Republic of the Philippines

DR. EMILIO B. ESPINOSA, SR. MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE

OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Mandaon, Masbate

Subject: MC TEC 01

Course: BTLEd-1

Description: This course deals with an introduction to the concept of industrial

arts. It includes discussions on technology, its evolution, utilization and
significance; with industry, its organization, materials, occupations, processes, and
products; and with problems and benefits resulting from the technological nature of
society. As an introductory subject, it is designed to develop certain habits,
attitudes, and abilities desirable for all citizens of an industrial and technological
civilization. It covers the basic knowledge and skills in the areas of automotive,
civil, electronics and electrical.

Topic: Habits, attitudes, and abilities desirable for all citizens of an industrial and
technological civilization

Objectives:
 Aware with the different characteristics of citizens in an industrial and
technological civilization.
 Identify the effect to the citizens of the changing civilization

Week: Week 8

INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION

Industrial civilization refers to the state of civilization following the Industrial Revolution,

characterized by widespread use of powered machines. The transition of an individual region
from pre-industrial society into an industrial society is referred to as the process
of industrialization, which may occur in different regions of the world at different times.
Individual regions may specialize further as the civilization continues to advance, resulting in
some regions transitioning to a service economy, or information society, or post-industrial
society (these are still dependent on industry, but allow individuals to move out
of manufacturing jobs). The present era is sometimes referred to as the Information Age. De-
industrialization of a region may occur for a range of reasons.
Industrial civilization has allowed a significant growth both in world population, thanks
to mechanized agriculture and advances in modern medicine, and in the standard of living.
Such a civilization is mostly dependent on fossil fuel, with efforts underway to find alternatives
for energy production. Some areas have exhibited de-industrialization as certain industries go
into decline, or are superseded.
As a basis for the paradigm, the long sweep of human history is divided into three phases:
(1)pre-industrial,
(2)industrial, and
(3)de-industrial. 
This essay focuses on the second, or industrial, phase. The paradigm is embodied in four
theories. The first theory states that industrial civilization can be graphed over time by energy-
use per person in the shape of a single pulse waveform. The second theory is derived from a
well-established principle of human ecology. It defines a set of necessary conditions for the

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advance, stagnation and decline of industrial civilization in terms of world total energy-use and
world total population. Next, the subject of governing is analyzed in terms of ten requirements
for system control. The third theory is derived from this analysis. It relates the size, or
complexity, of a society over time to the average energy-use per person in that society. Historical
population and energy-use data and other considerations are used as the basis for the fourth
theory. This, a predictive theory, states that the life-expectancy of industrial civilization is less
than 100 years.

Technological Civilization
According to this schema, a properly technological civilization is a civilization that
takes technology as its central project, a properly technological civilization is a civilization that
takes technology as its central project.

The Four Ages Of Technology

The Pre-mechanical Age

3000 B.C.- 1450 A.D.

 Writing and Alphabets--communication.-The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician

alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the
alphabet we use today.
 Paper and Pens--input technologies.
 Books and Libraries: Permanent Storage Devices.
 The First Numbering Systems.
 The First Calculators: The Abacus.

 Electronic vacuum tubes.

 Eckert and Mauchly.
 The First High-Speed, General-Purpose Computer Using Vacuum Tubes:
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
 The First Stored-Program Computer(s)
 The First General-Purpose Computer for Commercial Use: Universal Automatic
Computer (UNIVAC).
 The Four Generations of Digital Computing.
 The First Generation (1951-1958).
 The Second Generation (1959-1963).
 Transistors
 The Third Generation (1964-1979).
 Which is where Bill Gates and Microsoft got their start in 1975.
 The Fourth Generation (1979- Present)
 Apple II released to public in 1977, by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs.

The Mechanical Age: 1450 - 1840

The Electronic Age: 1940 - Present.

 The First Information Explosion.

