Barangays Anilao and Pagsanga-an

Pavia, Iloilo.

Figure 1. Loam soil sample Figure 2. Cattle Manure Sample Figure 3. Chicken Manure Sample

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Drying of the Raw Materials. Air dry the manures for about 5 days (do not expose

to direct sunlight). Let the manure cool down until it reaches the desired temperature of 26

degree Celsius.

Figure 4. Air drying of the manures

Process of Vermicomposting. Vermicomposting is one of the processes in

producing compost with the help of earthworms. In this study, organic cattle and chicken

manure are needed to be composted. First, we need to air dry the collected manures for about

5 days in a composting site that is not directly hit by the sunlight. Then, wait for the manure

to cool down until it reaches the desired temperature (26-degree Celsius). After that, using

the sandwich layering method, place the carbon source in the container following the nitrogen

source with a ratio of 3(CS): 1(NS), until it reaches the desired depth (2-4 inches). Finally,

introduce the worms, specifically the African night crawlers, into the sample and leave it for

3-5 weeks with a partial cover on top for better ventilation and sprinkle it with an ample

amount of water daily to maintain the moisture content and wait until it reaches a granule-

like structure.

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Figure 5. Sandwich Layering Method Figure 6. Introduction of worms

Figure 7. Vermicomposting proper

Collection of Raw Manures

(Cattle and Chicken)

Air Drying of Manures for Five (5) Days

Checking of Temperature
(26 degrees Celsius)

Composting of Manures through the Process of

Vermicomposting

Preparation of Composted Manure that will be

applied on the Samples

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Testing of pH Meter. Testing is required before the official use of a 3-way pH meter

in order to ensure that the readings are precise and accurate. Clean the prongs of the tester

with distilled water and a clean cloth before and between uses. Insert the prongs into the soil

at root level. The first reading that appears will be a measure of pH, with a scale ranging from

1 being the most acidic and 14 being the most alkaline.

Figure 8. Materials Figure 9. Testing the pH meter

Preparation of Saline Soil and Soil Salinity Testing. 1,700 g (1.7kg.) of loam soil

will be prepared for this study. 18 tablespoons of table salt will be dissolved in two (2) cups

of tap water which was boiled for 5 minutes. The said solution will be then poured into the

loam soil and will be sun-dried in a span of 7-days or 1 week. The dried soil will then be

undergoing a test with the help of a soil pH meter in order to indicate whether the solution

made the soil saline. The pH meter will be buried within the root level and if the indicator of

the device reaches eight, it will then be considered saline.

Figure 10. Preparation of Saline Soil Figure 11. Dry Testing

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Design Set-up. The treatments are arranged according to the experimental design,

wherein there will be a total of 12 samples which will be divided into 4 columns with four

treatments and three replicates each. Treatment A will receive 100g of the saline soil mix with

100g of composted cattle manure, Treatment B will also receive 100g of the saline soil mix

with 100g of composted chicken manure, Treatment C will also have 100g of the saline soil

mix with 50g of composted cattle manure and 50g of composted chicken manure, and lastly

Treatment D, which will serves as the control treatment will only contain 200g of the saline

soil.

Figure 12. Set up and Application of treatments

Application of treatments. Using the Randomized Complete Block Design with four

treatments and three replications. The saline soil are distributed evenly in the container with

100g corresponding to each treatment. The first treatment contains three seed bags with

100g of saline soil and 100g of composted cattle manure. Then the second treatment will have

three seed bags with 100g of saline soil and 100g of composted chicken manure. The third

treatment will have three seed bags with 100g of saline soil, 50g of composted cattle manure

and 50g of composted chicken manure. Lastly, the fourth treatment contains three seed bags

with 200g of saline soil only.

Distribution of Brassica Rapa seeds. Brassica Rapa seeds are evenly distributed

among the seed bags using the randomized complete block design or RCBD. All four

treatments which have three replications each will receive the same amount of seed. A total

of 12 seeds will be prepared, wherein each seed bag will receive 1 Brassica Rapa seed.

