Rumen Daskalov Balgarskotoobstestvo T 1
Rumen Daskalov Balgarskotoobstestvo T 1
Rumen Daskalov Balgarskotoobstestvo T 1
MfWOL\]VZ^Z ZMeQ]^NZ
1878–1939
.- 1
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vi
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My gratitude to
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
the Institute of Advanced Study – Princeton
The Instutute of Advanced Study in Wassenaar
for providing me with a stimulating environment and support while
working on this book
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MfWOL\]VZ^Z
ZMeQ]^NZ
1878 –1939
.- 1
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]w}q, 2005
© \|unv Pizsitwk, ik{wy, 2005
© Rnsw Ltnszqnk, ~|mwovqs, 2005
ISBN 954-9943-96-8 ({. 1)
Посвещавам тази книга
на моите родители-историци
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YL MfWOL\]VZ^Z ZMeQ]^NZ / 11
Nunz{w pist nvqn
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6M69:84L< 8G@<: 11
:
1
Thompson, Edward. The Making of the English Working Class. Harmondsworth, Penguin
Books, 1976.
2
;P _^-hX`^ZP bU^`UbXg]P ^Q^a]^RZP RV. aji^ Kocka, J rgen . Sozialgeschichte. Begriff
– Entwicklung – Probleme. Göttingen, Vandenhöck & Ruprecht Verlag, 1986 (2. erweiterte Aufl.),
bes. 82–111, 132–176; Koselleck, Reinhart . Moderne Sozialgeschichte und historische Zeiten. –
In: Koselleck, Reinhart. Zeitschichten. Studien zur Historik. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag,
2000, 317–335. 9TX] \^]c\U]bP[U] ^_Xb WP _^T^Q]P Xab^`Xm ]P 7U`\P]Xm U ]P Wehler, Hans-
Ulrich . Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. München, C. H. Beck, 4 Bände.
12 5M?74DE>BFB B5L9EF6B, 1878–1939 FB@ 1
ˇ —´
˜ —˘ ´ , ˇ— ´˛, ˇ˛¸¨ ¨˚
: ,
,
1936, 19–24.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 27
W_URSGVOEWE OSRVWMWX[Ma
slb qpmjtjlb j fb sg srbdoj s ustbopdgobtb pt Uusj d fruej lpmpojijrboj jmj ibdjsjnj tg-
rjtprjj sjstgnj ob uqrbdmgojg.
7 -3785, .;?8A@. Vtrpjtgmjtg ob s|drgngoob F|mebrj. W. I. V., F|mebrslj qjsbtgm, 1990.
tgo dbrjbot u *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, 33–34). Ugytb ob fruej embdgo ib-
{jtojl ob „mjcgrbmjinb“ Tgtlp Obrbdgmpd ibqpydb s|{p lrbkop fgnpepeslj: „^p djhfbng
ojg d tp rbqprt, lpktp oj qrgfstbdj lpnjsjtb!? … Rbngstp qrjoxjqj, oglpj sj ygtjrj ob-
ybmb, qpfqmbtgoj s lposgrdbtjdgo dgt|r. Rbngstp tgijsj – edbylb. Rbngstp nptjdj… ib np-
tjdjtg ognb fb epdpr, sbnp npeb fb lbhb funjtg ob Ibotg: b ob tj qpemgfoj j d|rdj sj… V
gfob funb, d tp rbqprt ognb oj qpmjtjlb, oj mpejlb, oj erbnbtjlb.“ [jt. qp .E3<@A5, ,8E=A.
Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, s. 116.)
11
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, s. 96 (cgm.), 112–118. Tpf „fgnb-
epej“ bdtpr|t jnb qrgfdjf ~rjfjygslb oglpnqgtgotopst j fprj objdopst, b s|{p yjstp rj-
tprjyop e|fgmjylbog ob strbstjtg ob nopijostdptp, cgi fb sg qpfmbebt ob s|nogojg obngrg-
ojtb ob „fpcrjtg j jslrgoj q|rdj obrpfoj trjcuoj“. V|{p Vjngpo Ubfgd lbidb qp qpdpf ob-
ngsbtb ob Tgtlp Vmbdgklpd d rbijsldbogtp ob rbqprtb ob lpnjsjtb: „F|mebrsljt mjcgrbmj-
i|n jnb sdptb q|rdb qpcgfb j fgnbepejtb dmgig pvjxjbmop d qpmjtjygslj oj hjdpt.“
-3785, .;?8A@. Vtrpjtgmjtg ob s|drgngoob…, t. I, s. 86.
30 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
14
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 112–113. Qopep fpcrg g wbrbltg-
rjijrbo tpij „fgnplrbtji|n“ pt *;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, 25–26, 35–36.
O|n jidmgygobtb pt qrgfbojtb ob obxjpobmojtg cprcj drb d „obrpfb“ ob obrpfoj fgkxj lb-
tp Vmbdgklpd j „cukoj embdj“ pt tjqb ob Obrbdgmpd, lpjtp udmjybmj obk-dgyg frgcobtb erbf-
slb curhpbij (gsobvjtg), sg fpcbdmb ogobdjst tb l|n dslbldj qrjdjmgejrpdboj eruqj (lb-
tp qrgfjzojtg yprcbfhjj) j ogfpdgrjgtp l|n uygojtg j bfdplbtjtg d ybstopst (pt tjqb ob
Vtpjmpd j Hrglpd), yjgtp jotgmgltubmop qrgd|iwpfstdp tg dgrptop usg{bmj j ep t|mludbmj
lbtp qrgogcrghgojg l|n obrpfb. St frueb strbob, tg og nphgmj fb sj qrgfstbdt ogpcwpfj-
npst tb pt lpostjtuxjpooj ebrboxjj srg{u impuqptrgcjtg ob sbnj fgnplrbtji|n (fb sg eb-
rbotjrb lpostjtuxjtb pt dpmtb ob obrpfb). Obltp sj sqpno 25 epfjoj smgf qrjgnbogtp ob
lpostjtuxjtb uybstojl|t d W|ropdslptp s|crbojg Qbrlp Fbmbcbopd, breungotbxjtb srg{u
dtprb lbnbrb d|rdmb s td|rfgojgtp, yg og trcdb fb sg jifjebt qrgylj j stgoj nghfu loib j
obrpfb. Gh. Vqpngoj j dqgybtmgoj…, 366–367.
15 .E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 108–130. G gfjo jstprjygslj
16
Obtp qpiobdb mjqsbtb ob brjstplrbtjyob trbfjxj u obs j qpfpirjtgmopst tb l|n ds-
lbldj qrjdjmgejrpdboj mjxb j s|smpdj, Vtbkopd bqgmjrb qpog ib lposumtjrbog ob qbrmbngo-
tb pt lpnqgtgotoj mjxb j qrpvgsjpobmoj prebojibxjj qrj jidgstob ibf|mhjtgmopst ob tpdb
fpqjtdbog.
17
*;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, I–II (qrgfepdpr).
18
*;H3<>A5D=;, .EAO@. Obl ibqbfbt j sg qrpdbmt f|rhbdjtg. – G|d: *;H3<>A5D=;,
.EAO@. Rgjifbfgoj s|yjogoj. W. I (Qgtbqpmjtjlb). V., 1940, 77–209, pspc. 85–86, 103–106,
108–111, 138–139, 146, 150–151, 163–164, 168–169, 174–175, 178–179, 192–193, 206–208.
Ubcptbtb g obqjsbob qrgi 1924 e.
19 Tbl tbn…, 163–164.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 33
Mitpyob Uungmj cjmb s|ifbfgob lbtp dbsbmob ob sumtbob pcmbst s|s sdpk
stbtut.25 Srebojygsljt ustbd g ibnjsmgo qp sbnpuqrbdmgojgtp (self-gov-
ernment) ob boemjksljtg lpmpojj j fpnjojpoj Edstrbmj, Obobfb, Rpdb
Lgmbofj j fr., lpjtp jnbmj sdpcpfjtg j ogibdjsjnpst tb ob uyrghfgojtb
d Eoemj, b lpolrgtoptp jn ustrpkstdp cjmp s|pcrbigop s ngstojtg ouhfj.
Edtpr ob q|rdpobybmoj qrpglt g Zgorj Ir|npof-Xpmv, op d qrgrbcptlb-
tb digmj uybstjg j qrgfstbdjtgmj ob fruejtg sjmj. Vqprgf ustbdb obygmp
ob pcmbst tb stpj embdgo uqrbdjtgm wrjstjojo, s zjrplj qrbdb, obiobyb-
dbo ib qgt epfjoj pt sumtbob s|s s|embsjgtp ob Ggmjljtg sjmj. Hmbdojtg bf-
njojstrbtjdoj smuhcj (obrgygoj fjrglxjj) sb qpdgrgoj ob zgstjnb fj-
rgltprj s qpmphgojg ob njojstrj, vprnjrb{j og{p lbtp ybstgo s|dgt ob
embdoj uqrbdjtgm; tg sg obiobybdbt pt qpsmgfoj s pfpcrgojg ob sumtbob.
Wpdb sb d ybstopst fjrgltprjtg ob d|trgzojtg rbcptj, ob qrbdps|fjgtp, ob
vjobosjtg, ob igngfgmjgtp, t|repdjtb j pc{gstdgojtg serbfj, ob obrpf-
optp qrpsdg{gojg; ptfgmop pt tw sb njmjxjtb j hbofbrngrjtb. Lblpop-
fbtgmobtb dmbst sg uqrbhodb pt Scmbstop s|crbojg, s|stp{p sg qrgfjn-
op pt jicproj ymgopdg (36 fuzj) – 10 qp qrbdp j 10 obiobygoj pt embdoj
uqrbdjtgm. Eltjdop jicjrbtgmop qrbdp jnbmj mjxb obf 21 epfjoj, b qbsjd-
op (fb c|fbt jicjrboj) jnbmj sbnpstptgmoj igngdmbfgmxj, wprb s t|repd-
slp jmj jofustrjbmop ibotjg j wprb s pcrbipdbojg. Scmbstoptp s|crbojg
jicjrbmp pt sdptb srgfb og{p lbtp eprob lbnbrb, t. obr. Tpstpogo lpnj-
tgt (pt 10 fuzj j trjnb ibngstojxj), lpktp smuhj lbtp s|dgt ob embdoj
uqrbdjtgm j iblpopfbtgmstdb ibgfop s ogep d|d drgngtp nghfu sgsjjtg ob
Scmbstoptp s|crbojg. Wpk g qpstpoop fgkstdb{ prebo ob Scmbstoptp
s|crbojg, pdmbstgo s lpotrpm d|rwu fgkopst tb ob bfnjojstrbxjtb, j vbl-
tjygslj qrjfpcjdb iobyjtgmob dmbst (d qrptjdptghgst ob ybstoj s|dgt lb-
tp prebo ob embdoj uqrbdjtgm).26
Scmbsttb sg qpfrbifgm ob 6 plr|eb j 28 plpmjj, lpjtp ob sdpk rgf sg
fgmgmj ob erbfslj j sgmslj pc{joj s|s sdp tgrjtprj. Slr|e|t sg uqrbd-
mdb pt plr|hgo uqrbdjtgm (qrgvglt) s qpnp{tb ob obiobybgn pt ogep s|-
dgt; d|d dsglj plr|e jnb plr|hop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp, plr|hop s|fjmj{g j
bfnjojstrbtjdop s|fjmj{g. Slr|hoptp qrgfstbdjtgmstdp sg obrjyb Hmb-
25 !A4J85, .E8G3@. Mitpyob Uungmj. Mstprjygslj qpemgf, ustrpkstdp, iblpopfbtgmstdp
j qrbdps|fjg. – Hpfjzojl ob Vpvjkslj uojdgrsjtgt. `rjfjygslj vblumtgt. W. 19. 1923–
1924. V., 1924, 1–124; *3793CA5, *;H3;>. Mitpyob Uungmj. Mstprjygslj qrgemgf. V., 1925.
Lb pqjsbojg ob Srebojygslj ustbd dh. j @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, 58–64;
*3@A>A53, *3C;O. Mstprj ob f|rhbdbtb…, 79–92. V|{p &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp
F|mebrj, 408–419.
26
Gh. ib qpstpooj lpnjtgt !A4J85, .E8G3@. Mitpyob Uungmj…, s. 59, 130–134.
36 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
30
#;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp ob F|mebrj. V., 1921, 25–51, 64–68;
.E3@85, +;=A>3. Mstprj ob Rpdb F|mebrj, 1878–1942. V., 1942, 137–140.
31 W|ropdslb lpostjtuxj. – G|d: Qgtpfjgd, Ggsgmjo j P|ygibr Vtpopd (s|st.). F|mebr-
slj lpostjtuxjj j lpostjtuxjpooj qrpgltj. V., I-r Tgt|r Fgrpo, 1990, 20–36. Gh. bobmjijtg
u: @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, 51–57; ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|r-
opdslbtb…, 94–172; #;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp…, 575–624.
40 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
ojtb qp qrgfdjfgo rgf j qrbdp ob qpnjmdbog (ym. 14, ym. 15). Vbnjt tpk
og qpfmghj ob oblbibtgmob j erbhfboslb ptepdpropst (lbltp sg qpfrbicjrb
pt ym. 8 ob lpostjtuxjtb, lpktp pcddb loib ib „sdg{gop j ogqrjlpsop-
dgop“ mjxg). Midgstgo pqjt ib perbojygojg ob lohgslbtb dmbst g jijsldb-
ogtp (ym. 18) jiwphfb{jtg pt npobrwb qucmjyopqrbdoj bltpdg fb c|fbt
qrjqpfqjsboj pt s|ptdgtojtg njojstrj, lpjtp fb qpgnbt d|rwu sgcg sj pt-
epdpropst tb ib twoptp jifbdbog. Rp tpdb jnb smbcb gvjlbsopst qrj usmp-
djg, yg loi|t obiobybdb j udpmodb njojstrjtg (b q|l jijsldbogtp qps-
mgfojtg fb jnbt fpdgrjgtp ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg nphgmp fb sg ibpcjlp-
mj yrgi ogepdptp rbiturdbog).
Ssdgo ob loib jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst sqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj
qrjobfmghj j ob fgkstdb{j qpf ogepdj d|rwpdgo obfipr Qjojstgrslj s|-
dgt (ym. 12, ym. 149), yjjtp ymgopdg sg obiobybdbt j udpmodbt pt ogep (ym.
152) j sb ptepdproj qrgf ogep j qrgf Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg (ym. 153). Lb ob-
ruzbdbog ob lpostjtuxjtb, f|rhbdob jinob jmj ib drgfb, qrjyjogob ob
Oohgstdptp ib mjyob qpmib, njojstrjtg nphgmj fb c|fbt qrgfbfgoj qp rg-
zgojg ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg ob pspcgo s|f (ym. 155). Trbdpnp{jtb ob
Qjojstgrslj s|dgt sb pqrgfgmgoj ogq|mop d lpostjtuxjtb. \m. 47 fbdb
qrbdp ob Qjojstgrslj s|dgt qrj jid|orgfob sjtubxj – d|ozob jmj d|t-
rgzob pqbsopst ib f|rhbdbtb j qrj ogd|inphopst fb sg sdjlb Rbrpfoptp s|-
crbojg, fb jifbdb obrgfcj s|s sjmbtb ob iblpo, lpjtp fb c|fbt qrgfstbdgoj
ib pfpcrgojg ob q|rdptp sdjlbop smgf tpdb Rbrpfop s|crbojg. (Mngoop ob
tpij ymgo sg qpipdbmj bdtprjtg ob Igdgtobksgtpnbkslj qrgdrbt qrgi 1934
e. d sdpgtp uqrbdmgojg s fglrgtj.) Qjojstgrsljt s|dgt jnbm j qrbdptp fb
slm~ydb ibgnj fp 1 nmo. mgdb cgi qrgfdbrjtgmgo dpt ob Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg.
Vqprgf W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj jiq|mojtgmobtb dmbst sg s|stpmb pt
zgst njojstgrstdb: ob d|ozojtg rbcptj j ob jiqpdgfbojtb, ob d|trgzoj-
tg rbcptj, ob obrpfoptp qrpsdg{gojg, ob vjobosjtg, ob qrbdps|fjgtp j ob
dpkobtb. Opostjtuxjtb d|iqrjgmb qrjoxjqb ob zjrplp ngstop sbnpuq-
rbdmgojg (ym. 3). Wpk pcbyg og cjm qrjmphgo ob qrbltjlb.
Rbrpfoptp s|crbojg (lbltp j loi|t) jnb iblpopfbtgmob dmbst. Opostj-
tuxjtb rbimjybdb Scjlopdgop j Ggmjlp obrpfop s|crbojg, qpsmgfoptp
sdjldbop ib jingogojg ob lpostjtuxjtb, ob tgrjtprjtb, ib jicjrbog ob
opd npobrw j ob rgegotj (ym. 141 j ym. 143). Scjlopdgoptp obrpfop s|crb-
ojg sg s|stpj pt obrpfoj qrgfstbdjtgmj, jicjrboj qp gfjo ob 10 000 fuzj
obsgmgojg qrj dsgpc{p jicjrbtgmop qrbdp. Micjrbtgmj sb dsjylj obd|r-
zjmj 21-epfjzob d|irbst erbhfboj (op vbltjygslj sbnp n|hgtg), b jicj-
rbgnjtg trcdbmp fb sb obd|rzjmj 30-epfjzob d|irbst; qpfs|fjnjtg ib
qp-dbhoj qpmjtjygslj qrgst|qmgoj sb mjzgoj pt erbhfboslj j qpmjtj-
ygslj qrbdb.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 41
1905, C 3–4, 53–61, pspc. 54–57. W|mludboj d qpmib ob qbrmbngotbrjinb s|{p u ">3<=A5,
/A7AC. G|rwu mjyoj rghjn u obs. (Sc{j cgmghlj). – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 8, 1910, C 10,
1174–1197, pspc. s. 1176, 1181–1182. Gh. s|{p (;CA5, .E8G3@. Tbrmbngotbrgo rghjn j qgr-
spobmgo rghjn. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 2, 89–106; $8C?3@J85, #8AC6;. Opostjtuxjpobmjin|t
j gfob strbob ob obzj lpostjtuxjpogo hjdpt. – F|mebrslj qrgemgf, 4, 1897, C 12, 79–132,
pspc. 130–131.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 43
34
*;>N=A5, ,358>. F|mebrslbtb lpostjtuxj, s. 22, 116–122.