 The first general purpose "computers"
 Slide Rules, the Pascaline and Leibniz's Machine.
 Joseph Marie Jacquard's loom.
 Jacquard's punched card loom
 Designed during the 1830s
 Punch cards.
 Punch card idea picked up by Babbage from Joseph Marie Jacquard's (1752-1834) loom.
 Introduced in 1801.
 Binary logic
 Fixed program that would operate in real time.

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The Electromechanical Age: 1840 - 1940.

 The Beginnings of Telecommunication.

 Voltaic Battery.
 Late 18th century.
 Telegraph.
 Early 1800s.
 Morse Code.
 Developed in1835 by Samuel Morse
 Dots and dashes.
 Telephone and Radio.
 Electromechanical Computing
 Herman Hollerith and IBM.
 Paper tape stored data and program instructions.

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the
transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from
about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes,
the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the
rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented
rise in the rate of population growth.

The 4 Industrial Revolutions

Throughout history, people have always been dependent on technology. Of course, the

technology of each era might not have the same shape and size as today, but for their time it
was certainly something for people to look at.
People would always use the technology they had available to help make their lives easier and at
the same time try to perfect it and bring it to the next level. This is how the concept of the
industrial revolution began. Right now, we are going through the fourth industrial revolution,
aka Industry 4.0.

The first Industrial Revolution 1765

The first industrial revolution followed the proto-industrialization period. It started at the end of
the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th. The biggest changes came in the industries in the
form of mechanization. Mechanization was the reason why agriculture started to be replaced by
the industry as the backbone of the societal economy.
At the time people witnessed massive extraction of coal along with the very important invention
of the steam engine that was the reason for the creation of a new type of energy that later on
helped speed up the manufacturing of railroads thus accelerating the economy.

The second Industrial Revolution 1870

Following the first Industrial Revolution, almost a century later we see the world go through the
second. It started at the end of the 19 th century, with massive technological advancements in the
field of industries that helped the emergence of a new source of energy. Electricity, gas, and oil.
The result of this revolution was the creation of the internal combustion engine that started to
reach its full potential.  Other important points of the second industrial revolution was the
development for steel demand, chemical synthesis and methods of communication such as the
telegraph and the telephone.

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Finally, the inventions of the automobile, and the plane in the beginning of the 20 th century are
the reason why, to this day, the Second Industrial Revolution is considered the most important
one!

The Third Industrial Revolution 1969

Another century passes and we bear witness to the Third Industrial Revolution.  In the second
half of the 20th century, we see the emergence of yet another source of untapped, at the time,
energy. Nuclear energy!
The third revolution brought forth the rise of electronics, telecommunications and of course
computers. Through the new technologies, the third industrial revolution oped the doors to
space expeditions, research, and biotechnology.
In the world of the industries, two major inventions, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
and Robots helped give rise to an era of high-level automation.

Industry 4.0
For many people, Industry 4.0 is the fourth Industrial Revolution, although there is a large
portion of people that still disagree. If we were to view Industry 4.0 as a revolution then we
would have to admit that it is a revolution happening right now. We are experiencing it everyday
and its magnitude is yet unknown.
Industry 4.0 started in the dawn of the third millennium with the one thing that everyone uses
every single day. The Internet. We can see the transition from the first industrial revolution that
rooted for technological phenomenon all the way to Industry 4.0 that develops virtual reality
worlds, allowing us to bend the laws of physics.
The 4 Industrial Revolutions shape the world. Worldwide economies are based on them. There
are programmes and projects being implemented all around the world, focusing on helping
people take advantage of the marvels of the fourth revolution during their everyday lives.

How Industrial Revolution changed the World?

The Industrial Revolution changed the world by transforming business, economics, and society.

These shifts had major effects on the world and continue to shape it today.

Before industrialization, most European countries had economies dominated by farming

and artisan crafts such as hand-woven cloth. Social structures had remained largely unchanged
since the Middle Ages. Yet once industrialization commenced, work and family life transformed.

According to most historians, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the middle of
the 18th century. At the time, most people rarely traveled beyond the small and medium-sized
villages where they lived. Rural people worked as subsistence farmers, which meant they grew
crops to feed themselves and their families, not to trade or sell.