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Figure 13. Brassica Rapa seeds Figure 14. Distribution of seeds

Storing and Monitoring of Samples. The set-up will are established in one of the

Researcher's backyard in Sitio Ilaya, Irrigation, Barangay Balabag, Pavia, Iloilo. The samples

will receive 10 ml. of freshwater daily and will be monitored in a given time. In order to check

if foreign organisms or objects have invaded the treatments.

Figure 15. Monitoring of samples Figure 16. Watering of samples

Collection of Data. The researchers gathered the data through a scoring sheet with

criteria filled up by the observers regarding the growth of Brassica Rapa (speed of germination,

leaf count, and stem length) under the saline soil. The samples are then measured and are

listed once a day during 7 o’clock in the morning (7 a.m.) after they are moistened with water.

With the presented procedure, the researchers assured that each treatment was tested with

validity and reliability.

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Data Analysis

The data gathered was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science

(SPSS) software, and the following statistical tools were used to analyze the data gathered:

Mean. This term refers to the average used to calculate the data's central tendency.

It is calculated by summing all of a population's data points and dividing the total by the

number of data points.

The use of means in this study helped the researcher to determine the efficiency of

the three treatments: 100% composted chicken manure, 100% composted cattle manure,

50% composted chicken manure and 50% composted cattle manure, and negative control in

terms of the growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil, availability from each replicate in each

setup. It will also help in determining the most effective agent in the growth of the said plant

through the following setups after they were subjected to experimentation.

Standard Deviation. The standard deviation is a statistic that calculates the square

root of the variance and measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean.

(Investopedia, 2019).

This statistical tool was used by the researchers to allow comparison of the spread of

data, in terms of their mean value, of every treatment with other treatments

One-way MANOVA. Multivariate Analysis of Variance, or MANOVA, is an extension

of Analysis of Variance. It is statistical method that is used to determine whether there are

any differences between independent groups on more than one continuous dependent

variable. This statistical tool greatly helped in determining the standard in the gathered set of

data and conclude whether the different treatments of composted cattle and chicken manure

has a significant difference in the growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil.

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Flowchart of Methods

Gathering of Materials

Preparation of Raw Materials

Process of Vermicomposting

Testing of pH meter

Soil Salinity Testing

Design Set-up

Application of Treatments

Distribution of Brassica Rapa seeds

Monitoring of samples

Collection of Data

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Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

Table 2 presents the mean and standard deviation of the efficacy rate of Composted

Cattle Manure and Composted Chicken Manure in terms of speed germination. The result

showed that 100g of Composted Cattle Manure had the highest mean of 11.3333 and a

standard deviation of .57735. While 100g of Composted Chicken Manure had a mean of 2.6667

and a standard deviation of 1.15470. However, 50g of Composted Chicken Manure and 50g

of Composted Cattle Manure mixed together had a mean of .0000 and a standard deviation

of .00000.

Descriptive Statistics

treatment Mean Std. Deviation N

Cattle Manure 11.3333 .57735 3

Chicken Manure 8.3333 1.15470 3

speedgermination
.0000 .00000 3
Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure

Total 6.5556 5.12619 9

Cattle Manure 4.0000 .00000 3

Chicken Manure 4.0000 .00000 3

leafcount
.0000 .00000 3
Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure

Total 2.6667 2.00000 9

Cattle Manure 6.0000 1.00000 3

Chicken Manure 4.3333 .57735 3

stemlength
.0000 .00000 3
Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure

Total 3.4444 2.74368 9

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics

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Furthermore, based on leaf count, 100g of Composted Cattle Manure had a mean of

4.0000 and a standard deviation of .00000. On the other hand, 100g of Composted Chicken

Manure had the same mean of 4.0000 and a standard deviation of .00000. Mix 50g of

Composted Chicken Manure and 50g Composted Cattle Manure had a mean of .0000 and a

standard deviation of .00000.

Lastly in terms of stem length, results showed that 100g of Composted Cattle Manure

had the highest mean of 6.000 and a standard deviation of 1.00000. Moreover, 100g

Composted Chicken Manure had the mean of 4.3333 and a standard deviation of .57735.

Finally, mix 50g of Composted Chicken Manure and 50g of Composted Cattle Manure had the

mean of .0000 and a standard deviation of .00000.