35
Tbl tbn, 121–164. G qpfpcgo snjs|m dh. j obcm~fgojtb d|rwu „sgmslptp lrbmstdp“ ob
Dicey, Edward. The Peasant State. An Account of Bulgaria in 1894. London, Murray, 1894,
142–151. Vqprgf bdtprb, lpmlptp j sdpgdpmop fb uqrbdmdbt loi|t j njojstrjtg j d|qrglj
vbmzjvjxjrbogtp ob jicprjtg, tg og npebt fb uqrbhodbt dmbst tb d rbirgi s „obxjpobmojtg
yudstdb“, „dpmtb ob obrpfb“ j „pc{ptp nogojg“, p{g qpdgyg yg njojstrjtg j pvjxgrjtg qrp-
jiwphfbt pt s|{btb lmbsb j jnbt s|{jtg bsqjrbxjj j qrgfrbis|f|xj. Vqprgf Ibksj ptobyb-
mp fprj g qp-fpcrg jicpr|t fb sg qrbdj pt fruejep dngstp pt ogsdjlobmj s tpdb gmgltprbt, b
s udgmjybdbog ob cpebtstdptp j pcrbipdbojgtp {g sg obmphj j qp-strpeb gtjlb ob obrpfob
rgqrgigotbxj.
44 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
36
#;C6;@A5, >8=D3@7LC. I|rhbdoptp ustrpkstdp…, 593–624.
37Tbl tbn, 586–594. Edtpr|t qpspydb, yg ib q|rdj q|t rbidjdb tgij sj jfgj qrgi
1905–1906 e. (d|d d. „Trqprgx“).
38 ">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, s. 60, 65, 170–172.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 45
170–175.
46 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
OSRVWMWX[Ma M UJEPRSVW
50
.E3<@A5, ,8E=A. Opnqgtgotopst j obrpfpdmbstjg…, 125–127.
51
Lb fdusnjsmgoptp qpmphgojg s lpostjtuxjtb dh. ~rjstb (3I3CA5, (A@DE3@E;@.
60 epfjoj hjdob…, 490–492. Edtpr|t ptcgmidb „yufpdj{obtb vprnumb“ pt ~rjfjygslp emg-
fj{g, yg lpostjtuxjtb og g ptngogob, b sbnp olpj ogkoj qpstbopdmgoj sb „djrtubmop pt-
ngogoj“, smgfpdbtgmop t sg ibyjtb, lpebtp g ufpcop, j sg ibpcjlbm jmj obruzbdb, lpebtp g
ouhop (sqprgf ogep tpdb ob qrbltjlb piobybdb uqrbdmgojg cgi lpostjtuxj). Vqprgf ~rjstb
j jidgstop drgng qrbdps|fgo njojst|r Ijnjt|r Tgzgd lpostjtuxjtb og cjmb ptngogob
vprnbmop (ib lpgtp epdprj j qpipdbdbogtp ob ogjo ymgo qrj jid|orgfoptp uqrbdmgojg), op s|-
{gstdgoj ogkoj qpstbopdmgoj og sg sqbidbmj j d|dgfgojt rgf sg ptlmpodbm d nopep ptop-
zgoj pt lpostjtuxjtb (obqrjngr uqrbdmgojg cgi obrpfop qrgfstbdjtgmstdp, og xbrt pqrg-
fgm njojst|r-qrgfsgfbtgm, ptfgmop obsjmstdgojt obyjo ob dignbog ob dmbsttb). Gh. ,8-
K85, $;?;ELC. Vqpngoj. V., Hutgocgre, 2004, s. 68, 80, 94–95, 96. Qogojtb ob jstprjxjtg sb
rbimjyoj. Rlpj, lbtp Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd j Mmyp Ijnjtrpd, qrjgnbt, yg rgf|t cjm s|{gstdg-
op qrpngogo l|n bdtprjtbrji|n, cgi lpostjtuxjtb fb c|fg ptngogob vprnbmop. Gh. .E3E8-
>A53, %>8@3, .EA<JA #CL@J3CA5. Mstprj ob opdb F|mebrj, 1878–1944. V., Eoucjs, 1999,
s. 521, 547, 575–576 (ybst tb ob Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd). V|{p $;?;ECA5, &>JA. F|mebrslbtb fg-
nplrbtjyob pc{gstdgopst, vbzjin|t j dpkobtb. V., SY, 1976, s. 41, s. 242. Ggmjylp Hgprejgd
epdprj ib susqgofjrbog ob lpostjtuxjtb pt fgdgtobksgtpnbkxj j cprcb ob qbrtjjtg ib d|i-
stbopddbogtp D (t. g. ob sdpcpfbtb ob smpdptp, qgybtb, ob qbrtjjtg j qrpvgsjpobmojtg preb-
ojibxjj); jojxjbtjdbtb cjmb digtb pt xbr j rghjnb cjm mgebmjijrbo smgf jicprjtg ib Rb-
rpfop s|crbojg qrgi 1938 e. (lpgtp utd|rfjmp j jifbfgojtg qrgfj fglrgtj). Gh. #8AC6;85, "8-
>;J=A. Furhpbiojtg j frgcopcurhpbiojtg qbrtjj d F|mebrj, 1934–1939. V., Rbulb j jilust-
dp, 1971, s. 72, 160–165, 318, 351, 356.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 53
52
Trpgltjtg sb bobmjijrboj pt Vtpkyp Hr|oybrpd. Gh. .E3E8>A53, %>8@3, .EA<JA
#CL@J3CA5. Mstprj ob opdb…, 541–544. Gh. j #8K853, 'AC73@=3. Qjojstgrslbtb ptepdpr-
opst qp W|ropdslbtb lpostjtuxj j qp lpostjtuxjpoojtg qrpgltj (1879–1947). – Mstprjyg-
slj qrgemgf, 53, 1997, C 3, 19–35, pspc. 28–31.
53 @7C885, *;H3;>. Mstprj ob c|mebrslbtb…, s. 167, 173–187.
54 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
dbogtp D qpf dgfpnstdptp ob Qjojstgrstdptp ob dpkobtb s ulbi ob loib pt 26 ~mj 1881 e.,
lpgtp qprbhfb t|rlboj nghfu dpgoojtg j erbhfbosljtg dmbstj j g ptngogop smgf 4 epfjoj.
Gh. $8>85, 1C;DEA. Gpkslbtb, qpmjxjtb j tgwojtg dibjnpptopzgoj d qrbdpdbtb f|rhbdb.
V., 1936, 45–49.
56 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
ojtg rgzgtlj. Mi jstprjtb ob vbzjstljtg ibtdprj d F|mebrj, 1923–1944 epfjoj. V., Tbrt-
jifbt, 1971, s. 25, 47.
58 #C;K;@3, -. Gpiojlopdgojg vbzjinb…, 140–148; 1C;DEA:A5, +;=A>3<. Tp fjrtb ob
cgismgfop jiygiobmjtg. V., 1972; (AD3K=;, +;@=A. Ernjtb j ogkobtb rpm d qpmjtjygslj
hjdpt ob F|mebrj, 1923–1939. – Midgstj ob Mostjtutb ib dpgoob jstprj. W. 29. V., 1980,
3–48.
58 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
QJVWRS VEQSXTUEGPJRMJ
xj j pt jilbidboj ob fgqutbtj, sb xjt. pt Logio, George. Bulgaria, Past and Present. Manchester,
Sherratt and Hughes, 1936, 35–41.
61 G tpij snjs|m dh. (3:8C, (3C>. Trjtgmstdp j drbhfb ob Fbmlbojtg. V., Gpgoop jifb-
tgmstdp, 2003, pspc. 19–29, 36–41, 45, 56–62, 103–112. Vqprgf tpij bdtpr Fbmlbojtg qrjobf-
mghbt l|n tjqb „rpfstdgoj pc{gstdb“ (s perpnop iobygojg ob sgngkojtg j rpfstdgojtg dr|i-
lj d|d dsjylj svgrj ob hjdptb) ib rbimjlb pt ibqbfojtg, fgkstdb{j sqprgf qrbdjmb „jostj-
tuxjpobmoj pc{gstdb“ j srgfjignopnprsljtg „pc{gstdb ob sdjtbtb“ (s epmnb rpm ob ptop-
zgojtb qbtrpo–lmjgot). Rp tpij bdtpr ptjdb td|rfg fbmgyg d sdpjtg td|rfgoj j egogrbmj-
ibxjj ib Fbmlbojtg, qrjngsdbklj td|rfg rbimjyoj pc{gstdb (bmcboslp, ygropeprslp, c|mebr-
slp, run|oslp, er|xlp) j rbimjyoj gqpwj; s|{p tblb tpk pygdjfop qpfxgodb rpmtb ob yjstp
mjyojtg dr|ilj j s|~idboj d nopep ibqbfoj pc{gstdb, dlm~yjtgmop qrgfstbdmdb{ptp wrj-
stpnbtjgo qrjngr ib lprqprbtjdop, psopdbop ob ldptj d qpmjtjygslbtb dmbst (j sjmop qrj-
ngsdbog ob qpmjtjlb j cjiogs) s|drgngoop bdstrjkslp pc{gstdp.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 61
62
">37;=;@, )N4A?;C. Mstprj ob W|ropdslbtb…, s. 32, 44–45. Gmbfjljo qrjdghfb fu-
njtg ob ruslj qrpvgspr Hrjn, yg qp tpij d|qrps \grlbslj og stpm ob emgfj{gtp ob lpostj-
tuxjpooj strpk d gdrpqgkslj snjs|m ob qpotjgtp, b ob emgfj{gtp ib qrbltjygslptp s|t-
rufojygstdptp nghfu bcspm~tjstjyob f|rhbdob dmbst j s|dg{btgmoj obrpfoj uyrghfgoj.
63 )353>8, %?;>M 78. Fbmlbosljk qpmupstrpd. Q., 1889, s. 67, 106, 112, 130. Vqprgf bdtp-
lrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 8, 1910, C 1, 1–13, xjt. ob s. 3. Gh. ib tpdb s|{p: Sc{jobtb j ogkojtg
vuolxjj. ]ungo, 1910, 9–10. G s|{j snjs|m: $8JA5, "3D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, 41–42;
.EAO@A5, ,8E=A. Sc{joslptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg…, 736–737. Edtpr|t obrjyb pc{joslptp sb-
npuqrbdmgojg „vpof ib ibnpedbog j qrgwrbob ob qbrtjkoj qbrtjiboj“.
66 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
tgmopst tb ob ngstobtb dmbst qrgqpr|ydbt j: /A7ACA5, ,8ELC. Sc{j qpmphgoj ib…; .EAO-
@A5, ,8E=A. Sc{joslptp sbnpuqrbdmgojg…, pspc. 740–741. Gh. j jimphgojgtp ob $8JA5, "3-
D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, 51–61.
75 $8JA5, "3D;>. Obldp g sgebzoptp…, pspc. 9–20, 20–22. Mimphgojgtp s|f|rhb lpolrgt-
lngtpdg. Gh. "3D;>MA5, /A?3. I|mepdgtg ob plr|hjtb j pc{jojtg d F|mebrj. V., 1897, s. 19.
Vtgvbo Ojrpd qpspydb, yg 2416 fuzj pt pc{josljtg dmbstj cjmj qpfdgfgoj qpf s|fgcob pt-
epdpropst nghfu 1898–1901 e. ib impuqptrgcj lbtp qrjsdpdbog ob sunj, jifbdbog ob fplu-
ngotj s vbmzjdp s|f|rhbojg, ulrjdbog ob nmbfghj pt dpgoob smuhcb j qr. Gh. (;CA5,
.E8G3@. Vtbtjstjygslj fbooj qp qrgsmgfdbog pc{joslj lngtpdg j qpnp{ojxjtg jn pt 1898
fp lrb ob 1901 e. ib rbioj qrgst|qmgoj. – Hrbhfbojo, 1, 1904, C 4, 279–280.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 67
c|mebrj (768 obiobygoj j 1353 jicrboj) j 150 rusj. Gh. &C8J8=, (A@DE3@E;@. Oohgstdp
F|mebrj, s. 382. Rlpj sqpngoj s|f|rhbt fpcrb qrgxgolb ib fpcrps|dgstopst tb j yudstdptp
ib f|me j ptepdpropst ob q|rdjtg yjopdojxj d|qrglj ogpqjtopst tb jn. Gh. !>LD=A5, &>;O. Mi
d|iqpnjobojtb nj ib q|rdjtg obzj smuhcbzj d q|rdjtg foj smgf Ssdpcphfgojgtp. – F|m-
ebrslb scjrlb, 6, 1899, C 4, 160–169; ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj. Sygrlj.
Vqprgf cgmghljtg j sqpngojtg ob np crbt. V., 1934, 5–22.
81 (3O>A5, *. F~rplrbxjtb u obs (Ugiumtbtj pt qrgcrpdbogtp ob f|rhbdojtg yjopdoj-
d|qrps…, 459–460.
83 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, 460–161.
84 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj…, s. 107.
70 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
qrgemgf, 7, 1909, C 5, 597–610, xjt. ob s. 607. Gh. s|{p (ADEFC=A5, .EAO@. G|trgzgo qpmj-
tjygslj qrgemgf. (\jopdojygsljt d|qrps j qrbdjtgmstdptp). – Ignplrbtjygslj qrgemgf, 7,
1909, C 5, 576–581, pspc. 576–567.
86 ">3<=A5, /A7AC. \jopdojygstdp j dmbstojxj…, 296–297.
87 Vtbtjstjygslj epfjzojl, 1909, 411–415.
88 Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 33–34.
89 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, s. 462. Lb qpmphgojgtp
93
$3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, 461–462. Tp fbooj ob
Ojrjm Tpqpd xgojtg (ob 98 stplj) qrj cbib 100 ib 1891–1900 e. sg qplbyjmj fp 130–140 ib qg-
rjpfb 1904–1911 e. Rbfojxjtg s|{p sg qplbyjmj, nblbr j qp-nbmlp, op og j ibqmbtjtg. Gh.
,ABA5, (;C;>. Vtpqboslb F|mebrj. – G|d: Vcprojl ob F|mebrslbtb blbfgnj ob obuljtg.
Oo. 8. V., 1916, s. 467.
94 $3@3;>A5, #8AC6;. G|trgzgo qrgemgf. \jopdojzljt d|qrps…, s. 463.
95 Tbl tbn, 464–465.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 73
1932, C 2, 140–146.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 75
slb njsj) Ihprfh Ppejp. G fpcrg psdgfpngob rbcptb tpk jit|ldb rbifu-
dbogtp ob c~fhgtb j ogepdptp jihfbog pt nophgstdp obybmojxj –
„c~fhgtpfoj“ fjrgltprj, josqgltprj, s|trufojxj ob njojstrjtg j qr.
d|d dslp dgfpnstdp, qrj s|dsgn nbm|l crpk qpfyjogoj. Jfop ogsjeurop
qpstbdgop j mpzp qmbtgop yjopdojygstdp g pspcgop qpfbtmjdp ob impuqpt-
rgcb s pc{gstdgoj srgfstdb j lpruqxj d rbimjyoj vprnj, p{g qpdgyg lp-
ebtp lpotrpm|t g smbc j oblbibojtb – qpytj ojlbldj. Pjqsbtb ob stjnumj
j ob oblbiboj dpfj fp qrgogcrgedbog ob smuhgcojtg ibf|mhgoj, emgfbog
ptdjsplp ob pcjlopdgojtg erbhfboj j s|ifbdbog ob rbimjyoj qrgylj j ibt-
rufogoj (ygstp unjzmgop s xgm dignbog ob qpfluq). Iruej obruzgoj sg
f|mhbmj ob obtjsl d|rwu yjopdojxjtg pt obiobyjmjtg ej qpmjtjxj j ob
strbw pt udpmogojg, blp sg qrptjdpqpstbdt ob sd|riboj s uqrbdmdb{jtg
mjxb (obqrjngr blp s|cjrbt f|mhjnjtg pt tw fbo|xj). Opruqxjtb ob yj-
opdojxjtg ds|{opst sg obs|rybdbmb pt qp-djsplp nstp, pt sbnjtg ptep-
dproj qpmjtjxj j qpmjtjygslj qpsrgfojxj – yrgi obiobybdbog ob lprun-
qjrboj wprb ob ptepdproj qpstpdg (obqrjngr d njtojxjtg), yrgi qrpfbh-
cbtb ob smuhcj (lpgtp qrjouhfbdb obiobygojtg fb sj d|id|robt sunbtb
yrgi qpfluqj), yrgi ogouhop c~rplrbtjyop usmphodbog ob uqrbdmgojgtp,
lpgtp lbrbmp erbhfbojtg fb sg pcr|{bt l|n qpmjtjxj (fgqutbtj) ib ib-
st|qojygstdp qrj rgzbdbog ob tgwoj d|qrps j qr. Trj tpdb djszjtg srg-
fj ob c~rplrbxjtb cjmj qp-rbidrbtgoj, fplbtp pcjlopdgojtg yjopdojxj,
nblbr j ojslp qmbtgoj, cjmj qp-ygstoj j s|iobtgmoj, lpgtp qplbidb fgnp-
rbmjijrb{ptp dmjojg ob d|rwb.105
Vqprgf fpcrj boemjkslj qpiobdby ob Fbmlbojtg nghfu dpkojtg, Vj-
t|o-Xpts|o, cbmlboslbtb c~rplrbxj sg lprgoj d|d djibotjkslbtb j tur-
slbtb lpoxgqxj s qrjs|{jtg jn sdpgdpmjg j fjltbtprstdp, op strpepst tb
cjdb ptsmbcgob pt oggvgltjdopst j lpruqxj. Irgcobtb lpruqxj (srgf
ojsljtg yjopdojygslj rboepdg) og cjmb tpmlpdb pqbsob j sg ddbmb fprj
ogpcwpfjnpst ib yjopdojlb, lpktp qrj tpdb mpzp ibqmb{bog qrpstp og np-
hgm fb jif|rhb sgngkstdptp sj cgi strbojyoj fpwpfj, fplbtp nopep qp-sg-
rjpiob cjmb lpruqxjtb d|d djspljtg svgrj j djszjtg lmbsj. Jfop obcm~-
fgojg ob tpij bdtpr pt drgngtp nghfu dpkojtg, objstjob ogsop pt lp
tpyop f|rhbdb, embsj:
105
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 32–49.