The European population grew substantially during the 18th century, and farmers increased
production to keep pace. Machines became widely used in farming, and consequently, farms
required fewer workers. Large, technologically advanced farms replaced subsistence farms.

Industrial Revolution's Lasting Effect on Farming

The Industrial Revolution demonstrates an idea known as economies of scale. According to this
principle, increased production of goods leads to increased efficiency. For peasants, however,
large-scale production meant fewer economic opportunities. Conditions worsened due to
the enclosure movement. Previously, villages had shared lands for grazing animals that could be
used by all villagers. Once large-scale agriculture became widespread, wealthy people bought
these lands and used them for private farms.

More and more people in rural communities struggled. Many left their old lives behind and

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headed for towns and cities to find new employment. The growth of British cities was further
accelerated by the development of factories. Industrial cities such as Manchester and Leeds grew
dramatically in just a few decades.

In 1800, about 20 percent of the British population lived in cities. In just 50 years, by the middle
of the 19th century, that number had risen to 50 percent. Other Western European nations,
including France, the Netherlands, and Germany, also saw an increase in the urban population,
although their changes proceeded at a slower rate.

Factory work in urban areas differed from farming. Before the Industrial Revolutions, artisans
such as jewellers, weavers, and blacksmiths produced most manufactured goods. The mains
sources of energy were human and animal muscle, along with the waterwheel.

Families Were Forced to Focus on Factory Work

The dawn of industrialization came alongside inventions such as the coal-powered steam engine,
and the pace of work increased as a result. In factories, coal mines and other industrial
workplaces, workers put in long hours in miserable and dangerous conditions. As countries
industrialized, factories became larger and produced more goods. Larger companies that were
able to achieve economies of scale did better in international trade. Earlier forms of work began
to disappear.

Perhaps the most harmful consequences of industrialization were those affecting families. Before
industrialization, families served both social and economic purposes. Married couples and their
children often worked together in farms or shops. In 18th-century Great Britain, women and men
often worked in their homes doing jobs such as spinning wool into textiles and weaving textiles
into cloth. They then sold their products in a system that was called the "putting-out" or domestic
system.

However, the rise of factories meant that most male workers no longer worked at home. Some
men left their families behind for jobs in the city. Even when men stayed with their families,
factory jobs were oftentimes so difficult that they had little time for relaxation and family life
after returning from work.

Child Labor and Other Economic Changes

Women also worked outside the home. Unmarried women commonly worked as servants in
other families' homes. Many British women, including mothers, worked in textile mills. During
the first century of industrialization, child labor was common. Factory owners appreciated
workers whose fingers were small enough to weave thin threads in complex machines. Despite
their important contributions, women and children received low pay for their labor. They were
commonly forced to work 16 hours per day or longer. Although their work conditions could be
quite dangerous, women's jobs were perceived as less skilled than those of their male co-
workers.

Industrialization caused similar social changes in the United States. There, manufacturing began
after the nation gained independence from England in the 1770s. President Thomas Jefferson,
whose administration spanned from 1801 to 1809, later established a trade embargo. Jefferson's
embargo banned foreign countries from sending their goods to the United States. This would
mean those countries would not get the money from trading with the United States. It also
increased the demand for U.S.-made supplies.

During the War of 1812, the British navy prevented ships from going in and out of U.S. ports,
which further drove the development of U.S. industries. By the 1830s, the United States had
become one of the world's leading economic powers.

The Booming Working Class

In the first 50 years after U.S. independence, many agricultural workers moved to take on
manufacturing jobs. As in Great Britain, textile production led the way. Industrialization, along
with advancements in transportation like the railroad, drove economic growth and urbanization
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in the United States. A large working class developed, eventually leading to conflict between
workers and factory owners. Working men and women led labor strikes to demand safer working
conditions and higher pay.

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrialized nations like Great Britain and the United
States began passing laws to improve conditions for factory workers. However, harsh conditions
then arose in other parts of the world alongside factories. We continue to live with the effects of
industrialization today.
 