One-Way MANOVA revealed that there is significant difference (sig=.000) on the

efficacy of 100g Composted Cattle Manure in the growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil in

terms of speed germination, leaf count, and stem length. It was also revealed that 100g of

Composted Chicken Manure has a significant difference (sig.=.000) on its efficacy in the

growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil in terms of speed germination, leaf count and stem

length.

One-Way MANOVA using Tests of Between-Subjects Effects however revealed that

100g of Composted Cattle Manure has showed an overall significant difference (sig.=.000) in

the growth of Brassica Rapa in terms of speed germination, leaf count , and stem length. It

was also revealed that 100g of Composted Chicken Manure has showed an overall significant

difference (sig. =.000) in the growth of Brassica Rapa in terms of speed germination, leaf

count, and stem length.

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Additionally, One-Way MANOVA determined that 100g of Composted Cattle Manure

had the highest efficacy in the growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil in terms of speed

germination and stem length. However, both 100g Composted Cattle Manure and 100g

Composted Chicken Manure have the same efficacy in terms of leaf count. While the negative

control of 200g Saline Soil showed no significant effect in the growth of Brassica Rapa in terms

of speed germination, leaf count and stem length.

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Source Dependent Variable Type III Sum df Mean Square F Sig.
of Squares
speedgermination 206.889a 2 103.444 186.200 .000
32.000b 2 16.000 25961484292 .000
67413500000
Corrected Model leafcount
00000000000
0.000
stemlength 57.556c 2 28.778 64.750 .000
speedgermination 386.778 1 386.778 696.200 .000
64.000 1 64.000 10384593717 .000
06965500000
Intercept leafcount
00000000000
00.000
stemlength 106.778 1 106.778 240.250 .000
speedgermination 206.889 2 103.444 186.200 .000
32.000 2 16.000 25961484292 .000
67413500000
treatment leafcount
00000000000
0.000
stemlength 57.556 2 28.778 64.750 .000
speedgermination 3.333 6 .556
Error leafcount 1.000E-013 6 1.000E-013
stemlength 2.667 6 .444
speedgermination 597.000 9
Total leafcount 96.000 9
stemlength 167.000 9
speedgermination 210.222 8
Corrected Total leafcount 32.000 8
stemlength 60.222 8
Table 2. Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

a. R Squared = .984 (Adjusted R Squared = .979)

b. R Squared = 1.000 (Adjusted R Squared = 1.000)
c. R Squared = .956 (Adjusted R Squared = .941)

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Therefore, 100g of Composted Cattle Manure achieved optimal efficacy in the growth

of Brassica Rapa in terms of speed germination and stem length. Otherwise, both 100g of

Composted Cattle Manure and 100g Composted Chicken Manure achieved their optimal

efficacy in the growth of Brassica Rapa in terms of speed germination. Overall, both manures

had the highest effect on the speed of germination of Brassica Rapa followed by stem length

and leaf count.

Post Hoc LSD

Multiple Comparisons

LSD

Dependent (I) treatment (J) treatment Mean Std. Sig. 95% Confidence
Variable Difference Error Interval
(I-J)
Lower Upper
Bound Bound

Chicken Manure 3.0000* .60858 .003 1.5109 4.4891

Cattle Manure Mix Chicken and 11.3333* .60858 .000 9.8442 12.8225
Cattle Manure

speedgerminati Cattle Manure -3.0000* .60858 .003 -4.4891 -1.5109

on Chicken Manure Mix Chicken and 8.3333* .60858 .000 6.8442 9.8225
Cattle Manure

Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure -11.3333* .60858 .000 -12.8225 -9.8442
Cattle Manure Chicken Manure -8.3333* .60858 .000 -9.8225 -6.8442

Chicken Manure .0000 .00000 1.000 .0000 .0000

Cattle Manure Mix Chicken and 4.0000* .00000 .000 4.0000 4.0000
Cattle Manure
leafcount
Cattle Manure .0000 .00000 1.000 .0000 .0000
Chicken Manure Mix Chicken and 4.0000* .00000 .000 4.0000 4.0000
Cattle Manure

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Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure -4.0000* .00000 .000 -4.0000 -4.0000
Cattle Manure Chicken Manure -4.0000* .00000 .000 -4.0000 -4.0000

Chicken Manure 1.6667* .54433 .022 .3347 2.9986

Cattle Manure Mix Chicken and 6.0000* .54433 .000 4.6681 7.3319
Cattle Manure

Cattle Manure -1.6667* .54433 .022 -2.9986 -.3347

stemlength
Chicken Manure Mix Chicken and 4.3333* .54433 .000 3.0014 5.6653
Cattle Manure

Mix Chicken and Cattle Manure -6.0000* .54433 .000 -7.3319 -4.6681
Cattle Manure Chicken Manure -4.3333* .54433 .000 -5.6653 -3.0014

Table 3. Multiple Comparisons

Based on observed means.