HPEGE T_UGE. I_UKEGRS XVWUSNVWGS: OSRVWMWX[Ma, [JRWUEPRE M QJVWRE GPEVW, \MRSGRM\JVWGS 77
V., 1927, 70–75; /FC>3=A5, *3C=A. Mstprj, qrjoxjqj j tbltjlb ob F|mebrslj igngfgmslj ob-
rpfgo s|~i. Vtbrb Lbeprb, 1929, 186–187, 200–205.
78 F_PHEUVOSWS SF^JVWGS WSQ 1 \EVW T_UGE: I_UKEGE, TUEGS, TSPMWMOE
.
?2I2=?:ND A7B:@6
^_TRZTS, 30, 1929, 0 1, 29–32, eWa. \O 31–32. A_W`aWRO\Ta] \O „4_T[T\\W `iSTP\W ^_OQWZO“
\O_bgWZ] `^]Y]X`aQWTa] W fZT\]QTaT \O `iSO VO^]f\OZW SO RW fTaOa, YOa] `T „a]^ldO ]a [iYO
SO _OVPT_Oa W VO^][\la ^_]fTaT\]a]“.
4 ,!3!&, *)-.).$). <\lUT`aQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 334–335, 347, 382. C^]_TS :_TfTY ]Ph] \O-
0 8, 542–544.
82 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
Di_R]Q`YWla VOY]\ (]a 29 [OX 1897 R.) a_TaW_O a_W ]`\]Q\W [OaT_WW: VO
S_bUT`aQOaO, `STZYWaT W \T`i`a]laTZ\]`aaO. @a\]`\] S_bUT`aQOaO `T QiV-
^_WT[Oa SQT ]`\]Q\W c]_[W – `iPW_OaTZ\O (` \T]R_O\WfT\O W `]ZWSO_\O
]aR]Q]_\]`a \O bfO`aQOhWaT ZWeO) W OYeW]\T_\O (` ]afbUSOT[W OYeWW).
:\aT_T`WaT \O _OV[l\OaO `T RO_O\aW_OZW ]a a]QO, fT ^_W WVSOQO\T \O [T\W-
aTZ\WeO WZW \O VO^W` \O VO^]QTS (VOSiZUT\Wl, eW_YbZW_OhW YOa] eT\\W
Y\WUO) \O ^]`ZTSQOhW ^_W]P_TaOaTZW \T []UTZW SO `T ^_OQla QiV_OUT\Wl
VO PTV^_WfW\\]`a WZW PTV^O_Wf\]`a. 4i^_]`ia VO \T`i`a]laTZ\]`a aO \T
PWZ ]`]PT\] bSOf\] b_TST\, ^]\TUT Q Y_OX\O `[TaYO W[bhT`aQ]a] \O ai_-
R]QTeO `T _OV^_]SOQOZ] \O PTVeT\WeO, O ^iY Y_TSWa]_WaT []UTZW SO ^]Zb-
fOa `O[] [OZYO fO`a ]a SiZRO. D]QO \OZ]UWZ] SO `T `iVSOSOa Q^]`ZTS`aQWT
\]QW aTY`a]QT (VOY]\ VO ^_TS^OVZWQWl Y]\Y]_SOa ]a 29 [O_a 1932 R.), Y]Wa]
SO SOSOa QiV[]U\]`a \O ai_R]QTeO SO ^_T]S]ZTT VOa_bS\T\WTa] W SO ]`WRb-
_la TQT\abOZ\] W\aT_T`WaT \O Y_TSWa]_WaT f_TV _OV`_]fQO\T \O VOSiZUT-
\WlaO W ]^_]hOQO\T \O WVQT`aT\ ^_]eT\a ]a ald.
C WVQT`a\] VOYi`\T\WT, VO SO `T WVfOYO ^_T_OV^_TSTZl\Ta] ^_TSW[\] ^]
„_TQ]ZkeW]\T\“ \OfW\ \O ab_`YWaT W[]aW, PWZ] _TRZO[T\aW_O\] QTh\]a]
^_OQ] W `^TeWOZ\] ^_OQ]a] \O `]P`aQT\]`a f_TV VOY]\ VO W[bhT`aQOaO, `]P-
`aQT\]`a aO W `T_QWabaWaT ]a 7 cTQ_bO_W 1904 R. 4 \TR] T QiV^_WTa] ^_OQ]-
a] \O \T]R_O\WfT\O fO`a\O `]P`aQT\]`a, YOa] `]P`aQT\]`a aO \O VT[laO
QYZkfQO Q`WfY], Y]Ta] `T \O[W_O \OS W ^]S ^]Qi_d\]`aaO. @`]PT\] R]Zl[]
Q\W[O\WT VOY]\ia ]aSTZl \O \TSQWUW[OaO, `^TeWOZ\] ^]VT[ZT\OaO `]P`aQT-
\]`a, YOa] _OV^]_TSPWaT `O WVelZ] c]_[OZ\] k_WSWfT`YW, PTV ]RZTS \O WY]-
\][WfT`Y]a] `iSi_UO\WT (W PTV SO `T ^_TSQWUSO \lYOYQO `^TeWOZ\O VOhW-
aO \O S_TP\OaO `]P`aQT\]`a). 9O SQWUW[OaO `]P`aQT\]`a T QiV^_WTa ^_W\-
eW^ia „en fait du meubles, la possession veut titre“, a. T. cOYaWfT`Y]a] ^_WaT-
UO\WT \O SQWUW[]`aWaT W eT\\WaT Y\WUO T QiVSWR\Oa] Q ^_OQ] \O `]P`aQT-
\]`a (]\VW, \O Y]R]a] `T ^_TdQi_Zl SQWUW[OaO QTh WZW eT\\W Y\WUO, \l[O
\bUSO SO ^_]QT_lQO SOZW aT ^_W\OSZTUOa STX`aQWaTZ\] \O f]QTYO, Y]Xa] [b
RW ^_TdQi_Zl) ` ]RZTS SO `T ]`WRb_W Pi_VO eW_YbZOeWl. A_W \TSQWUW[WaT
QThW ]POfT `T WVW`YQO ^_]QT_YO \O `]P`aQT\]`a aO, YOa] VO eTZaO `T `iVSO-
QO gW_]YO W RO_O\aW_O\O ^bPZWf\]`a \O OYa]QTaT VO ]afbUSOQO\T – f_TV
`W`aT[OaO \O \]aO_WOZ\WaT OYa]QT W Q^W`QO\WlaO Q W^]aTf\WaT Y\WRW. A]-
\TUT abY \l[O WVW`YQO\T VO Pi_VO W ZT`\O _OV[l\O, ^_OQOaO \O `]P`aQT\WYO
`O ^]-TcWYO`\] VOhWaT\W. 9OY]\ia b_TUSO W `T_QWabaWaT (ZWf\W W ^]VT[-
ZT\W), a. T. ]R_O\WfT\W QTh\W ^_OQO Qi_db fbUSO QTh. @a ^]VT[ZT\WaT `T_-
QWabaW ]`]PT\] QOU\] PWZ] ^_OQ]a] \O ^_T[W\OQO\T W ^_TYO_QO\T \O Q]SO
(^_TV fbUSO `]P`aQT\]`a).
9OY]\ia VO \O`ZTS`aQ]a] ]a 25 l\bO_W 1890 R. ^_WV\OQO `Q]P]SOaO \O
\O`ZTS]SOaTZl SO `T _OV^]_TUSO `i` `Q]Ta] W[bhT`aQ] VO Q_T[Ta] `ZTS
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 85
– M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 32, 1931, 0 4–5, 180–190, ]`]P. `. 186, 190; "&*, !.6,. CT[TX-
\O ^]SlZPO Q `TZ`YWl PWa. – 3iZRO_`YW ^_TRZTS, 4, 1897, 0 5–6, 110–122; >OaT_WOZW ^] ]PW-
fOX\]a] \O_]S\] ^_OQ]: `T[TX\], \O`ZTS`aQT\] W P_Of\]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 3, 1895,
0 3, 104– 111; 0 4, 145–149; 0 12, 550–555; 0 18, 837–842; *(*, . A_W\eW^WaT \O \O`-
ZTS`aQT\]a] ^_OQ] b \O` S] @`Q]P]UST\WTa]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 26, 1925, 0 3, 122–129;
.*%&*, . 8T\OaO `^]_TS \OgTa] R_OUSO\`Y] ^_OQ]. – M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 24, 1923, 0 6,
235–241.
86 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
16
C_Thb YZTaQOaO \O Q_T[Ta] T W[OZ] ^_]aT`aW: *#'$, . „6O `T VOYiZ\T, fT \T SiZUW“.
– C^W`O\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUT`aQ] Q C]cWl, 3, 1903–1904, 0 4, 176–181; ,&*, .
A_]aWQ YZTaQT\Wl W\`aWaba Q ^]Z]UWaTZ\]a] ^_OQ]. – C^W`O\WT \O M_WSWfT`Y]a] S_bUT`aQ]
Q C]cWl, 1, 1901–1902, 0 10, 483–496; *#'$, . <ZTaQO W `QWSTaTZ`YW ^]YOVO\Wl. – M_W-
SWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 17, 1909, 0 10, 632–634.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 89
`iSia Q B]S]^WaT. – 4iQ: .*8 $4&*. :VP_O\W ^_]WVQTST\Wl. AZ]QSWQ, G_. 5. 6O\]Q, 1965,
313–317 (`aOaWlaO T ]a 1907 R.). :[OZ] fTZlST\ (a. T. `T[TT\), _]S\W\`YW W ]PhT`aQT\ `O[]`iS,
92 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
\O Y]Xa] PWZW ^]SZORO\W \OX-QTfT Y_OSeW W „PZbS`aQOhW“; \OYOVO\WlaO PWZW ^bPZWf\] WV]P-
ZWfOQO\T W ]^]V]_lQO\T, [OaT_WOZ\W RZ]PW, aTZT`\W \OYOVO\Wl W \OX-aTUY]a] – WVR]\QO\T ]a
[OdOZOaO WZW `TZ]a].
24
4U. W *3!, .!0). CPW_YO ]a ^_OQ\W ]PWfOW b PiZRO_WaT. – ?ObYO, 3, 1883–1884,
0 5–6, 488–502, ]`]P. `. 497.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 93
M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 24, 1923, 0 1, 1–10. BOVRZTUSOa `T Y]\Y_Ta\W ^b\Ya]QT, YiSTa] a_TaW-
_O\Ta] T _OVZWf\].
26 DOVW W\`aWabeWl PWZO QiQTST\O ]a Q_T[T\\]a] _b`Y] b^_OQZT\WT ` „4_T[T\\W `iSTP\W
31
A]-^]S_]P\] VO b`a_]X`aQ]a] \O `iSWZWhOaO Q :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl QU. *3!, .!0).
:Va]f\O Bb[TZWl…, 178–218; ",*, $1$'. :Va]f\O Bb[TZWl…, 356–361. 4`WfYW ^_]-
Yb_]_W ^_W ]Y_iU\WaT `iSWZWhO PWZW fbUST\eW, `ih] RZOQ\Wla ^_]Yb_]_ ^_W 4i_d]Q\]a]
`iSWZWhT W SQO[OaO RZOQ\W OSQ]YOaW Yi[ \TR].
100 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
aO, _OVZWf\OaO QiV_O`a VO ^iZ\]ZTaWT W ^_. QU. *+&,6-.!, ,. >kcaWX`Y] ^_OQ]_OVSOQO\T.
– M_WSWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 33, 1932, 0 3, 119–121.
34 4i^_]`ia T ^]QSWR\Oa VO ^i_QW ^ia ^_TV 1906 R. ]a $,*, .!0). ?bUSO ]a VOhWaO
39
4U. !.&*, $(!*). 3iZRO_`YOaO OSQ]YOab_O. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_`Y]…, 241–282.
104 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
1924, 0 2, 57–60, ]`]P. `. 57; $(3!, . 6O ^OVW[ Ql_OaO \O \O_]SO Q ^_OQ]`iSWTa]. – M_W-
SWfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 23, 1922, 0 8, 354–359.
43 !,(!) "$!, ). BOVQWaWT \O Si_UOQ\Wl…, 302–303. A]S]P\O aT\ST\eWl WVSOQO
\O^_W[T_ TSW\ VOY]\ VO ]afbUSOQO\T \O VSO\Wl VO Si_UOQ\O, ]Y_iU\O W ]PhW\`YO \bUSO (]a
23 STYT[Q_W 1922 R.), Y]Xa] VOSiZUOQOZ 4i_d]Q\Wl OS[W\W`a_OaWQT\ `iS SO _OVRZTSO Qi^_]`O
` WVQi_gT\W ^_W\bSWaTZ\W ]afbUSOQO\Wl \O \TSQWUW[W W[]aW, _TgT\WlaO \O Y]Wa] PWZW
QZTVZW Q VOY]\\O `WZO.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 105
1911 S] 1939 R. W SO\\WaT Q CaOaW`aWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O HO_`aQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 31, 1939. C., 1939,
742–744. 3_]la \O [W_]QWaT (]Y]ZWX`YW) `iSWW QO_W_OZ [TUSb 131 (^_TV 1911 R.) W 178 (1920
R.); P_]la \O `iSWWaT Q ]PZO`a\WaT `iSWZWhO QO_W_OZ [TUSb 130 (1935 R.) W 222 (1937 R.).
106 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
QW`lhWaT, aOYO fT STZOaO Q d]S ]a \OS 133 000 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1921 R. (Y]la] T
^WY]QO ^] \Oa_b^QO\T \O STZO) ^OS\OZW \O ^]S 34 000 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
(]a Y]Wa] WV]`aO\OZW ]a `aO_W R]SW\W PWZW `O[] 421 STZO).
3_]la \O `iSWWaT Q O^TZOaWQ\WaT `iSWZWhO ^_TV 1887 R. PWZ 21, ^_TV
1920 R. – 51, O ^_TV 1936–1939 R. S]`aWR\OZ 59–60. 2^TZOaWQ\WaT `iSWZWhO
(Q C]cWl, Bb`T W AZ]QSWQ) W[OZW ^]faW 31 000 ]aY_WaW STZO Yi[ Y_Ol \O
^WY]QOaO 1931 R. W b`^TZW SO RW `QTSOa S] 5800 Yi[ Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
4i_d]Q\Wla `iS `T `i`a]lZ ]a 9 `iSWW ^_TV 1887 R., 18 `iSWW ^_TV 1924 R.
W 36 `iSWW ^_TV 1936–1939 R. D]X W[OZ \TVOQi_gT\W Q Y_Ol \O ^WY]QOaO
1930 R. ^]faW 23 000 STZO, \] W[OZ `O[] 6000 STZO Q d]S Q Y_Ol \O 1939 R.
?T aOYO `W`aT[OaWf\W `O SO\\WaT VO OSQ]YOaWaT. A_TV 1911 R. Yi[ ]Y-
_iU\WaT `iSWZWhO W[OZ] 835 OSQ]YOaW W 171 OSQ]YOa`YW ^][]h\WeW, ]Ph]
1006 SbgW; ]a ald VOQi_gWZW ^_OQ\W \ObYW – 669 SbgW, ]`aO\OZWaT – `i`
`iSWX`YO WZW OSQ]YOa`YO ^_OYaWYO, WZW W ` SQTaT; ^_TV 1923–1924 R. Yi[ ]Y-
_iU\WaT `iSWZWhO W[OZ] ]Ph] 2242 OSQ]YOaW W OSQ]YOa`YW ^][]h\WeW.48
@PhWla P_]X \O k_W`aWaT b \O` (`iSWW, `ZTS]QOaTZW, OSQ]YOaW W \]-
aO_Wb`W) ^_TV 1944 R. S]`aWR\OZ 6481 SbgW.49
9OS]Q]Z`aQ]a] \O ^_OQ]`iS\WaT QZO`aW ]a S_O`aWf\]a] \O[OZlQO\T \O
QW`lhWaT STZO ^] Q`WfYW W\`aO\eWW Q d]SO \O 30-aT R]SW\W \O GG Q. W Q \O-
QTfT_WTa] \O 4a]_OaO `QTa]Q\O Q]X\O T ]Pl`\W[]. ?] YO_aW\OaO T `iQ`T[
_OVZWf\O, OY] `T Qi_\T[ \OVOS QiQ Q_T[Ta], ]`]PT\] ^_TV 20-aT R]SW\W, Y]-
ROa] \Oa_b^QO\Ta] \O STZOaO ` ST`TaYW dWZlSW PWZ] ^_OYaWYO.50 DbY `T \OZO-
RO \TbS]P\Wla WVQ]S, fT „^]-`aTR\OaOaO“ OQa]_WaO_\O QZO`a T \O^_OQWZO _O-
P]aOaO \O ^_OQ]`iS\Wl O^O_Oa ^]-TY`^TSWaWQ\O. C ^]RZTS \OVOS []UT SO `T
Y]\`aOaW_O WVR_OUSO\Ta] ` aTfT\WT \O Q_T[Ta] \O TS\] \TVOQW`W[] W Y][^T-
aT\a\] `iSWX`aQ] ` \T`[T\lT[]`a \O `iSWWaT (]a 1934 R. W \O ^_]Yb_]_WaT)
W ^]`aWRO\Ta] \O \TVOQW`W[]`a \O `iSTP\OaO ]a WV^iZ\WaTZ\OaO QZO`a.51
48
CaOaW`aWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O 3iZRO_`Y]a] eO_`aQ], 3, 1911. C., 1914, `. 561; CaOaW`aW-
fT`YW R]SWg\WY \O 3iZRO_`Y]a] eO_`aQ], 15–16, 1923–1924. C., 1925, `. 165. 4 S_bRWaT R]SWg-
\WeW \l[O ^]S]P\W SO\\W.
49
$($.,*, ,6-.8. 3iZRO_`YOaO W\aTZWRT\eWl ^_W YO^WaOZWV[O. C., ?ObYO W WVYb`aQ],
1974, `. 52.
50 <OYa] ^]YOVQO `aOaW`aWYOaO, \Oa_b^QO\Ta] \O STZO Q [W_]QWaT W ]PZO`a\WaT `iSWZWhO,
YOYa] W QiQ 4i_d]Q\Wl YO`OeW]\T\ `iS PWZ] \OX-R]Zl[] ]a 1911 S] 1928–1929 R., `ZTS Y]Ta]
_lVY] \O[OZlQO. 4U. CaOaW`aWfT`YW R]SWg\WY \O HO_`aQ] 3iZRO_Wl, 1939, 742–744.