Women and children were often employed in the textile industry during the first century of
industrialization. Their smaller fingers were often better at threading the machinery. Despite
routinely working 16 hours a day, or longer, they typically were paid little. Shown here are
power looms in the Boott Cotton Mills at Lowell National Historical Park, Massachusetts.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond?

We stand on the brink of a technological revolution that will fundamentally alter the way we
live, work, and relate to one another. In its scale, scope, and complexity, the transformation will
be unlike anything humankind has experienced before. We do not yet know just how it will
unfold, but one thing is clear: the response to it must be integrated and comprehensive, involving
all stakeholders of the global polity, from the public and private sectors to academia and civil
society.

The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to mechanize production. The
Second used electric power to create mass production. The Third used electronics and
information technology to automate production. Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building
on the Third, the digital revolution that has been occurring since the middle of the last century. It
is characterized by a fusion of technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical,
digital, and biological spheres.

There are three reasons why today’s transformations represent not merely a prolongation of the
Third Industrial Revolution but rather the arrival of a Fourth and distinct one: velocity, scope,
and systems impact. The speed of current breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When
compared with previous industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an exponential rather
than a linear pace. Moreover, it is disrupting almost every industry in every country. And the
breadth and depth of these changes herald the transformation of entire systems of production,
management, and governance.

The possibilities of billions of people connected by mobile devices, with unprecedented

processing power, storage capacity, and access to knowledge, are unlimited. And these
possibilities will be multiplied by emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial
intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3-D printing,
nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage, and quantum computing.

Kindly watch the video about the 4th Industrial revolution: https://youtu.be/khjY5LWF3tg

Challenges and opportunities

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Like the revolutions that preceded it, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has the potential to raise
global income levels and improve the quality of life for populations around the world. To date,
those who have gained the most from it have been consumers able to afford and access the
digital world; technology has made possible new products and services that increase the
efficiency and pleasure of our personal lives. Ordering a cab, booking a flight, buying a product,
making a payment, listening to music, watching a film, or playing a game—any of these can now
be done remotely.

In the future, technological innovation will also lead to a supply-side miracle, with long-term
gains in efficiency and productivity. Transportation and communication costs will drop, logistics
and global supply chains will become more effective, and the cost of trade will diminish, all of
which will open new markets and drive economic growth.

At the same time, as the economists Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have pointed out,
the revolution could yield greater inequality, particularly in its potential to disrupt labor markets.
As automation substitutes for labor across the entire economy, the net displacement of workers
by machines might exacerbate the gap between returns to capital and returns to labor. On the
other hand, it is also possible that the displacement of workers by technology will, in aggregate,
result in a net increase in safe and rewarding jobs.

The impact on business

An underlying theme in my conversations with global CEOs and senior business executives is
that the acceleration of innovation and the velocity of disruption are hard to comprehend or
anticipate and that these drivers constitute a source of constant surprise, even for the best
connected and most well informed. Indeed, across all industries, there is clear evidence that the
technologies that underpin the Fourth Industrial Revolution are having a major impact on
businesses.

On the supply side, many industries are seeing the introduction of new technologies that create
entirely new ways of serving existing needs and significantly disrupt existing industry value
chains. Disruption is also flowing from agile, innovative competitors who, thanks to access to
global digital platforms for research, development, marketing, sales, and distribution, can oust
well-established incumbents faster than ever by improving the quality, speed, or price at which
value is delivered.

Major shifts on the demand side are also occurring, as growing transparency, consumer
engagement, and new patterns of consumer behavior (increasingly built upon access to mobile
networks and data) force companies to adapt the way they design, market, and deliver products
and services.

A key trend is the development of technology-enabled platforms that combine both demand and
supply to disrupt existing industry structures, such as those we see within the “sharing” or “on
demand” economy. These technology platforms, rendered easy to use by the smartphone,
convene people, assets, and data—thus creating entirely new ways of consuming goods and
services in the process. In addition, they lower the barriers for businesses and individuals to
create wealth, altering the personal and professional environments of workers. These new
platform businesses are rapidly multiplying into many new services, ranging from laundry to
shopping, from chores to parking, from massages to travel.

