Air Pollution Measuremen 2
Air Pollution Measuremen 2
Air Pollution Measuremen 2
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- This radiation is detected by a photomultiplier. The analyzer design makes
possible the acquirement of information on nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) concentrations.
- The reaction between NO and O3 is an example:
NO + O3 → NO2* + O2
NO2* → NO2 + hv
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- Infrared absorption is a non-linear measurement technique, therefore necessary
to transform the basic analyzer signal into a linear output.
- The sample is drawn into through the Sample bulkhead, as shown in Figure.
- The sample flows through the optical bench. Radiation from an infrared source is
chopped and then passed through a gas filter alternating between CO and N2.
- The radiation then passes through a narrow band pass interference filter and
enters the optical bench where absorption by the sample gas occurs.
- The infrared radiation then exits the optical bench and falls on an infrared
detector.
- The CO gas filter acts to produce a reference beam that cannot be further
attenuated (lessened in amount) by CO in the sample cell.
- The N2 side of the filter wheel is transparent to the infrared radiation and
therefore produces a measure beam that can be absorbed by CO in the cell.
- Other gases do not cause modulation of the detector signal, since they absorb the
reference and measure beams equally. Thus, the GFC system responds
specifically to CO concentrations.
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Surface Ozone measurement by UV Photometer
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Air Pollution Control
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Mists are the particles (0.07 to 10 µm) formed from the condensation of liquid
vapours
Sprays are particles (10 to 1000 µm) formed from the atomization of liquids
through nozzles.
- Air pollution control may be defined as the various measures taken to meet
certain emission standards.
- These measures may include changes in processes/raw materials or modification
of equipment.
- Another method is the installation of devices at the end of process equipment to
treat the exhaust gas stream.
- These devices are called air pollution control equipment.
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rigid material like screen, or any mat like felt pad. Baghouse filtration system is
the most common one and is made of cotton or synthetic fibres (for low
temperatures) or glass cloth fabrics (for higher temperature up to 290oC).
- Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) - The emanating dust is charged with ions and
the ionized particulate matter is collected on an oppositely charged surface. The
particles are removed from the collection surface by occasional shaking or by
rapping the surface. ESPs are used in boilers, furnaces, and many other units of
thermal power plants, cement factories, steel plants, etc.
- Inertial collectors – It works on the principle that inertia of SPM in a gas is
higher than its solvent and as inertia is a function of the mass of the particulate
matter this device collects heavier particles more efficiently. ‘Cyclone’ is a
common inertial collector used in gas cleaning plants.
- Scrubbers – Scrubbers are wet collectors. They remove aerosols from a stream of
gas either by collecting wet particles on a surface followed by their removal, or
else the particles are wetted by a scrubbing liquid. The particles get trapped as
they travel from supporting gaseous medium across the interface to the liquid
scrubbing medium. Gaseous pollutants can be removed by absorption in a liquid
using a wet scrubber and depends on the type of the gas to be removed e.g. for
removal of sulphur dioxide alkaline solution is needed as it dissolves sulphur
dioxide. Gaseous pollutants may be absorbed on an activated solid surface like
silica gel, alumina, carbon, etc. Silica gel can remove water vapour. Condensation
allows the recovery of many by products in coal and petroleum processing
industries from their liquid effluents.
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