51 D]VW WVQ]S Q `^][T\WaT \O k_W`aO 2,*, *)-.).$). 60 R]SW\W UWQl\O…,
582–584.
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 107
MB:6:I7C<@ @3B29@42?:7 :
AB@F7C:@?2=?@ C6BE8242?7
52
) ,!!, $1$'. :`a]_Wl \O PiZRO_`YOaO…, 224–232. 4U. W `QTST\WlaO VO ^_T^]SOQO-
aTZW ^] ^_OQ] Q 2Z[O\Od \O C]cWX`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa „CQ. <ZW[T\a @d_WS`YW“, 1888–1939.
C., 1940.
53 ,)/ *, $1$'. :`a]_Wl \O C]cWX`YWl b\WQT_`WaTa „CQ. <ZW[T\a @d_WS`YW“ ^_TV
92D4@B:
_Wl. – 4iQ: 60 R]SW\W PiZRO_`Y]…, 495–550; 6]YZOS S] [W\W`ai_O \O ^_OQ]`iSWTa]. C., 1923.
D]ROQO OQa]_ia PWZ \OfOZ\WY \O bRZOQ\]a] ]aSTZT\WT ^_W [W\W`aT_`aQ]a]. @a W`a]_WeWaT QU.
!!, !*,$. 9OaQ]_\WfT`Y]a] STZ] Q <\lUT`aQ] 3iZRO_Wl Q ^i_QWaT ST`TaWZTaWl `ZTS @`Q]-
P]UST\WTa]. – :`a]_WfT`YW ^_TRZTS, 54, 1998, 0 3–4, 83–93.
110 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
58
A] `O\WaO_\OaO fO`a. 6]YZOS S] ?TR]Q] 4W`]fT`aQ]. – 6i_UOQT\ QT`a\WY, 0 96, 1883,
`. 889; ,$((. @PV]_ \O `O\WaO_\]a] STZ] Q <\lUT`aQ] 3iZRO_Wl. – 6i_UOQT\ QT`a\WY,
0 140, 9 STY. 1882.
59
HWa. ^] ,(*, ' $($,. 9OaQ]_\]a] STZ]…, `. 511.
60 CP]_\WY \O ]Y_iU\WaT ^W`[O, WVSOST\W ]a >W\W`aT_`aQ]a] \O Qia_Tg\WaT STZO VO
1888 R. C., 1889, `. 100. 9O Si_UO\Ta] Q aTUYW S] 2 ]YW ]Y]QW S] 1891 R. YOa] „\O`ZTS`aQ] ]a
QO_QO_`YW Q_T[T\O“ QU. W /,!, !*,$. ?lY]ZY] Sb[W ^] \OgWaT VOaQ]_W. – M_WSWfT`Y]
`^W`O\WT, 3, 1890–1891, 0 1, 6–17, ]`]P. 12–13.
61 ",*, $1$'. C^][T\W. C., 3iZRO_`YW ^W`OaTZ, 1968, 565–630, ]`]P. `. 565; '-
!%&*, !.&* . CifW\T\Wl. D. 8 (AW`[O). C., 3iZRO_`YW ^W`OaTZ, 1982, 405–406; C^][T\W VO
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 111
D]QO T TS\O al`\O W QZOU\O Sb^YO Qia_T Q VT[laO, PTV \WYOYQO ^]faW
`QTaZW\O W ^]-`Y]_] ^_WZWfO \O R_]P, Q Y]Xa] `O VO_]QT\W UWQW d]_O,
]aY]ZY]a] \O VOaQ]_. 9SO\WTa] T ^]faW `_baT\] W VOaQ]_\WeWaT `T `a_O-
dbQOa SO \T PiSOa \TVO`ZbUT\] \lY]X ST\ ^_WaW`\OaW ]a \TR]. : \OW`-
aW\O, \T []UT f]QTY SO RZTSO PTV QiZ\T\WT ]\Wl UWQW `ihT`aQO, Y]Wa]
]hT `T SQWUOa Q a]QO VZ]^]Zbf\] fW`aWZWhT!63
`O\WT, 3, 1890–1891, 0 2, 74–85, eWa. \O `. 84; ?lY]ZY] Sb[W VO… >]ROa SO `T eWaW_Oa W el-
ZO ^]_TSWeO ]^W`O\Wl \O ZTYO_W W ]Y_iU\W b^_OQWaTZW. 6!, . 5]SWgT\ ]afTa VO PWaO W `O-
\WaO_\]-dWRWT\Wf\]a] `i`a]l\WT \O R_. CZWQT\ ^_TV 1902 R. – =Ta]^W`W \O =TYO_`YWl `ikV,
1, 1903, 402–421, ]`]P. `. 409; --)*$3, . >OaT_WOZW VO `O\WaO_\OaO Ta\]R_OcWl \O 3iZ-
RO_Wl. =][`YWla ]Y_iR (1880–1889). – CP]_\WY VO \O_]S\W b[]aQ]_T\Wl, \ObYO W Y\WU\W\O, 5.
C., 1891, 3–186, ]`]P. `. 51; :VZ]UT\WT \O CTQZWTQ`YWX ]Y_iUT\ b^_OQWaTZ 1888 R., `. 47;
:VZ]UT\WT VO `i`a]l\WTa] \O Di_\]Q`Y]a] ]Y_iUWT 1894–1895, `. 53.
112 3L=52BC<@D@ @3K7CD4@ D@> 1 I2CD ALB42: 6LB8242, AB24@, A@=:D:<2
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70
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]`iST\W (`O[] ^] 996) b FO\W >WZY]QO. 9O ^T_W]SO ]a 1924–1944 R. ]Ph] ]`iST\W `O[] ^]
966 – 5781 SbgW. @a ald ]`iST\W \O `[i_a 439, \O S]UWQ]aT\ VOaQ]_ 610, \OS 15 R]SW\W VOa-
Q]_ 8, ]`aO\OZWaT Q YOaTR]_WWaT ^]S 15 R]SW\W. @a 1924 R. S] 1940 R. – ]`iST\W 3431 SbgW;
5=242 4D@B2. AB24@ : CL673?2 C:CD7>2. 92D4@B: 115
1941–1944 R. – 2350 SbgW. 4U. $'&*, )$. 3iZRO_`YOaO Si_UOQO W WVYZkfWaTZ\]a] VOY]-
\]SOaTZ`aQ] ^_TV ^T_W]SO 1923–1944 R. C., E\WQT_`WaTa`Y] WVSOaTZ`aQ] „CQ. <ZW[T\a @d_WS-
`YW“, 1991, 396–407. 6O\\WaT `O ^]ZbfT\W f_TV `P]_bQO\T \O Y]Z]\YWaT Q aOPZWeOaO \O `. 398.
71 $'&*, )$. 3iZRO_`YOaO Si_UOQO W WVYZkfWaTZ\]a] VOY]\]SOaTZ`aQ]…, 396–407.
116 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
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$&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t. CfVhp` ef[Ya[Z cV c[_cdhd ^ghdf^m[g`d fV]X^h^[. HadXZ^X,
1914; "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V ef[] edga[Zc^h[ e[hZ[g[h YdZ^c^, 1878–1929. –
;pX: >ede[t cV WpaYVfg`^t Xd^c. K. 2. J., 1929, 17–97; .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*, 5!-
($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t `Vhd ^cgh^hil^t (1878–1944). – ;pX: :paYVf^t 1300. Acgh^-
hil^^ ^ Zpf\VXcV hfVZ^l^t, h. 1, 1981, 371–389; +-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[
efVX^h[aghXV ]V Xpdfp\VXVc[ cV Xd_g`VhV (1919–1939). – ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 53,
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Zd 1944 Y. J., 1961.
118 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
Vfb^t…, 121–122.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 119
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Zdf^ Wf^YVZV ^ eda`). FVmVac^`ph cV <[c[fVac^t oVW cV Vfb^thV [ cV_-Wa^]p` edbdoc^` cV
YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo^t, h. [. lVft. GgcdX[c bdb[ch X fV]X^h^[hd [ ]V`dcph ]V Xpdfp\[c^h[ g^a^
dh 1891 Y.
126 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
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;\. '2", ). IdZ^cVhV b^ – efVXV ^a^ c[! ;pcncdeda^h^m[g`V efdeVYVcZV cV WVa-
`Vcg`^h[ ghfVc^ (1821–1923). J., Lc^X[fg^h[hg`d ^]ZVh[aghXd „JX. Ca^b[ch Gkf^Zg`^“, 1996,
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12
*+*, $,$'. JhdeVcg`V :paYVf^t, g. 432. Ja[Z Xd_c^h[ Z[aph cV Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h X
dWo^h[ WsZ\[hc^ fV]kdZ^ geVZV Zd d`dad 1/6, cd X edga[Zc^h[ ef[ZXd[cc^ YdZ^c^ (1936–
1939) dhcdXd g[ `VmXV Zd 1/4–1/3. ;\. ZVcc^h[ ]V Xd[cc^t WsZ\[h X: :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t
1877–1944. :^Wa^dYfVj^t. K. 2, 1918–1944. P. 1. J., JX. <[dfY^ HdW[Zdcdg[l, 1993, 17–21.
128 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
Zd 1902 Y. `Vhd efdl[ch dh gXfpkgb[hc^h[ `f[Z^h^ ^]dWod i: *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f-
`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h)…, g. 812.
15 ;\. de^hV ]V ef[gbthVc[ cV h[\[gh hV cV Xd[cc^h[ fV]kdZ^ Xpfki WpaYVfg`^t ZVcp`d-
eaVh[l i: *", *)2*. FVnVhV Vfb^t ^ c[_cdhd btghd X Zpf\VXcdhd ghdeVcghXd. – Je^gVc^[
cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 6, 1902, 7 8, 505–518. Jedf[Z dj^l[fV IVZ`d =^-
b^hf^[X WsZ\[hph cV Vfb^thV c^ Zdf^ W^a bVap`, ef^ igadX^[ m[ gb[ ]VdW^`da[c^ dh Xg^m`^
ghfVc^ g efdh^Xc^l^ ^ m[ ]V „Zd^]`VfXVc[ cV Zpf\VXcd-cVl^dcVacdhd ]ZVc^[“ Xd_cVhV [ c[-
b^ci[bV. $($.,$", !&*. GfYVc^]Vl^thV cV Vfb^thV c^ X gXfp]`V g eda^h^m[g`dhd ^ j^-
cVcgdXd-^`dcdb^m[g`dhd edad\[c^[. – ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 12, 1900, 7 4, 395–408, dgdW. g. 399.
16 *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h.)…; :sZ\[hph ]V 1912 Y. –
=[bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 10, 1912, 7 1, 1–19. ;\. ^ VcVadY^mcVhV c[edZe^gVcV ghVh^t, tXcd
cV gpo^t VXhdf: =pf\VXc^th WsZ\[h ]V 1912 Y. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d
Zfi\[ghXd, 15, 1911, 7 9, 782–792. Jpod *", *)2*. FVnVhV Vfb^t ^ c[_cdhd btghd. ;ph-
f[n[c ef[Ya[Z. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 7, 1903, 7 10, 708–717.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 129
@V g^c[`ifc^t jadh:
17
CV`hd ^fdc^mcd `db[ch^fV hV]^ gbtcV cV h[fb^cdadY^thV H[hpf KdZdfdX, ht W^aV ^]-
a^ncV, „edc[\[ ^ W[] hdXV g[ ]cV[n[, m[ eVf^h[ g[ ^]tZVh – W[]fV]a^mcd dh `dYd, ]V `V`Xd ^
`V`“. *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hc^ dm[f`^ (;d[cc^th c^ WsZ\[h)…, g. 819.
18 *!*,*, ".4,. :sZ\[hph ]V 1912 Y., g. 12.
19 HV` hVb, g. 16. 9cVadY^mcd ]V jadhV X Zpf\VXc^t WsZ\[h ]V 1912 Y., g. 790.
130 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
g`VhV Vfb^t ef^ Xp]n[ghX^[hd cV F[YdXd OVfg`d ;^gdm[ghXd Cct]V cV WpaYVfg`^t ef[ghda ^
Zc[g, ZXVZ[g[hYdZ^nc^cVhV dh lVfiXVc[hd bi. J., A]ZVc^[ cV RVWV cV Vfb^thV, 1907, 39–41,
54–55, 146. Jpod ]V ]VeaVh^h[ ef[Z^ Xd_c^h[: $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…,
g. 162. <[c[fVa edaimVXVa 12 000 a[XV YdZ^ncd, Wf^YVZ[c `dbVcZ^f – 9300, eda`dXc^` – 8400,
edZeda`dXc^` – 6000, bV_df – 5400, `Ve^hVc – 4500, edfim^` – 3000, edZedfim^` – 2700.
=Vcc^ ]V e[cg^^h[ cV g. 178–179.
132 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
Hf[] 1905 Y. Wfdth cV dj^l[f^h[ X Jdj^t W[n[ 748 Zin^, edfVZ^ `d[-
hd X bVa`^t ghda^m[c YfVZ h[ g[ gf[oVkV cVXgt`pZ[. Gha^mVXVkV g[ gpg
gXd[hd ^]^g`Vcd dWa[`ad ^ gpg gVbdcVZ[tcdhd g^ ^ YdfZd Zpf\Vc[. A]
ia^l^h[ bcdYd ftZ`d g[ ZX^\[kV g YfV\ZVc^, V dW^`cdX[cd gpg gXd^
`da[Y^. GWoiXVc[hd g „l^X^ac^“ g[ gm^hVn[ edZd]f^h[acd. Gj^l[fgh-
Xdhd ef[ZghVXatXVn[ [ZcV gXd[dWfV]cV ]VhXdf[cV `VghV, gf[oi `dthd
cVXf[b[hd XdZ^ dghfV eda[b^`V ge^gVc^[ „E^gpa“.26
27
;p]Ya[Z^h[ ]V c[]VX^g^bdgh cV Vfb^thV dh l^X^ac^h[ XaVgh^ gV efd`VfVc^ h[df[h^mcd
cVef^b[f i: '&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV [h^`V. (;d_g`VhV ^ c[_c^th cfVXghX[c [a[b[ch). J.,
1908, 155–167. Hf[] 30-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NN X. dWdgdW[cdgh hV cV Xd[ccdhd gpZdefd^]XdZghXd g[
VfYib[ch^fV do[ ed-`Vh[Ydf^mcd dh '$&*, '$6. GgcdX^h[ cV Xd[ccdhd gpZdefd^]XdZghXd.
– ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 38, 1931, 7 3, 1–13. Jedf[Z hd]^ VXhdf Xd[cc^h[ hftWXVad ZV g[ gpZth dh
„[gh[ghX[c^t g^ gpZ“ Zdf^ `dYVhd gV g[ efdX^c^a^ c[ ed gai\WV, V ^ ed cV`V]i[b^ ed dWod-
YfV\ZVcg`^h[ ]V`dc^ ef[ghpea[c^t, gpod X b^fcd Xf[b[.
28
;\. $0'5#*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, g. 175. Hf[ghpea[c^thV ed ]V`dcV ]V
VcVfk^gh^h[ ^ ef[ghpec^l^h[ efdh^X Zpf\VXVhV ^ dWo[ghX[cVhV g^Yifcdgh dh 1907 Y. gpod
W^a^ edZgpZc^ cV Xd[ccdeda[X^h[ gpZ^a^oV.
29
;\. $&*'", $&*'%. ;d_g`VhV X eVfaVb[chVfcVhV Zpf\VXV. J., 1926, 71–74.
134 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
; im^a^oVhV hftWXV:
hX[c^t ZpaY“ gV edgX[h[c^ bcdYd e^gVc^t dh dj^l[f^, cVef. '&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV
[h^`V…, 155–167; $($.,*, '"&-)!4,. =^gl^ea^cV ^ bdfVa X Vfb^thV c^. J., 1915; 5'-
("#*, ,$-.*. ;d_g`VhV ^ c[_cVhV eg^kdadY^t. J., 1906; )*, $0$'. ;p]e^hVc^[ ^ dW-
fV]dXVc^[ cV Xd_c^`V. ;VfcV, 1906; E^ga^ Xpfki cfVXghX[c^t [a[b[ch ^ `dbVcZiXVc[hd X cV-
nVhV Vfb^t. – ;d[c[c \ifcVa, 18, 1906, 7 5, 611–635.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 135
31 4,$) *, ".4,. ;d[ccV :paYVf^t. – ;pX: 4,$) *, ".4,. A]WfVc^ efd^]X[Z[-
c^t. JpghVX. H[c`dX, Jhdtc. J., ;d[ccd ^]ZVh[aghXd, 1988, 50–82 (cV_-cVef[Z eiWa^`iXVcd
ef[] 1911 Y.), l^h. cV 75–76. Jedf[Z gpo^t VXhdf X Jdj^_g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h „edX[m[, dh`da`d-
hd Xgt`pZ[ ZfiYVZ[, hftWXV ZV g[ ZVXVh ZdghV edcth^t Xpfki [gh[ghXdhd cV Wdt, Xd_cVhV, fV]-
c^h[ fdZdX[ dfp\^t ^ ^]dWod dhWfVcVhV cV Zpf\VXVhV“ (eV` hVb).
32
#*, "*, $. @V Xd[ccVhV Y^bcVgh^`V X im^a^oVhV ^ X dWo[ghXdhd. J., 1884, g. 63;
36
5'("#*, ,$-.*. ;d_g`VhV ^ c[_cVhV eg^kdadY^t, 42–43.
37
Hpacd g ed]dXVXVc^t cV mi\Z^ VXhdf^h[h^ [ gpm^c[c^[hd cV )*, $0$'. ;p]e^hV-
c^[ ^ dWfV]dXVc^[…
38 ,4-.", ,4-.5. >hd ef^m^c^h[ cV hVt e[mVacV Xd_cV. – E^gpa, 11, 1901, 7 7,
39
Gh gdl^Va^gh^h[ X\. ,)*, . ;p]kd\ZVc[hd cV Xd[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`^t f[\^b. –
FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 6, 544–551; :[a[\`^ Xpfki fV]X^h^[hd cV cVnVhV Vfb^t. – FdXd
dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 5, 456–460; ;d[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`dhd Xg[g^a^[. – FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1,
1906, 7 8, 705–715; *',*, $,$'. Cpb fVXcdgb[h`VhV cV Xd[ccd-bdcVfk^m[g`^t f[\^b. –
FdXd dWo[ghXd, 1, 1906, 7 9, 808–814.