On the whole, there are four main effects that the Fourth Industrial Revolution has on business—
 on customer expectations
 on product enhancement
 on collaborative innovation
 on organizational forms. 

The impact on government

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As the physical, digital, and biological worlds continue to converge, new technologies and
platforms will increasingly enable citizens to engage with governments, voice their opinions,
coordinate their efforts, and even circumvent the supervision of public authorities.
Simultaneously, governments will gain new technological powers to increase their control over
populations, based on pervasive surveillance systems and the ability to control digital
infrastructure. On the whole, however, governments will increasingly face pressure to change
their current approach to public engagement and policymaking, as their central role of
conducting policy diminishes owing to new sources of competition and the redistribution and
decentralization of power that new technologies make possible.

Ultimately, the ability of government systems and public authorities to adapt will determine their
survival. If they prove capable of embracing a world of disruptive change, subjecting their
structures to the levels of transparency and efficiency that will enable them to maintain their
competitive edge, they will endure. If they cannot evolve, they will face increasing trouble.

This will be particularly true in the realm of regulation. Current systems of public policy and
decision-making evolved alongside the Second Industrial Revolution, when decision-makers had
time to study a specific issue and develop the necessary response or appropriate regulatory
framework. The whole process was designed to be linear and mechanistic, following a strict “top
down” approach.

The impact on people

The Fourth Industrial Revolution, finally, will change not only what we do but also who we are.
It will affect our identity and all the issues associated with it: our sense of privacy, our notions of
ownership, our consumption patterns, the time we devote to work and leisure, and how we
develop our careers, cultivate our skills, meet people, and nurture relationships. It is already
changing our health and leading to a “quantified” self, and sooner than we think it may lead to
human augmentation. The list is endless because it is bound only by our imagination.

I am a great enthusiast and early adopter of technology, but sometimes I wonder whether the
inexorable integration of technology in our lives could diminish some of our quintessential
human capacities, such as compassion and cooperation. Our relationship with our smartphones is
a case in point. Constant connection may deprive us of one of life’s most important assets: the
time to pause, reflect, and engage in meaningful conversation.

One of the greatest individual challenges posed by new information technologies is privacy. We
instinctively understand why it is so essential, yet the tracking and sharing of information about
us is a crucial part of the new connectivity. Debates about fundamental issues such as the impact
on our inner lives of the loss of control over our data will only intensify in the years ahead.
Similarly, the revolutions occurring in biotechnology and AI, which are redefining what it means
to be human by pushing back the current thresholds of life span, health, cognition, and
capabilities, will compel us to redefine our moral and ethical boundaries.

Shaping the future

Neither technology nor the disruption that comes with it is an exogenous force over which
humans have no control. All of us are responsible for guiding its evolution, in the decisions we
make on a daily basis as citizens, consumers, and investors. We should thus grasp the
opportunity and power we have to shape the Fourth Industrial Revolution and direct it toward a
future that reflects our common objectives and values.

To do this, however, we must develop a comprehensive and globally shared view of how
technology is affecting our lives and reshaping our economic, social, cultural, and human
environments. There has never been a time of greater promise, or one of greater potential peril.
Today’s decision-makers, however, are too often trapped in traditional, linear thinking, or too
absorbed by the multiple crises demanding their attention, to think strategically about the forces
of disruption and innovation shaping our future.

In the end, it all comes down to people and values. We need to shape a future that works for all
of us by putting people first and empowering them. In its most pessimistic, dehumanized form,
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the Fourth Industrial Revolution may indeed have the potential to “robotize” humanity and thus
to deprive us of our heart and soul. But as a complement to the best parts of human nature—
creativity, empathy, stewardship—it can also lift humanity into a new collective and moral
consciousness based on a shared sense of destiny. It is incumbent on us all to make sure the latter
prevails.