The error term is Mean Square (Error) = .444.

*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Chapter V

Findings, Conclusions, Implications and Recommendations

Findings

The results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the Growth of Brassica

Rapa under Saline Soil in terms of the speed of germination of the three treatments were the

following: 11.3333 and .57735 for 100g Cattle manure; 2.6667 and 1.15470 for 100g Chicken

Manure; .00000 and .00000 for mix 50 g chicken and 50g cattle manure respectively.

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Additionally, the mean and standard deviation of the Growth of Brassica Rapa under

Saline Soil in terms of leaf count of the three treatments were the following: 4.0000 and .0000

for 100g Cattle manure; 4.0000 and .0000 for 100g Chicken manure; .0000 and .000 for mix

50g chicken and 50g cattle manure respectively.

Lastly, the mean and standard deviation of the Growth of Brassica Rapa under Saline

Soil in terms of stem length by centimeter of the three treatments were the following: 6.000

and 1.00000 for 100g Cattle manure, 4.3333 and .57735 for 100g Chicken Manure, .0000 and

.000 for mix 50g chicken and 50g cattle manure respectively.

It was also found out that there is a significant difference between the Growth of

Brassica Rapa in terms of speed of germination, leaf count, and stem length under saline soil

using 100g composted cattle manure and 100g composted chicken manure, however, there

is no significant difference in using 50g of composted chicken manure mixed with 50g

composted cattle manure.

Conclusion

Based on the result of this study, it is evident that 100g of Treatment A (100g

Composted Cattle Manure) showed a significant effect in the growth of Brassica Rapa under

saline soil during the 14 day-experimental period in terms of Leaf count whereas the plant

grew 4 leaves; Stem Length wherein the stem of the seedling reached a maximum length of

7 centimeters; and Speed of Germination, in which the seed germinated as early as 2 days.

Moreover, 100g of Treatment B (100g Chicken Manure) also showed a significant effect in the

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growth of Brassica Rapa under saline soil during the 14 day-experimental period in terms of

Leaf count whereas the plant also grew also 4 leaves; Stem Length, wherein the stem of the

seedling reached a length of 5 centimeters; and Speed of Germination, in which the seed

germinated after 5 days

Subsequently, there is no significant effect in applying mix 50g of Composted Cattle

manure and 50g Composted Chicken manure (Treatment C) in terms of the growth of Brassica

Rapa under saline soil .Thus, 100g of Composted Cattle Manure can be used as an effective

growth agent for saline-sensitive plant, specifically Brassica Rapa or Pechay. Furthermore,

100g of Composted Chicken Manure can also be used as an effective growth agent for saline-

sensitive plant like Brassica Rapa or Pechay.

Implications

Soil salinity is one of the problems brought by the abnormal change in climate which

played a huge role in limiting optimal plant production. With the increasing impacts of

chemical-based fertilizers, therefore, the addition of organic chicken and cattle manure are a

natural, environmental-friendly approach to address salinity impacts on soil and crop

production. However, it is strongly recommended more elaborate and specific study should

be carried out to fully establish the efficacy of using composted chicken and cattle manure as

growth agent of brassica Rapa under saline soil.

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Recommendations

The researchers recommend to increase the ratio between the composted manure and

saline soil. For the aspiring researchers who would like to innovate the study, the researchers

encourage to use the said manure and look for another saline sensitive plant in order to have

a wide range of validity. Additionally, it is suggested to measure other physiological factors of

the plant variable such as leaf color, leaf size, leaf length and survival rate etc. The researchers

would also like to recommend to extend the experimental period up to the harvesting stage

of the plant for better assessment. Lastly, the researchers recommend to use other types of

organic manures in resolving soil salinity.