40 ;\.
'%&*, *!*,. Jdl^Va^gh^h[ ^ Xpefdgph ]V cVl^dcVacdhd c^ dW[Z^c[c^[. – =[-
bd`fVh^m[g`^ ef[Ya[Z, 12, 1915, 7 3, 185–197. Jedf[Z VXhdfV gdl^Va^gh^h[ gpod ^g`Va^ cV-
l^dcVacd dW[Z^c[c^[, cd g ad]icYV ]V „WVa`Vcg`V j[Z[fVh^XcV f[eiWa^`V“ WtYVa^ dh dhYdXdf-
cdgh hV cV f[VacVhV eda^h^`V, mf[] `dthd hd bd\[ ZV g[ ^]Xpfn^ X ZVZ[c^t ^ghdf^m[g`^
bdb[ch. @V dhcdn[c^[hd cV gdl^Va^gh^h[ `pb Vfb^thV X\.: .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*,
5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t `Vhd ^cgh^hil^t…, g. 378; .*$'*, ".4,. @V kVfV`-
h[fV cV WpaYVfg`VhV Vfb^t ^ cV XdZ[c^h[ dh c[t Xd_c^ ef[] e[f^dZV 1877–1918 Y. – A]X[gh^t
cV Acgh^hihV ]V Xd[ccV ^ghdf^t, h. 31, 1981, 9–54, dgdW. 16–17. ;\. gpod :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t
1877–1919, g. 309.
41 AbVad [Z^c^mc^ gaimV^ cV baVZ[\^, `d^hd dh`V]XVa^ ZV gai\Vh X Vfb^thV ^ ZV cdgth
Xd_c^, 1877–1878, 1885, 1912–1913, 1915–1918. J., 1929, g. 114. O^h^fVb: „HdW[ZdcdgcVhV
gfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`V Xd_cV ^b W[ ge[m[a^aV, ^ bcdYd ]Vgai\[cd, cVfdZcdhd dWVtc^[. J h[m[c^[
cV Xf[b[hd, `Vhd g[ ]VWfVX^kV ]VgaiY^h[ ^b, dWo[ghXdhd ]VedmcV ZV c[ l[c^ efVX^acd htkcd-
hd gai\[Wcd ^ bdfVacd Zdghd_cghXd.“ Jpod i: "&*, $&*'. :paYVfg`VhV Xd_g`V…, 48–49.
138 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
ghXV XpX Xphf[ncVhV eda^h^`V, V gpod Zd`da`d Xd[cc^h[ W^a^ edZ YfV\-
ZVcg`^ `dchfda ^ `dYV ^]a^]Va^ gVbdghdth[acd cV eda^h^m[g`VhV gl[cV.
9fb^thV g[ cVb[g^aV ]V epfX^ eph X eda^h^m[g`^t \^Xdh cV ghfVcVhV
ga[Z Jp[Z^c[c^[hd, X dWghVcdX`V cV `fV_cd ^]dghf[c^ dhcdn[c^thV gpg ]V-
[aVhV dhf^lVh[acV ed]^l^t dgXdWdZ^h[a`V Iig^t ^ ef^ edatf^]^fVc[ cV
eda^h^m[g`^t [a^h ^ dWo[ghXdhd cV figdj^a^ ^ figdjdW^. <fieV figdj^a-
g`^ dj^l[f^ cVm[ad g bV_df H[hpf <fi[X (cVmVac^` cV ;d[ccdhd im^a^o[)
^]Xpfn^aV ef[XfVh ef[] VXYigh 1886 Y. ^ Z[hfdc^fVaV `ct] :Vh[cW[fY.
Jpod Xd_g`dX^ mVgh^, dgdW[cd HadXZ^Xg`^th YVfc^]dc edZ cVmVaghXdhd cV
JVXV Eih`ifdX, imVghXVa^ X dfYVc^]^fVc^t dh ef[Zg[ZVh[at cV FVfdZcdhd
gpWfVc^[ Jh[jVc JhVbWdadX ige[n[c `dchfVef[XfVh. Iigdj^ag`^ cVghfd-
[c^ dj^l[f^ efdZpa\^a^ ZV ]VYdXdfc^mVh ^ ef[] ga[ZXVo^h[ YdZ^c^. K[
gp]ZVa^ `db^h[h^ X ct`da`d YfVZV ^ dfYVc^]^fVa^ Xd[cc^ WichdX[ X Iig[ ^
J^a^ghfV (h. cVf. figdj^ag`^ WichdX[). @VadX[c^h[ dfYVc^]Vhdf^ cVm[ad g
bV_df 9hVcVg L]icdX W^a^ gpZ[c^ dh ^]Xpcf[Z[c Xd[c[c gpZ ^ fV]ghf[at-
c^. Iigdj^a^h[ efdZpa\^a^ WdfWVhV X [b^YfVl^t ^ ga[Z ^]WdfV cV M[fZ^-
cVcZ ]V `ct], `Vhd dfYVc^]^fVa^ ^ Xphf[nc^ de^h^ mf[] m[h^, cd W^a^
fV]W^h^; ct`d^ [b^YfVch^ dj^l[f^ (H[hpf <fi[X, 9cVghVg :[cZ[f[X) ef[-
b^cVa^ cV gai\WV X fig`VhV Vfb^t. Hf[] 1890 Y. ]V ]VYdXdf (c[ gpXg[b Zd-
`V]Vc) gf[oi efVX^h[aghXdhd cV JhVbWdadX W^a dgpZ[c ^ fV]ghf[atc bV_df
C. HVc^lV, Y[fd_ dh JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV.43
; Wifc^h[ ^ gbihc^ cVmVac^ Z[g[h^a[h^t dh gpo[ghXiXVc[hd cV Zpf\V-
XVhV Vfb^thV W^aV XpXa[m[cV dh gVb^h[ efVX^h[aghXV XpX Xphf[ncdeda^h^-
m[g`^t \^Xdh. >Z^c efVX^ac^` dh 1890 Y. def[Z[at gaimV^h[, ef^ `d^hd
YfV\ZVcg`^h[ XaVgh^ bdYVh ZV ed^g`Vh gpZ[_ghX^[hd cV Xd_g`VhV. Jf[Z htk
[ ^ ef[`fVhtXVc[hd cV „cVfdZc^ gbio[c^t, W[]f[Z^l^ ^ XpaciXVc^t, `d^hd
^bVh kVfV`h[f cV tXcd gpefdh^Xa[c^[, ef^ ^]epac[c^[ cV ]V`dcc^h[ ^g`V-
c^t cV XaVghhV“. HdZdWc^ fV]edf[ZW^ dhXVfta^ XfVh^h[ ]V efd^]Xdac^ hpa-
`iXVc^t ^ ]V ef^WtYXVc[ Zd cVb[gV cV Vfb^thV. Ja[ZXVo^th efVX^ac^` (dh
1900 Y.) c[ gVbd c[ dhb[c^a, cd Zdf^ ig^a^a cVb[gVhV cV Xd_g`VhV, `Vhd
ef[ZdghVX^a cV c[_cd igbdhf[c^[ `V` ZV Z[_ghXV ga[Z ef^gh^YVc[ cV b[g-
hdefd^]n[ghX^[hd (V eda^l[_g`VhV ghfV\V g[ ef^ZVXVaV X c[_cd fV]edf[\-
ZVc[).44 FV efV`h^`V Xd_g`VhV W^aV iedhf[W[cV ef^ efdX[\ZVc[ cV ct`d^
^]Wdf^ ef[] 80-h[ ^ 90-h[ YdZ^c^ cV NIN X. cVf[Z g nV_`^h[ ^ eda^l^thV.
Kt g[ [ gbthVaV ]V ed-„c[ihfVacV“ dh eda^h^]^fVcVhV eda^l^t, cd gVbdhd 8
Xbp`XVc[ X eda^h^m[g`^t \^Xdh t ef[XfpoVad X ^cghfib[ch cV iefVXatXV-
o^h[. Hf[] 1900 Y. Xd_g`dX^ mVgh^ imVghXVa^ X edhinVXVc[hd cV g[ag`^h[
43
,4)2,*, .*%2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ g^a^ ^ bdcVfk^m[g`^th ^cgh^hih X :paYVf^t,
1886–1894. J., FVi`V ^ ^]`ighXd, 1984, 162–165.
44
'&)-&$, $'")&*. ;d[ccV [h^`V…, 130–138.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 139
;GBFAK> A @9<L:AK>
5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…, g. 379. Jedf[Z edga[Zc^t ^]hdmc^` ef[] d`hdbXf^
1915 Y. Vfb^thV cVWfdtXVaV 754 701 edZdj^l[f^ ^ Xd_c^l^ ^ 17 883 dj^l[f^; ef[] g[eh[bXf^
1918 Y. ht Wfd^ 855 175 Zin^ (d`dad 17% dh cVg[a[c^[hd).
50
"*, $", "*, $. EdW^a^]Vl^dccdhd cVef[\[c^[ cV mdX[n`^h[ f[gifg^ X :paYVf^t
ef[] e[f^dZV 1885–1945 Y. – ;d[ccd^ghdf^m[g`^ gWdfc^`, 48, 1979, 7 2, 133–143, dgdW.
139–140.
142 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h. Tf^Z^m[g`^ jV`iah[h, h. 65, 1974, 143–225, dgdW. g. 173; FVg[a[c^[hd cV
:paYVf^t 1880–1980. – <dZ^nc^` cV Jdj^_g`^t ic^X[fg^h[h. Tf^Z^m[g`^ jV`iah[h, h. 59,
1968, `c. 2, 3–45. LW^h^h[ X JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV Xd_cV gV 700, X :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV dh
1912 Y. – 35 000, X E[\Zigps]c^m[g`VhV Xd_cV ef[] 1913 Y. – 33 000 Zin^, ef[] HpfXVhV gX[-
hdXcV Xd_cV ]VY^XVh 88 000 Zin^.
52 1,&*,
",. GYfVWXVc[hd cV :paYVf^t dh Y[fbVcg`^t ^be[f^Va^]pb ef[] e[f^dZV
bd dh =dWfiZ\V cV 778 bac. ]aVhc^ a[XV.53 C^f^a HdedX ^]WfdtXV `Vhd ]V-
YiW^: ghd_cdgh hV cV WpaYVfg`^h[ Zpf\VXc^ ^bdh^ X dhc[h^ h[f^hdf^^ ^ cV
ef[ZVZ[c^h[ Wd_c^ ^ c[Wd_c^ ef[Zb[h^ ^ bVh[f^Va^ (dWod 1 bafZ. 175
bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V); ]VYiW^h[ cV :paYVf^t `pb <[fbVc^t (W[] ZV gedb[cV-
XV l^jfV); 112,5 bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V, eaVh[c^ ed f[eVfVl^^, f[gh^hil^^ ^
]V ^]Zfp\`V cV gps]c^ Xd_g`^ Zd `fVt cV 1922 Y.54 Jedf[Z JhVcmd PdaV`dX
j^cVcg^fVc[hd cV Xd_c^h[ dh 1912 Zd 1918 Y. `Vhd ltad edYpacVad d`dad 5
bafZ. ]aVhc^ a[XV; cV^gh^cV hi` hd_ X`asmXV dgX[c 1 bafZ. 519 bac. ]aVh-
c^ a[XV ]VYiW^ dh <[fbVc^t ^ fV]c^h[ eaVoVc^t cV edW[Z^h[a^h[, gpod
Xphf[nc^h[ ]V[b^ ^ `dchf^Wil^^, g `d^hd W^a^ j^cVcg^fVc^ Xd_c^h[.55
;pX Xg^m`^ h[]^ l^jf^ dWVm[ ^bV YdatbV Zd]V igadXcdgh ^ hdmcdhd ^a^ Zd-
f^ ef^Wa^]^h[acd ^]m^ga[c^[ [ZXV a^ [ Xp]bd\cd (c[ cV edga[Zcd btghd
edfVZ^ ]VWpf`Vc^h[ gps]c^m[g`^ dhcdn[c^t ^ ZdYdXVftc^t).
Hd Frd_g`^t ZdYdXdf cV :paYVf^t gV cVad\[c^ f[eVfVl^^ X fV]b[f cV
2 bafZ. 250 bac. ]aVhc^ jfVc`V, eaVh^b^ ]V 37 YdZ^c^ ef^ 5% a^kXV. I[eV-
fVl^^h[ W^a^ YVfVch^fVc^ g epfXV ef^X^a[Y^t Xpfki Xg^m`^ ef^kdZ^ X
:paYVf^t.56 KV]^ gibV (^]m^gatXVcV cV 22,5% dh cVl^dcVacdhd WdYVhghXd cV
ef[ZXd[ccV :paYVf^t) ef[ZghVXatXVaV c[edg^acV h[\[gh ef^ fV]W^hVhV dh
Xd_cVhV ^`dcdb^`V, YVade^fVoV ^cjaVl^t ^ dhf^lVh[a[c hpfYdXg`^ WVaVcg.
Aghdf^thV cV f[eVfVl^^h[ ed-cVhVhp` [ ^ghdf^t cV WdfWV b[\Zi WpaYVfg`^-
h[ efVX^h[aghXV ^ E[\ZicVfdZcVhV `db^g^t (^ g dhZ[ac^h[ edaimVXVo^ f[-
eVfVl^^h[ ghfVc^) ^ VZVehVl^^ `pb f[Vacdhd edad\[c^[. :dfWVhV ]VXpfn^-
aV g jV`h^m[g`V dhbtcV cV ZpaYV (cV Xg^m`^ edW[Z[c^ Zpf\VX^) X kdZV cV
fV]fV]^aVhV g[ gX[hdXcV `f^]V, cd ef[Z^ hdXV ZV g[ dgpo[ghX^, f[eVfVl^^h[
W^a^ dYfdbcd eg^kdadY^m[g`d Wf[b[ ^ gepXVo fV]X^h^[hd jV`hdf.
;d_c^h[ W[a[\Vh XpfkV cV cVl^dcVac^h[ ig^a^t ]V dW[Z^c[c^[. Ggd-
W[c edZ[b ^ [chig^V]pb ef[Z^]X^`VaV :Va`Vcg`VhV Xd_cV (V ef[Z^ c[t –
JfpWg`d-WpaYVfg`VhV); hXpfZ[ f[]^Yc^fVcd W^ad bVgdXdhd dhcdn[c^[ `pb
53 ")*, "*, $. >ZcV hp\cV Z[g[hYdZ^nc^cV. Frd_g`^th b^f[c ZdYdXdf. J., 1935, g. 14.
54 *+*, $,$'. M^cVcgdX^h[ h[\[gh^ cV :paYVf^t ed ^]epac[c^[hd cV Frd_g`^t ZdYd-
Xdf. – Je^gVc^[ cV :paYVfg`dhd ^`dcdb^m[g`d Zfi\[ghXd, 26, 1925, 7 6–7, 2–23, dgdW. g. 5.
55
*'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[…, dgdW. g. 30, 46–106; dWdWo[c^h[ ZVcc^ cV
104–106. Fd adY^`VhV c[ [ gpXg[b tgcV. FV ZfiYd btghd X gpoVhV `c^YV VXhdfph edZkd\ZV `pb
ghd_cdgh hV cV Xd_c^h[ mf[] fV]c^h[ X^ZdX[ eaVoVc^t (g. 134). CVhd ltad hfiZcd bd\[ ZV g[
ef[l[c^ `df[`hcdgh hV cV ^]m^ga[c^thV. *'&*, .)2*. M^cVcgdXV eda^h^`V. K. 2. =paYd-
X[h[ cV :paYVf^t. ;VfcV, 1939, 43–45, 57–58.
56 Hd XpefdgV ]V f[eVfVl^^h[ X\. *'&*, .)2*. Hda^h^m[g`^h[ ZpaYdX[…, g. 118;
57
+-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[ efVX^h[aghXV…, 46–47.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 145
J., FVi`V ^ ^]`ighXd, 1992; "*, $",
"'$2&*. Mdfb^fVc[ cV dfYVc^]Vl^dccVhV g^gh[bV, efd-
YfVbVhV ^ hV`h^`VhV cV ;d[cc^t gps] (1918–1920 Y.). – A]X[gh^t cV :paYVfg`dhd ^ghdf^m[g`d
Zfi\[ghXd, h. 32, 1978, 173–203.
146 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
60 FVef^b[f X edf[Z^lVhV iXdZc^ ghVh^^ XpX X[ghc^`V cV ;d[cc^t gps] „FVfdZcV dhWfV-
cV“: 9fb^thV ^ eVfh^^h[. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1703, 15 sc^ 1934; =pf\VXVhV. – FVfdZcV
dhWfVcV, 7 1704, 22 sc^ 1934; =paYph c^ `pb Zpf\VXVhV – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1705, 29 sc^
1934; GWcdXVhV. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1706, 6 sa^ 1934; :fVc, cdXVhV XaVgh, eVfh^thV ^ cV-
fdZV. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1707, 13 sa^ 1934; 9fb^thV ^ iefVXa[c^[hd. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV,
7 1712, 17 VXY. 1934; *+*, . =pf\VXcVhV ^Z[t. – FVfdZcV dhWfVcV, 7 1752, 22 bV_ 1935.
;[m[ ga[Z ^]b[ghXVc[hd cV Xd[cc^h[ dh XaVgh hV g[ eiWa^`iXVh f[Z ghVh^^ XpX Xp]kXVaV cV bd-
cVfkV `Vhd XpfkdX[c YaVXcd`dbVcZXVo.
61 "3", $($.4,. Jedb[c^. J., <ih[cW[fY, 2004, 129–138.
62
=Vcc^ i .*$'*, ".4,, *(2$' *)*, 5!($' ".,*. :paYVfg`VhV Vfb^t…,
g. 382.
148 :SD<9IJCGKG G:R>JK;G KGE 1 P9JK HSI;9: =SI?9;9, HI9;G, HGDAKAC9
63
=Vcc^h[ i: +-*, 5!($'. =[_cdghhV cV WpaYVfg`^h[…, 66–68.
<D9;9 KI>K9. 9IEAU 149
385–386.
65 *.", )-.-. =[bdYfVjg`d-^ghdf^m[g`^…, g. 173; "*, $", "*, $. EdW^a^]V-
„nzokwr“ yzxkuov, txo|x yzjlr lqvxpow – r l{wx{| yx-{vr{uow – onrw yx-xkxkow r |r-
yrqrzj yxnxn. [| xkr|o r{|xzrr wjs-nxkzj (r {nzpjj zonrj yzoxowtr) vr {o {|z}-
lj zjkx|j|j wj -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj Numjzr, 1878–1944,
tx|x |}t o rzxtx rqyxuqljwj. \x x|nouwr|o lyzx{r yxuqljv vwxpo{|lx nz}mr jl|xzr.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 151
Qlo n}r wx{ovo wro, kumjzr|o, jtx vxpo |jtj nj {o tjpo: z}{x~rur
r z}{x~xkr onwxlzovowwx. W}u|}zwx r n}xlwx kurqtr zxnwrwr, yxur-
|ro{tr r xko{|lowx – yzx|rlwrr.9
|}zj. _x o yzxkow tjvt qj x|wxowro|x wjs-vjutx tv wtxutx woj – nzpjlwx{||j, „{ru-
wr xlot“, wjrxwjurqvj r x|wxowro|x tv ]}{r, zo{yot|rlwx ^lo|{tr {q, j x| |}t yx
zo~uot{ r tv }{|jwxlowr x| womx txv}wr{|ro{tr zoprv. ]ojkrur|jr|j wj ^|jvkxuxl o
x{xkowx {ruwj } +4AF96, A8D9=. ^|o~jw ^|jvkxuxl. O j{j wj Numjzr. ^., Rnov 21, 1995,
x{xk. {. 115, 118; Pxnrwr wj novxtzjr? ^., Rnov 21, 1992, x{xk. 89–99. ^|jvkxuxl {o rq|t-
lj tj|x mxuv nzpjlwrt r nxzr tj|x wjs-qwjrvr kumjz{tr nzpjlwrt, x|{|xlju |lznx
woqjlr{rvx{||j, {x tj|x zor|ouow vxnozwrqj|xz l zjqwr xkuj{|r; wj {lxs zon nrt|j|}zj-
|j {o xk{wlj (r xyzjlnjlj) { lwwr|o r l|zowr|o yzonrqlrtj|ou{|lj; txw{xurnjr|j wj
wjr|j r nzpjlj|j, rtxwxvro{tr| yzxmzo{ r nxzr novxtzjr|j l wjjux|x rqr{tljur
|lznj ztj r wj{ru{|lowr voztr, txo|x wo vxpoux nj {|jwo { „vo|j|ouwj yxo|rtj“.
11 )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, {. 95.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 155
a[]YU]MZR ZM \M]_UU_R
12
U{|xzrxmzj~r|j, {uonljstr {|zj{|r|o wj lzovo|x, o{|x yzon{|jl |xlj tj|x (wjs-o{-
|x x{nr|ouwx) jl{|zx~ru{|lx rur yx-xkx „wovrqv“ wj zxnxlx {lzqjwr { wov{tr {l|
aoznrwjwn. O{wx{| |x yzon{|jlulj wjlurqjwo r wj nz}mr „lourtr {rur“ l kumjz{tj|j yx-
ur|rtj, zoqozlrzjwj yzonr tj|x z}{tr yozrvo|z. [zrow|jr|j tv |oqr nzpjlr rqzjqlj
wo yzonj|ou{|lx wj wjrxwjuwr rw|ozo{, j |z{owo wj womxlx|x x{o{|lljwo l {q { nz}-
mr „lourtr {rur“ (zjqurwr x| ]}{r).
156 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
19
B96, BAKB. O|zoow yzomuon. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x rtxwxvro{tx nz}po{|lx,
4, 1900, K 10, 699–719, r|. wj 717–718; '4;4EB6, !<@B. `urr, xzj, {kr|r, 179–180;
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr xkrw{tr {lo|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911,
K 3, 367–379, x{xk. {. 376.
20 Op. qj |oqr jzjt|ozr{|rtr wj yjz|rr|o r |owr|o lxnjr l wjjux|x wj bb l. '4J4DB6,
tzjr. ^., 1905. Zomxlj|j rw|ozyzo|jr yxrlj lz} {xrjuwr, rtxwxvro{tr, vr{uxlwx-
{lo|xmuonwr r lqzj{|xlr nrx|xvrr.
24 9DB6, (N59A, #4> *4F4A. U{|xzr wj rtxwxvro{tj|j vr{u l Numjzr. _. 1. ^.,
{jwj { y{olnxwrvj Faith) – Xo|xyr{r, 1, 1900, K 8, 145–147. ^yxzon jl|xzj yzr wozjqlr|r xk-
o{|lowr mz}yr (}yjnt wj {|jzr|o qjwj|rr, wolopj {ou{tj vj{j) yjz|rr|o {j r{|x urwr r
mz}yxlr; |o {o {|zov| nj nxlonj| wj luj{| urwx{|r r mz}yr x| xzj xtxux | r yzon{|jlu-
lj| {jvx |o{wr urwr, j{|wr rw|ozo{r, j rvowwx qj yzozjwj r qjkxmj|ljwo. Op. {x )4-
AB?B6, %6. O|zoow yzomuon. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x rtxwxvro{tx nz}po{|lx, 5, 1901,
K 6–7, 431–442, x{xk. 439–440; )46DB8<96, -F. \xur|ro{tr|o yjz|rr r txjurrr|o. – Qo-
vxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 5, 1907, K 10, 1005–1018, x{xk. 1014–1018; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko-
{|lowj {xurnjzwx{|. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 14, 1921, K 9, 665–701, x{xk. 681–688.
28 )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r, {. 113; Tjx wjr|o yjz|rr… Ol lzqtj
{{ {ruwx urwx{|wr jzjt|oz wj kjutjw{tr|o yjz|rr _zjw ^|xwxlr mxlxzr qj „krx|rwx
x|wxowro vopn} urnoz r yjz|r, |jtj o {{ {vz| |j wj lxnjj o{|x {o rqm}klju r zoqxw|
qj {o{|l}ljwo wj yjz|r|j. Stoianovich, Traian. Social Foundations of Balkan Politics,
162 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
1750–1941. – In: Jelavich, Charles and Barbara (eds.) The Balkans in Transition. Hemden, CT:
Archon Books, 297–345, esp. 318.
29
)<I4=?B6, %64A. \{rxuxmr wj…, 118–119. O |xqr {vr{u (yzoq 1906 m.) r 04D<;4AB6,
%6. \zrwx{ tv jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j…, {. 274. cr|rzjv: „U tjtlx yzon{|jlulj x| {oko {r ku-
mjz{tr| yxur|ro{tr „o~“? `lr, l{rtx r… wrx. _xs o n}j|j r {zo|x wj uj|j yxur-
|ro{tj mz}yj, ~xt}{|, x| txs|x l{oux {o wjyzjlulj nzpjlwj|j r xyxqrrxwwj
no|ouwx{|. Zx rvowwx yx |j yzrrwj „o~|“ o wrx. _xs {o rnow|r~rrzj { yjz|r|j; |
o womxl rw{|z}vow|, wjvo{|x nj kno xkzj|wx|x. _jtj, wjvo{|x nj rvjvo {ruwr yjz|rswr
xzmjwrqjrr, |o x{|jlj| nj qjlr{| {jvx x| {u}jswr {r o~: |o {o yxwrpjlj| nx {ruj|j r
{yx{xkwx{|r|o wj onrw xlot.“
30
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Wxwmzo{| wj novxtzj|r|o. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1911,
K 4, 539–551, r|. wj {. 540; [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r…, 484–485.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 163
31
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} urwr zoprv } wj{, 1182–1190.
32\xlj|j wj |jtrlj yjz|rr r {|zovop| rv tv xzmjwrqjr r {{|jlwo wj yuj|~xzvr
qj jmr|jr {o x|kouqlj x| 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r…
483–484 ; Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr…, 375–376; \x{uonwr|o rqkxzr qj xtzpwr {lo|wrr. – Qovx-
tzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 10, 1911, K 2, 227–240, x{xk. 228–229, 238. Tj yjz|rswr|o yzxmzjvr lp.
\zxmzjvr, yzxmzjvwr nxt}vow|r…
164 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
33
Tj yzxyjmjwnj {zon „yzxrqlxnr|o {uxolo“ lp. -4>M;B6, 3A>B. _zolxmj qj yzrqzjr.
(Zjo|x x|{|ywro{|lx rur |wx|x wonxvr{uro). ^., axwnjr „iwtx ^jtqxl“, 1991 (yz-
lx rqnjwro x| 1903 m.), x{xk. 75–86. \x yxlxn {rwnrtjuwx|x nlrpowro r zjkx|wro{tx|x qjtx-
wxnj|ou{|lx lp. rzxtr {xrjur{| 3AG?B6, %?<O (yxn y{olnxwrv %?<O %E>DB6). Qlo muonr-
j yx zjkx|wro{tx|x qjtxwxnj|ou{|lx. – Zxlx xko{|lx, 1, 1906, K 4, 348–354; K 5, 443–
450; Oqmuonr|o wj rzxtr|o {xrjur{|r yx {rwnrtjuwx|x nlrpowro. – Zxlx xko{|lx, 1,
1906, K 1, 722–732. U{|xzr|j wj kumjz{tr {xrjurqv x| |o{wtj (lqyzro|j x| txv}wr-
{|r|o) muonwj |xtj o yzon{|jlowj x| ?47B96, !<@<FMD. \zrwx{ tv r{|xzr|j wj {xrjurq-
vj } wj{. – Ol: !<@<FMD ?47B96. Uqkzjwr r{|xzro{tr yzxrqlonowr. _. 1. ^{|. )4D<O 9-
?964. ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1985 (yzlx rqnjwro x| 1906 m.), 181–556; \zx|rl zolrqrxwrqvj
({kxzwrt). ^., \jz|rqnj|, 1973; U{|xzr wj NW\. ^., 1984.
34 ?4=>B6, .B8BD. ]jqoyuowro|x wj ^xrjunovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr
37
O |xlj x|wxowro rqlo{|wx yzjlx rvj ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl, tj|x yx{xlj zxu|j wj qovo-
nour|o qj x|}pnjljwo wj wjzxnj x| nzpjlj|j. Op. 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \xur|ro{tx koqlo-
zro. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 13, 1920, K 2, 97–111, x{xk. 104–111. O nos{|lr|ouwx{| {|j-
lj n}vj qj vxkrurqrzjwo wj wjurwx wonxlxu{|lx.
38
Op. {|j|rr|o wj ^|jvkxurs{tr l yxuqj wj zoy}kurtjw{tx }zjluowro x| 1911–1912 m. r
yx-t{wj|j zjkx|j „Ouj{|, koqluj{|ro, wjzxnxluj{|ro“ (yr{jwj l qj|lxzj r rqnjnowj yzoq 1919
m.) l: -F4@5B?<=E><, ?9>E4A8MD. Uqkzjwr yzxrqlonowr. ^., NTZ^, 1979, 127–136, 176–177.
39 Tj xkzjq}ljwo|x wj ]jnrtjuwj|j yjz|r r woswr rnoow xkurt r zjqurr x| nz}mr yjz-
|rr lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Wzrqj l yjz|r|j wj novxtzj|r|o r xkzjq}ljwo wj wxlj|j ]jnrtjuwx-
novxtzj|ro{tj yjz|r. – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 377–400 (yr{jwx yzoq 1928 m.);
Unoju| wj {xrjur{|r|o r rnoju| wj zjnrtjuwj|j novxtzjr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon,
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 167
XUdZUi_ ]RSUY
13, 1920, K 3, 218–227; ^u}jswr kouoptr (yx yxlxn {|j|r|j wj Pzrmxz Oj{ruol l „Zxlx
xko{|lx“). – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 4, 1906, K 5, 568–579, x{xk. 574–577; Tjx wo {|jwj
{xrjur{|? – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6. ^rwowr, |. 5, 419–433 (y}kurt}ljwx yzoq 1920 m.);
<8<>B6, -F9H4A. ]jnrtjuwxnovxtzj|ro{tj|j yjz|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 3, 1905,
K 14–15, 309–313; Nxzkj wj nlj ~zxw|j. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 4, 1906, K 6–7, 696–710;
'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|lowj {xurnjzwx{|…, 684–687; )<L4=>B6, !<@<FMD. ]jnrtjurqv
r {xrjurqv. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 6, 1908, K 1, 1–12.
40 Rnwj wo {l{ov nxkzxwjvozowj tzr|rtj wj zjnrtjur|o (o yjzjnrzjur { rnoswj r{|x|j,
wx yzrovjur { mx|xlwx{| l{tx yzonuxpowro qj }j{|ro ll luj{||j) }: $?4F96, %64A. [konr-
wowro r xkwxluowro wj yjz|rr|o. ^., 1922, 4–6.
41
Zjs-nxkzr|o jwjurqr r tzr|rtr wj urwr zoprv wj aoznrwjwn l rvo|x wj yjzujvow-
|jzrqrzjwo r x|mxlxzwr tjkrwo|r {j wj zjnrtjur|o _xnxz Oujstxl, ^|xw Wx{|}ztxl, Uur Po-
xzmxl, ^|o~jw Wrzxl r nz. Op. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. ^u}jswr kouoptr. Oz} zjqlr|ro|x wj ur-
wr zoprv } wj{. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 6, 718–741; K 7, 839–856; K 8,
978–995; K 9, 1103–1120; K 10, 1174–1197; Oz} urwr zoprv } wj{…; \jzujvow|j-
zrqv|, urwr| zoprv r {|jzr|o novxtzj|r. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 2, 1903–1904, K 11,
262–264. Op. {{ {xnwr rqlxnr {x: 9BD7B6, %?<O. \zr tjtlr }{uxlr wjr| yjzujvow|
kr vxmu nj rqyuwlj {lxr|o qjnjr? – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 1, 1902–1903, K 15–16,
289–290; \zx|rlxtxw{|r|}rxwwj|j zxu, tx|x twq| rmzjo l }yzjluowro|x, r lzonj|j, tx-
|x {o yzjlr { |xlj wj xko{|lowx|x zjqlrljwo wj wjzxnj wr. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 2,
1903–1904, K 1, 1–2; '<DB6, -F9H4A. \jzujvow|jzow zoprv…; Yrwr{|zr|o {o wjqwjjlj| r
}lxuwlj| x| twqj (uow 152 wj Wxw{|r|}r|j). – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 8, 1910, K 6,
647–671; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. [ko{|low yzomuon. Zjzxnwj|j yjz|r r urwr|…
168 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
UTN[]U
46
Tj x{xkowr|o }{uxlr yzoq wjjuwr yozrxn lp. ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} urwr zo-
prv…, 1180–1182. ^lxkxnj|j x| wjvo{j wj luj{| |j wo xqwjjljuj wtjtl yx-nxkz zon rur
ury{j wj ~jur~rtjrr (x| xyxqrr|j), x{xkowx yzr |oqr wjjuwr rqkxzr. Zjurwr|o njwwr
qj yzlr|o wtxutx rqkxzj (x| 1879, x| 1880 r x| 1884 m.) {j jwjurqrzjwr r txvow|rzjwr x|
-4D4HB6, ). Zjr|o uomr{uj|rlwr rqkxzr. – \ozrxnro{tx {yr{jwro wj Numjz{tx|x twrpxl-
wx nz}po{|lx, 1885, K 16, 28–59. Oyoj|uowro yzjlr wr{tr| yzxow| muj{}ljur rqkrzj|our.
\zoq 1879 r yzoq 1880 m. }j{|ljur 32% x| rqkrzj|our|o ({{ {ruwr {vwowr qj koqtxw|zxu-
wx y}{tjwo wj kuo|rwr); yzoq 1884 m. muj{}ljur 28,9% x| rqkrzj|our|o (j mxuv yzxow| rq-
krzj|our yzx{|x wo krur lyr{jwr l rqkrzj|ouwr|o {yr{r r |jtj wo krur nxy}{wj|r nx }j{-
|ro l rqkxzr|o).
47 [yr{jwro wj rqkxzr|o x| 1886 r 1887 m. }: B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…,
Zotj {o yx|xyrv xo l j|vx{~ozj|j wj |xlj lzovo. R|x tjt onrw zr{|,
{yorjur{| yx yzxkuovj|rtj|j wj rqkxzwj|j yzo{|ywx{|, jzjt|ozrqrzj
(yzoq 1902 m.) ~xzvrzjwr|o { lzovo|x } {jvr|o rqkrzj|our yzon{|jlr qj
rqkxzr:
48
%D9K9>, 'BAEF4AF<A. Wwpo{|lx Numjzr, {. 358. Ztno wo{lrtwjur|o { rqkxzr rq-
krzj|our jtjur nj rv {xk| txmx nj rqkozj|. Op. D9>B6, )<I4<?. ^yxvowr. _. 2 (Wjt wro
x{lxkxpnjljvo Numjzr). ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1990, 139–140.
49 B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 3, 117–134, r|. wj {. 119.
172 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
50
Tj l{rtx |xlj }: B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 4, 165–183,
x{xk. 169–175; Tj yzxloztj|j wj rqkxzr|o yzon xtzpwr|o {nrurj. – ^yr{jwro wj Numjz-
{tx|x zrnro{tx nz}po{|lx l ^x~r, 1, 1901–1902, K 4, 176–183; '<D>B6, '. Oz} rqkr-
zj|ouwr|o {yr{r. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 17, 1909, K 1, 30–35; )<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz-
{tj|j txw{|r|}r, 132–133; DMA9>B6, *. ]o~xzvrzjwo wj kumjz{tr rqkrzj|ouow qjtxw. –
hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 9, 1901, K 4, 217–226; )<A>B6, 0D. \x uow 116 x| Uqkrzj|ouwr qjtxw.
– ^yr{jwro wj hzrnro{tx|x nz}po{|lx l ^x~r, 7, 1907–1908, K 6–7, 299–300; 9BD7<96,
%6. Zoxkxnrvr rqvowowr l rqkrzj|ouwr qjtxw. – ^yr{jwro wj hzrnro{tx|x nz}po{|lx l
^x~r, 5, 1905–1906, K 3, 119–121.