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References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4336437/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/saudi-journal-of-biological-sciences

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X14001715

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.684.7578&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0215/ijsrp-p3818.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51602022_The_genome_of_the_mesopolyploid_crop_s
pecies_Brassica_rapa

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.00450/full

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352680490433286

https://www.clemson.edu/extension/camm/manuals/poultry/pch3b_00.pdf

https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380013842_Dikinya%20and%20Mufwanzala.pdf

https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380013842_Dikinya%20and%20Mufwanzala.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gokhan-
Cayci/publication/320178853_The_Effects_of_Fresh_and_Composted_Chicken_Manures_on_Some
_Soil_Characteristics/links/59df3b2045851593bea633e8/The-Effects-of-Fresh-and-Composted-
Chicken-Manures-on-Some-Soil-Characteristics.pdf

https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-020-01871-y

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/manures/cow-manure-
compost.htm#:~:text=The%20use%20of%20cattle%20manure,fresh%20manure%20is%20directly%2
0applied.

https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/long-term-of-cattle-manure-amendments-and-its-
impact-on-triticale-xtriticosecale-wittmack-production-and-soil-quality-2329-8863-
1000223.php?aid=72473

https://www.beefresearch.ca/research-topic.cfm/manure-and-nutrient-management-7

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-95162013000100011

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019328144

https://www.ndsu.edu/agriculture/extension/publications/composting-animal-manures-guide-
process-and-management-animal-manure-compost

https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/animal_manure_compost

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/vermicomposting

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Pavia National High School

Evangelista St., Pavia, Iloilo
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

APPENDIX A
Letter to the DA

March 14, 2022

ENGR. REMELYN R. RECOTER

Regional Executive Director
DA RFO 6

Attention:
LORIE D. DE ASIS
Chief, Regional Soils
Laboratory 6

Dear Sir/ Madam:

Greetings! For the partial fulfillment of our Capstone Research for Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand entitled GROWTH OF BRASSICA RAPA
UNDER SALINE SOIL USING COMPOSTED CHICKEN AND CATTLE MANURE, the
researchers would like to ask for your utmost help for the completion of the study.

In this regard, we would like to request your proper guidance in the testing process of
our 3-way pH meter test kit, to be conducted in your office in For San Pedro on March 14,
2022.

We would like to reassure you that your valued effort goes a long way for the mutual
benefit of both your Department and the welfare of the researchers. Thus, we would like to
extend our deepest gratitude in reference for your favorable approval and endorsement of
this request.

Respectfully yours,
ROMMEL V. SURRIGA KRISTINE MAY A.
ARCANGEL
Researcher Researcher

SHYNE ANGELIE P. NOBLEZA BEA MARIE C. HILAOS

Researcher Researcher

Noted by:
MA. WINA G. LUSTRIA
Research Adviser

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APPENDIX B

Letter to the STEM LAB

March 2, 2022

SIENA G. CAJILIG
Teacher in Charge
Pavia National High School STEM Laboratory
Evangelista St., Pavia, Iloilo

Madam:

Greetings!

We are the student researchers from Pavia National High School, under the academic track
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) who are currently on the process
of conducting our research entitled, “Growth of Brassica Rapa under Saline Soil using
Composted Chicken and Cattle Manure”. In this regard, we would like to request to borrow
the following materials needed for our study from the STEM laboratory:
 50 ml. beaker
 500 ml. beaker

We will make sure to take care of the said equipment and return it after 6-8 weeks’ time in
good condition.

Respectfully yours,

ROMMEL V. SURRIGA KRISTINE MAY A.

ARCANGEL
Researcher Researcher

SHYNE ANGELIE P. NOBLEZA BEA MARIE C. HILAOS

Researcher Researcher

Noted by:

MA. WINA G. LUSTRIA

Research Adviser

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 Pavia National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

APPENDIX C
Set ups

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 Pavia National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

APPENDIX D
Materials

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 Pavia National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

APPENDIX E
SCORESHEET DAY 7 AND DAY 14

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 Pavia National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Pavia, Iloilo

APPENDIX F
TREATMENTS
TREATMENT A

TREATMENT B

TREATMENT C AND TREATMENT D

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