51 B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902, K 5, 224–225.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 173
52
\jt |jv, {. 226. Qj r|rzjvo: „Zjyzx|rl, rvj onwr xyr|wr krlr yxuros{tr yzr{|jlr,
{|zjpjzr, jmow|r, wjjuwrr, yj jtx o|o r noy}|j|r, txr|x, vjtjz r nj {j l xyxqrr, wx tj-
|x qjkouopj|, o yxurr|j yryj ju|jlx r wolox, o {r }{|zx| jstj, qj nj lzj| xw}s,
txo|x |o {j lzrur yx-zjwx yxn omrnj|j wj luj{||j.“
53 \x-wj|j|t |o {j xyr{jwr yx B74;?<, !. \zo{|yuowr|j yx rqkxzr|o…, 10, 1902,
54
Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI xkrtwxlowx wjzxnwx {kzjwro qj njljwo yxn
{n vrwr{|zr|o x| tjkrwo|j wj _. Uljwxlj. ^., 1901, 139–175 r|. wj 169–170.
55
Wxw{|j|jr|j qj rqoqljwo wj mz}kr|o yxlj|r, wj{rur r yxkxrj yx rqkxzr|o }:
?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} vxzjuj l yjz|rr|o r yxur|ro{tr prlx| } wj{. – Ol: .B8BD ?4=>B6.
^rwowr, |. 5, 434–468 (y}kurt}ljwx yzoq 1921 m.), x{xk. 459–460; 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA.
Uqkxzr|o qj {ou{tr…, 378–379; !:<8DB6, +9FMD. \jz|rr r yjz|rqjw{|lx. – Mzrl qj {|xyjw-
{tj r {xrjuwj yxur|rtj, 2, 1926, K 4, 339–347, x{xk. 341–342; /489AI9IF, &BE<H. O|zoow
yxur|ro{tr yzomuon. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 7, 1909, K 1, 81–87, x{xk. {. 84. Wjt|x rq-
|tlj jl|xz|, xzmjwr|o wj luj{| |j {o yzolzj| l jmow|r wj yjz|r|j l rqkxzwj|j kxzkj.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 175
wj kumjz{tr…, 223–225.
176 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
60
)<?N>B6, +469?. Numjz{tj|j txw{|r|}r…, 127–128.
61)4AB?B64, )4D<O. \jzujvow|jzwx|x }yzjluowro…, 144–148. \xqr|rlwr x|ql}r x|
{lzovowwrr: 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. \x{uonwr|o qjtxwxnj|ouwr…, {. 914; Rnwj ljpwj zo~xz-
vj. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 10, 1911, K 3, 399–412, x{xk. 401–407; B5K96, %?<O. ^zjq-
vozwx rqkrzjwo r qjnupr|ouwx muj{xyxnjljwo. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon, 20, 1912, K 2, 84–91;
A79?B6, . O{oxkx muj{xyxnjljwo r yzxyxzrxwjuwx yzon{|jlr|ou{|lx. – hzrnro{tr
yzomuon, 18, 1910, K 10, 660–173; (4@5D96, *. Uqkxzwj|j zo~xzvj. – hzrnro{tr yzomuon,
17, 1909, K 1, 53–63. Tj wtxr x{xkowx{|r wj yzxyxzrxwjuwj|j r vjpxzr|jzwj|j rqkrzj|ou-
wr {r{|ovj lp. -F4=AB6, +9F>B. Wxvyo|ow|wx{| r wjzxnxluj{|ro…, 70–75.
62 !:<8DB6, +9FMD. \zxvwj wj }yzjlr|ouwj|j {r{|ovj. – Mzrl qj {|xyjw{tj r {xrju-
O onwj {lx {|j|r (x| yx-t{wx r wo |xutxlj mz}kx lzovo) _xnxz Oujs-
txl rqkzxlj zjqwr|o yzxlr wj yxur|ro{tx yjz|rqjw{|lx, no~rwrzjwx
63
<8<>B6, -F9H4A. O|zoow yzomuon. – Qovxtzj|ro{tr yzomuon, 3, 1905, K 7, 162–
165, r|. wj {. 163.
64 )<I4=?B6, %64A. \{rxuxmr wj kumjz{tr|o…, 129–130, yxnxkow {vr{u wj {. 120.
178 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
67
4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x lzovo. ^., Uqnj|ou{|lx wj [a, 1983, {. 182.
]jqwr wjrwr wj xkxmj|ljwo {j njnowr }: ?4=>B6, .B8BD. Oz} vxzjuj l yjz|rr|o…,
456–458.
68
'4;4EB6, !<@B. `urr, xzj, {kr|r, {. 42.
180 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
69
'4CK96, 9BD7<. Qoux|x „ejzu–Sjw“; lp. qj |jqr r nz}mr j~ozr wj Yrjru ^jlxl r
]jx \o|zxl r {yxvowr|o wj 4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x…, 144–150, 155–160;
9BD7<96, 9BD7<. ^x~r r {x~rwr, 1878–1944. ^., Zj}tj r rqt}{|lx, 1983, 343–344.
70 Qxtujn nx XIV…, 3–5.
71 \jt |jv, 6–9, 53.
72 \jt |jv, 20–22.
73 \jt |jv, 22–24; Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 323–329.
74 Qxtujn nx XIV, {. 24.
75
\jt |jv, {. 25.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 181
76
Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 337–340.
77 Qxtujn nx bIV…, 28–30, 49–50; Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 321–
323, 340–346.
78 Qxtujn nx bIV…, 30–37.
79 \jt |jv, 37–48.
80
\jt |jv, 29–31, 63.
81 Qxtujn wj \jzujvow|jzwj|j txvr{r nx bI…, 294–305 (wjr{|rwj l {u}j wo {o mxlx-
zr qj urwx xkujmxno|ou{|ljwo).
82
4AK96, !B5D<. ^yxvowr qj twpo{tx|x…, 181–183.
83 Qxtujn nx bIV…, {. 44. Op. r 'BEFGD>B6, -FBOA. Qoux|x wj krlr|o vrwr{|zr l
85
Tj xmzjwrowr|j r jzjt|ozr{|rtj|j wj lwwj|j yxur|rtj wj vjutr nzpjlr lp.
Roberts, Henry. Politics in a Small State: The Balkan Example. – In: The Balkans in Transition.
Jelavich, Charles and Barbara (eds.). Hemden, CT, Archon, 1974, 376–395.
86
14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo, {. 283.
184 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
87
'4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prlwj…, 74–75.
88
DMAK4DB6, -FB=KB. Numjzr 1878–1918. U{|xzro{tj {nkj r wjrxwjuwj yjvo|. –
Yrwjux, 1, 1994, K 2, 77–86, x{xk. 77–81.
89
Op. |zoqlr|o lwwxyxur|ro{tr jwjurqr wj '4J4DB6, 'BAEF4AF<A. 60 mxnrwr prl-
wj…, 40–49, 96–153. Oz} |xlj l yx-nzjvj|row r ovxrxwjuow yujw zjq{pnjlj r yxur|r-
t| x| „|zo|x|x yxtxuowro“ (rququx wj {owj|j yzoq 30-|o mxnrwr wj bb l.), yx-t{wx ovrm-
zjw| +BCB6, -F9H4A. _zrwjno{o| kumjz{tr lotj. – Ol: -F9H4A +BCB6. Numjz{tj|j rno.
Ywow, 1981, 91–130, x{xk. {. 117. ^x 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8MD. Numjzr l k}zwx lzovo…,
44–54, 90–102. ^yxzon cjwtxl z}{tj|j yxur|rtj xtxux Njutjw{tr {q kruj yxloo yzx-
{zk{tj, j wo yzxkumjz{tj.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 185
90
^|xsx Pzwjzxl xkzj lwrvjwro wj yzonljzr|ouwj|j xyzonouowx{| wj kumjz{tj|j
wjrxwjuwj rno qj zjqurtj x| mltjlx{| |j wj wjrxwjuwr|o yzxmzjvr wj {{onwr|o nzpjlr,
txo|x urjljux kumjz{tj|j nryuxvjr x| vjwolzowx yzx{|zjw{|lx. Op. DMAK4DB6,
-FB=KB. Numjzr 1878–1918…, 79–80.
91
Op. x{xkowx -<?OAB6, 0D<EFB. [{lxkxnr|ouwr|o kxzkr l Yjtonxwr. _. 1–2. ^., Zj}tj
r rqt}{|lx, 1983 (yzlx rqnjwro yzoq 1933 m., j l|xzx – yzoq 1943 m.).
186 NgXPM]^W[_[ [NfR^_O[. _[Y 1 dM^_ \g]OM: Qg]SMOM, \]MO[, \[XU_UWM
92
-<?OAB6, 0D<EFB. [{lxkxnr|ouwr|o kxzkr…, |. 2, {. 517.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 187
O[VZU_R
94 Op. yxnzxkwx qj lxswr|o )4D>B6, 9BD7<. Numjzr r Njutjw{tr| {q {zo} [{vjw-
{tj|j rvyozr, 1912–1913. ^., 1989; Pxuvj|j lxswj r kumjz{tr| tu qj olzxyos{tr
yxmzok, 1914–1918. ^., 1995; %?K96, %64A. Numjzr r Mw|jw|j|j yzoq \zlj|j {lo|xlwj lxs-
wj. ^., 1990. \x-{kr|x rquxpowro }: -F4F9?B64, "?9A4, -FB=KB DMAK4DB6. U{|xzr wj wxlj
Numjzr…, 246–340.
PXMOM dR_Og]_M. \[XU_UdR^WM ^U^_RYM U \[XU_UWM 189
98
_jqr vr{u {o {zoj } onrw yx-{|jz jl|xz: $?4F96, %64A. [konrwowro r xkwxluowro wj
yjz|rr|o. ^., 1922, 37–38. ^yxzon womx NTZ^ „yx{u}pru tj|x mzvxx|lxn“ wj zolxurxwwj-
|j luwj, tx|x {o „zjquuj“ {zon nz}mr|o yxkonowr wjzxnr; jtx wo kru NTZ^, l{rtr k}w|}-
ljr {o our nj x|rnj| yzr txv}wr{|r|o r |xmjlj mzjpnjw{tj|j lxswj kr kruj vwxmx
lqvxpwj.
99 _xlj yzonrv{|lx l woj{|ro|x wj tj|j{|zx~j|j o {yxvowj|x x| ^|xsx Pzwjzxl { yx-
[PQSWe] XK LRX\
6 Bell, John. Alexander Stamboliiski and the Theory and Prhctice of Agrarianism in Bulgaria.
– In: Bulgaria. Past and Present. Thomas Butler (ed.). Columbus, Ohio, American Association for
the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 1976, 78–90, esp. 86.
7
Crampton, Richard . Modernization: Conscious, Unconscious and Irrational. – In: Industria-
lisierung und gesellschaftlicher Wandel in Südostreuropa. Ronald Schoenfeld (ed.). München,
Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1989, 125–134, esp. 128–129. Yixhzmu wxptmx oh ypsuv umkhzpjuh
v~murh uh omtmlmsyrvzv {wxhjsmupm rhzv huzpkxhlyrv, huzptvlmxuv p wx. {: Rothschild,
Joseph . East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. Seattle and London, University of
Washington Press, 1974, 334–339, 341. ]vop hjzvx }hxhrzmxpopxh omtmlmsyrp
xmnpt rhzv vy-
uvjhu uh mkhspzhxuh ymsyrh plmvsvkp
p wvzp pxh~pvuhsuh vtxhoh rt kxhlvjmzm, poxho uh
ymsyrv umlvjvsyzjv; xmnptz pths „yzhzpuh p pxh~pvuhsuh jpop
oh vimyzjvzv“, wxvrhxjh-
uh xmo kx{ip
uyzjv p lmthkvkp
.
8 ]vjh ym wxpouhjh uhwxptmx vz mlpu vz wxjpzm omtmlmsyrp jvlhp Optpzx Oxhkpmj:
„Xpm um i
}tm kvzvjp oh jshyzzh, upm i
kh}tm vz jshyzzh, uv jshyz zh up uhyzpkuh p up joyml-
uh.“ apz. wv ";CD8G@>, +>K6>A. S j ytxz zh yh npjp. \., 1947, y. 41.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 197
9
Vvkprhzh m zhop: hrv rvt{upyzpmyrvzv rxhquvs
jv yt
zh ymim yp oh „uhq-lmtvrxhzp-
uv“, zv smjp
z omtmlmsyrp xmnpt yzvp uhq-ispov lv umkv. \htv m z{r ym ivxhjp y wxmjxhzuv
xhoipxhum oh lmtvrxhzpuvyz; yhtvzv „uhxvlvjshyzpm“, xhoipxhuv rhzv smkpzptuv poixhuh vz
tuvopuyzjvzv poipxhzmsp jshyz, smyuv tvnm lh ym wxmjxum j lprzhz{xh, rvkhzv ym wxmumixmk-
uhz wxhjhzh uh ths~puyzjvzv, vzyship ym jx}vjmuyzjvzv uh wxhjvzv p ym uhrxu
z rvxwvxh-
zpjup p lx{kp hjzvuvtuvyzp p z. u. Zxptmxp oh ypsuv wvsvnpzmsuv wxmlyzhj
um uh omtmlms~p-
zm j rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxpvkxh|p
yh -;HFD86, #>B>HF>C6. Lskhxyrp
z omtmlmsyrp uh-
xvlmu yo, 1899–1944. \., _vulh~p
„Omzmspuh“, 1999; .6:IAD8, /H;J6C. ^wxhjsmupmzv uh
LRX\ p iskhxyrhzh i{xnvhop
. \., LRX\, 1981, vyvi. 201–222. Kjzvxz xhoksmnlh j umkhzp-
jmu wshu l
yuvzv zmmupm vrvsv Whxrv ]{xshrvj, U. ]vtvj, `x. Whuvsvj p lx., lvrhzv rxhquv-
s
jvzv – oh „ymsyrh lprzhz{xh“, poksmnlh imowxvismtuv. Uhzv ~
sv rvt{upyzpmyrhzh pyzvxp-
vkxh|p
m zx
ijhsv lh potpum pojmyzmu wz vz uhhsup
umkhzpjpot rt omtmlms~pzm lv z
}-
uvzv wxpouhjhum p lvxp jojmsphjhum.
10 Rh zhqup
Uvtpzmz oh ymsyrh lprzhz{xh (Ux{t Zvwvj, Optpzx Umthsvj p lx.) p yolh-
Mj: Lskhxp
1300. Suyzpz{~pp p lxnhjuh zxhlp~p
, z. 1. 1981, 291–317, vyvi. y. 298. ^yzh-
uvj
jhumzv uh xmw{isprh ym wxmlshkhsv vz LRX\, L[\OZ p [hlprhsuhzh whxzp
(yv vz
LUZ) wxmo 1918–1920 k., uv wvysm ipsv povyzhjmuv wvxhlp ywxvzpjhzh uh zxhlp~pvuupzm
i{xnvhoup whxzpp p umvlvixmupmzv uh \kshmupmzv.
13
Ox{k jwxvy m, m ysml wxmjxhzh MW[Y ym vzsphjh y xmwxmypp uhl omtmlmsyrp lmq~p,
jrspzmsuv nmyzvrvzv {ipqyzjv uh \zhtivspqyrp.
14
Mn. thxzpxvsvkp
zh uh omtmlmsyrpzm jvlhp p jplup lmq~p {: ";CD8G@>, +>K6>A. S j
ytxz zh yh npjp…
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 199
umkvjpzm vyvimuvyzp j Lskhxp
. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 24, 1968, I 6, 50–63; ,6H6C, %6@.
`hxhrzmx, yuvyz p kshjup mzhwp j xhojpzpmzv uh iskhxyrp
|hpot. – Syzvxpmyrp wxm-
ksml, 22, 1966, I 6, 84–96. Mym whr oh zvop hjzvx {wxhjsmupmzv uh Xhxvlup
isvr m „ymxpvomu
wxvipj“ jj |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, h wv wxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh W{xhjpmj „tvnm lh ym xhopyrjh“.
\v )DGHD8, -. ^yzhuvj
jhum p }hxhrzmx uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh j Lskhxp
. – Syzvxpm-
yrp wxmksml, 23, 1967, I 2, 97–102. Yyvimuv rxhquh m +>A@D86, 16C>. Lskhxyrhzh i{xnvho-
uh lxnhjh wxmo wmxpvlh uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, 1923–1944. \., Mvmuuv polhzmsyzjv, 1987,
vyvi. 17–18, 36, 69–73, 98–107, 138–139. \wvxml um
lvxp Xhxvlup
z isvr m wvjmm wxpjpluh
lmtvrxhzpoh~p
p um yihx
p lvxp um wxmryjh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh.
200 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
17
]{r tvkh yhtv lh poixv
hjzvxpzm, {hyzjhsp j ywvxh uh xhoup mzhwp, uv um p zm}up
rvu-
rxmzmu wxpuvy, rvmzv m zmth oh ywm~phsuv poysmljhum. ]vjh yh: ";CM;8, ,>@DA6?. X{nup yh ym-
xpvoup poysmljhup
oh |hpoth j Lskhxp
. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml 1968, I 4, 88–92; +>9;8,
!A6:>B>F. Rh wmxpvlpzm uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh vz 1934 lv 1944 k. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml,
23, 1967, I 2, 98–100; #>B>HFD8, 'AMD. Zvysmluvzv wxhjpzmsyzjv uh i{xnvhouh Lskhxp
. –
Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 20, 1964, I 5, 3–33; X
rvp yjvmvixhop
j xhojpzpmzv uh |hpoth j
Lskhxp
. – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 24, 1968, I 1, 95–97. Zv-uhzhzr (p wv-ryuv) ysmljhz:
+>9;8, !A6:>B>F. ^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh, 1934–1936. \., 1972; #>-
B>HFD8, 'AMD. Lskhxyrhzh lmtvrxhzpuh vimyzjmuvyz, |hpotz p jvquhzh. \., 1976;
";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth…, 291–317; +>9;8, !A6:>B>F. [m~mu-
op
uh [. Z. Nxppuh. Mvoupruvjmupm |hpoth j Lvskhxpp, 1919–1925. – Syzvxpmyrp wxm-
ksml, 34, 1978, I 1, 103–108. Ym wv-ryuv: .6:IAD8, /H;J6C. Yyuvjup zmulmu~pp j iskhx-
yrp
|hpot. – Sojmyzp
uh Suyzpz{zh oh pyzvxp
uh LUZ, z. 63, 1989, 5–64; 6?@D8, 6?@D.
Zvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth uh i{xnvhouvzv vimyzjv j Lskhxp
j wxv~myh uh umquhzh |hpoh-
~p
(1934–1939 k.). – Syzvxpmyrp wxmksml, 43, 1987, I 6, 11–25. Mn. p ,;:;8, ,;:Q. Zxmry-
uhzvyz psp umwxmryuhzvyz uh |hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh j Lskhxp
(1923–1944). – Syzvxpmyrp
wxmksml, 45, 1989, I 8, 76–83.
18 M ywvxh uh jymrp mzhw pth „lvkthzp~p“, wvljmnlhp wvjmm wxhjpzmsyzjh p |muvtmup
zh…, 14–15.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 203
22
Mn. ywm~phsuh yzhzp
oh wxmjxhzpzm j tmnl{jvmuuhzh iskhxyrh pyzvxp
vz 0DB6N;8-
G@>, (;<>. Rhkvjvxpzm j wvspzpmyrp
npjvz uh Lskhxp
wxmo `` jmr. – Mj: Lskhxp
1300. Suyzpz{~pp p lxnhjuh zxhlp~p
. ]. 3. \., 1983, 153–163. Suzmxmyup yh vivimup
zh
uh hjzvxh, m oh {wxhjs
jhpzm wxmjxhzz ips wxpouhzh |vxth uh wvspzpmyrh lmquvyz; wvl-
kvzvjrhzh uh wxmjxhzpzm ipsh vzuvypzmsuv zhquh, uv tsjhzh ym uvymsh po wvspzpmyrp
yj
z
uh \v|p
; ohkvjvxup~pzm ym yzxmtmsp lh yp vypk{x
z wvlrxmwhzh uh ~hx
p wx.
23 Rh um{yzvqpjvyz zh uh whxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p
(rvuyzpz{~pvuuv-whxshtmuzhxup
between the Wars. –In: Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society. Samuel Huntington and Clement
Moore (eds.). New York, London, 1970, 204–235, esp. 233.
25
Mn. vyvimuv \zvqv Nxuhxvj j: /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp
uh
uvjh Lskhxp
…, 400–636, vyvi. 377–379, 478–480, 493–496, 520, 525–527, 567–569; +>9;8,
!A6:>B>F. Zvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth uh Lskhxp
…; -DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Kjzvxpzhxpot –
|hpot…; ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth…; 38;H@D8, -A6B;C,
,>@DA6? -DEE;HFD8. Ut zpwvsvkp
zh uh wvspzpmyrvzv xhojpzpm… .
26 "F>N>C6, .>H6. Mvoupruvjmupm |hpoth…, vyvi. 140–148, 180, 186–189. \v j }{-
28
Slmquhzh imowzp~h p wvspzpmyrvzv xhosvnmupm wxp zvjh {wxhjsmupm yh vwpyhup vz
lmyup lmq~p, rhzv: -DED8, /H;J6C. Lmoyup~p. \., Vmzvwpyp,1992, 17–108; ,>@DA6;8, ,>@D-
A6?. _xhktmuzp vz tmtvhxp. \., 1994. Kjzvxz ips jpy puvjupr p tpupyzx j ~hxyrp rhip-
umzp. Mn. yv mlpu vz hjzvxpzm uh wxmjxhzh: )6=6GD8, #>BD. Mpl
uv p wxmnpj
uv…,
454–486. \v tmtvhxpzm uh )6L6FD8, )DCGH6CH>C. 60 kvlpup npj
uh…, 413–432, 449–451
(z{r ~pz. oh „imoplmquv, umrhlxuv p lxmiuhjv {wxhjsmupm“ uh y. 449); -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wv-
tmup, 45–56. Kjzvxz ips tpupyzx uh wxhjvylpmzv j imowhxzpquv wxhjpzmsyzjv.
29
Rh Omjmzuhqymzvthqyrp
wxmjxhz p mjvs~p
zh uh xmnpth jn. yv +>9;8, !A6:>B>F.
^zjxnlhjhum uh tvuhx}v|hpyzrhzh lprzhz{xh…, vyvi. 14–23, 47–56, 178–180; #>B>HFD8,
'AMD. Lskhxyrhzh lmtvrxhzpuh vimyzjmuvyz… Uhzv vyzhjpt uhyzxhuh pojmyzuh wxml{im-
lmuvyz wv spup
uh |hpoth (wv-ypsuh { jzvxp
hjzvx), z{r ym ylxnhz tuvnmyzjv |hrzpm-
yrp wxpuvyp, h wxp Mshlptpx Wpkmj – p xmlp~h zmvxmzpup tvtmuzp.
208 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
30
Mn. huhspoh uh thup|myzh {: -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wvtmup, 66–67.
31
Mn. p ypsuv zmulmu~pvouvzv posvnmupm uh ohrvuvlhzmsyzjvzv ysml Omjmzuhqymzv-
thqyrp
wxmjxhz {: +>A@D86, 16C>. Lskhxyrhzh i{xnvhouh lxnhjh…, 47–54; Syzvxp
uh
iskhxyrhzh i{xnvhouh lxnhjh p wxhjv wxmo wmxpvlh 1918–1944 k. \., Xh{rh p por{yzjv,
1976, 111–171.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 209
whxzpp…, 98–99.
34 fxplpmyrp poxho uh wvimlhzh uh ~hx
ipsh uhxmlihzh-ohrvu oh ohwhojhum tvxhsuhzh p
thzmxphsuhzh ypsh uh jvqyrhzh vz 12 up 1936 k., rv
zv ~msp lh povspxh jvqyrhzh (p nhulhx-
tmxp
zh) vz wvspzpmyrp jsp
up
p ohixhu
jh jy
rhrjp zhqup vxkhupoh~pp j um
.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 211
\wvtmup, 266–270, 273–294. Uhrzv pozrjhz zmop hjzvxp, {wxhjsmupmzv y puvjup~p m pyzv
hltpupyzxpxhum, h um wvspzprh y plmp p uvymum uh yviyzjmuh wvspzpmyrh vzkvjvxuvyz, rvmzv
m vyvimuv whk{iuv j ylivjup pyzvxpmyrp tvtmuzp. Zmmj xhojpjh p j zmvxmzpmu jpl yjvp-
zm tpysp wv imowhxzpquvzv {wxhjsmupm.
38 /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp
uh uvjh Lskhxp
…, 568–569.
212 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
39 Payne, Stanley. Fascism. Comparison and Definition. Madison, Wisconsin, The University
of Wisconsin Press, 1980, 14–21 (oh „zxpzm sp~h“ uh hjzvxpzhxpoth), 119–121 (ywm~phsuv oh
Lhsrhupzm), 202–203 (oh rvuymxjhzpjup psp ixvrxhzpuv-uh~pvuhspyzpup hjzvxpzhxup
xmnptp). Mn. p Payne, Stanley. History of Fascism…, 326–327. Kjzvxz ym ywpxh ywm~phsuv uh
iskhxyrp
ys{hq: wxmjxhzz vz 19 thq m vwpyhu rhzv l
yuvxhlprhsmu, h xmnptz uh Lvxpy
III – rhzv {tmxmuh l
yuh hjzvxpzhxuh ypyzmth wvl rvxvuhzh; zvop zpw xmnptp poviv ips }h-
xhrzmxmu oh Lhsrhupzm wxmo 30-zm kvlpup.
40
-DEE;HFD8, ,>@DA6?. Kjzvxpzhxpot – |hpot…, y. 47. \v „tvuhx}pmyrh hjzv-
xpzhxuh lprzhz{xh“ m vwxmlmsmupmzv {: +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Wvuhx}p
zh p lprzhz{xhzh…,
y. 282.
41
Rhrvu oh vxkhupopxhum uh iskhxyrhzh tshlmn vz 25
u{hxp 1941, rvqzv ~msp yolhjh-
um uh thyvjh vxkhupoh~p
p plmvsvkpmyrv jowpzhupm uh iskhxyrhzh tshlmn j sp~mzv uh vx-
khupoh~p
zh „Lxhuupr“.
42
Rhrvu oh ohpzh uh uh~p
zh vz 23
u{hxp 1941 k., wvlshkh mjxmpzm uh wvspzpmyrh p
wxhjuh lpyrxptpuh~p
.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 213
47
Mn. Janos, Andrew. The One-Party State… Uhrzv pozrjh hjzvxz, ixvrxhzpuhzh plm
oh thyvjh tvipspoh~p
vrvsv {yzhuvjmup
xml p umkvjpzm puzmxmyp p yvsplhxuvyzp wxmzxw
-
jh |phyrv; lhsmm wv-{ywmuv m tvipspopxhumzv uh thypzm vz xmjvs~pvuup whxzpp (thx-
rypmyrp, ymsyrp, |hpyzrp) y zm}upzm
yup ~msp, jxhk, }psphyzpuh wmxywmrzpjh p yolhjhh
yvsplhxuvyz p plmuzpuvyz plmvsvkp
.
216 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
p uh jzxmupzm xhivzp wxmo 1938 k., Lvxpy III um viphs xvs
zh uh „lprzhzvx“ p nmshms lh
joyzhuvjp whxshtmuzhxuvlmtvrxhzpup
xmnpt p zhrh lh ywvlmsp vzkvjvxuvyz zh uh {wxhjsm-
upmzv y wv-pxvrp vimyzjmup ypsp. Rhzjxnlhjhumzv uh imowhxzpquvzv {wxhjsmupm (zjxlv
wvl lxnhuh vz Nmvxkp Uvympjhuvj spup
) ym uhsvnpsv vz juupzm {ysvjp
uh jvmuuh ohw-
sh}h. Mn. ,>@DA6;8, ,>@DA6?. _xhktmuzp vz tmtvhxp…, 145–151.
49
Mn. wv zvop jwxvy xhuuhzh p ypsuv xmjpopvupyzpuh xhivzh uh ";CM;8, ,>@DA6?. Mu-
uhzh wvspzprh uh Lskhxp
wxmo uhhsup
wmxpvl uh Mzvxhzh yjmzvjuh jvquh (1939–1941). –
Nvlpupr uh \v|pqyrp
{upjmxypzmz. _psvyv|yrv-pyzvxpmyrp |hr{szmz, z. 63, 1970, I 3;
1971, 301–441. Mn. p jwmhzsmup
zh uh -;N;8, #>B>HOF. \wvtmup, 184–201. M mlpu xhokvjvx
~hx
z rhohs: „Xhhzh ~ms zx
ijh lh ilm rvxtpsvzv lh m j uhp x~m.“
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 217
134–158.
54 #<>:FD8, -;HOF. Omtvrxh~p
p |hpot, 30–56; Zxvt
uh uh {wxhjpzmsuhzh…,
bhyz 1–4. \., Uhohusrh lvspuh, 1935; /HDRCD8, 2F>GHD. Mowpzhupmzv j yjmzspuhzh uh uh-
~pvuhsup
plmhs. \., 1935. 0DEI=6CD8, />B;DC. Slmvsvkp
, yzxvmn p ohlhp uh Lskhxyrp
xh-
ivzupmyrp yo. \., 1937, vyvi. 22–54; !A6?@D8, +6F>C. Mowpzhupmzv j uvjhzh lxnhjh. \.,
1935; D<>CD8, G;C. Xvjhzh lxnhjh p imowhxzpqup
z whxshtmuz. \., 1935; #DA6EM>;8, ,.
Xvjhzh lxnhjh. – Mo}vl, I 1, 5
u. 1935. Mmm vz 40-zm kvlpup uh `` j. jn. !A6:>@>C, *Q-
7DB>F. Lvxih oh uvj xml. \., 1943; Xh~pvuhsuhzh lxnhjh. – Nvlpupr uh Oxnhjuvzv jpym
{pspm oh |puhuyvjp p hltpupyzxhzpjup uh{rp. ]. II. \., 1941–1942; #>@D8, *Q7;C. [rvjv-
lmuh vimyzjmuvyz. – ^pzms, 7, 1942–1943, I 6, 208–210. Rh |muvtmuh uvjh lmyup~h j mjxv-
wmqyrp thhi jn. Weber, Eugen. The Right. An Introduction. – In: The European Right. Hans
Rogger and Eugen Weber (eds.). Berkeley, The University of California Press, 1966, 1–28.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 221
58
!A6?@D8, +6F>C. Mowpzhupmzv j uvjhzh lxnhjh…, y. 59, huhsvkpuv uh y. 21.
59
D<>CD8, G;C. Xvjhzh lxnhjh p imowhxzpqup
z… Kjzvxz m vz z. uhx. zxmzv wvrvsm-
upm p rxkh vrvsv j. „^zxv“ – thsvixvquh l
yuh |vxth~p
.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 223
z{khsp
) ym ohpzhjh vz /H6A>?G@>, A;@G6C:OF. So}vlz. \., 1936, vyvi. 19–31. Uvxwvxh~pp-
zm yh wv rsvuvjm uh wxvpojvlyzjvzv p j z
} yh wxmlyzhjmup xhivzup~p, pul{yzxphs~p, zxkvj-
~p, lxnhjhzh p wx.; zm yh vxkhu uh lxnhjhzh. Kjzvxz wxpouhjh, m { uhy vm u
th pokxhlmu
lxnhjmu ypulprhspot (jwxmrp yzwrpzm rt ohlsnpzmsup wxv|yop), uh rvqzv lh ym vy-
uvjhz rvxwvxh~ppzm, uv yt
zh, m uh wxjv jxmtm oh zhop ~ms tvkhz lh wvys{nhz ymyzj{jh-
pzm wxv|mypvuhsup yop p rvvwmxh~ppzm.
66 ]hrh yt
zhz uhwxptmx: 'A>;8, *>AD. Zxvismthzh oh uhxvluhzh jvs
…, vyvi. 619–622;
zxkvjyrv {pspm Mhxuh, z. 12, 1938–1939, 1–141, vyvi. 98–133; 0DEI=6CD8, />B;DC. Slmv-
svkp
, yzxvmn p ohlhp…, 90–92.
68 Mn. hyz zh uh \zvqv Nxuhxvj j: /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp
uh
uvjh Lskhxp
…, 341–636, vyvi. 369–383, 403–407, 412–423, 441–450, 489–500, 557–562.
\v: ";DF9>;8, !;A>M@D. [hojpzpm uh wvspzpmyrhzh ypyzmth… ]{r |hrzpmyrp
z thzmxphs m
ypyzmthzpopxhu wv lx{k uhpu.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 227
lh ym ohjxum rt yjv
pyzvxpmyrp wz, rvmzv vouhhjh wxmxvkhzpjp uh ~hx
, lvrhzv whxsh-
tmuzhxpotz, yysvjuvyz zh p whxzpquvyz zh yh {nlp uh pyzvxpmyrhzh zxhlp~p
p zx
ijh lh
ym wxmth}uhz. Mn. /OG;AD8, #>B>HOF. Rh iskhxyrhzh rvuyzpz{~p
. \., 1937. Mmxyp
zh oh zv-
op pyzvxpmyrp wz {: /OG;AD8, #>B>HOF. Zz
z uh Lskhxp
. \., 1936.
236 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
XKaSYXKVXYY\MYLYOS]PVXS]P Y[NKXSRKaSS
S MeXcXK]K ZYVS]SUK
81
Mn. wv zmop jwxvyp #D7F>CD8, #;MD. ]vlvx Ksmryhulxvj p thrmlvuyrvzv xmjvs~pvu-
uv ljpnmupm. – Mmrvjm, 9, 1980, I 1, 82–90; !6G>A;8, !6G>A. Zxhjpzmsyzjvzv uh LRX\,
MW[Y…, vyvi. 313–321.
82
Wuvkv ym m ywmr{spxhsv y „hjzvuvtpoth“ p y „pyzpuyrpzm“ uhtmxmup
uh mlup psp lx{-
kp thrmlvuyrp lmq~p. \wm~phsuv oh „hjzvuvtpoth“ yh ipsp pozrjhup u
rvsrv jotvnup jh-
xphuzh: 1) hjzvuvtp
zh rhzv „zhrzprh“ p wxjh yzwrh rt ilmv wxpymlpu
jhum rt Ls-
238 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
khxp
; 2) rhzv yzwrh rt yhtvyzv
zmsuh Whrmlvup
; 3) rhzv hjzvuvtuh wvspzpmyrh mlpup~h,
rv
zv lh jsmom j ilmh ihsrhuyrh |mlmxh~p
(rvt{upyzpmyrh plm
); 4) hjzvuvtuh wvspzp-
myrh mlpup~h, rv
zv lh jsmom j kvyshj
uyrh |mlmxh~p
. Ut xhospupzm mjmuz{hsup uhtmxm-
up
uh lmq~pzm ym wxpihj
z puzmxwxmzh~ppzm uh zmop uhtmxmup
vz pyzvxp~pzm j mluh psp lx{-
kh wvyvrh. ]hrh Optpzx Nv~mj xhoksmnlh „hjzvuvtp
zh“ wv wxpu~pw p poviv rhzv zhrzprh
oh wxpymlpu
jhum rt Lskhxp
(uh wvzp jyprp thrmlvuyrp |xhr~pp), thrhx lh wxpouhjh,
m s
jhzh MW[Y (vimlpumuh) pyrhsh Whrmlvup
lh jsmom j ilmh ihsrhuyrh |mlmxh~p
p m
xmmup
zh uh Uvtpuzmxuh vz |mjx{hxp 1934 k. oh yolhjhum uh thrmlvuyrh uh~p
„vixrhsp“
lmq~pzm uh MW[Y (vimlpumuh). Mn. "DL;8, #>B>HOF. Slm
zh oh hjzvuvtp
rhzv zhrzprh j wxvk-
xhtpzm uh uh~pvuhsuvvyjvivlpzmsuvzv ljpnmupm j Whrmlvup
p Ylxpuyrv, 1893–1941. \.,
LKX, 1983. Zv xhospuv jxmtm xhoupzm rvu~mw~pp oh ilmmzv uh Whrmlvup
– wxpymlpu
-
jhum rt Lskhxp
, umohjpyptvyz wvl wxvzmrzvxhzh uh Mmsprpzm ypsp, yhtvyzv
zmsuvyz j xht-
rpzm uh ihsrhuyrh psp kvyshj
uyrh |mlmxh~p
, pthsp xhospmu huy oh vymyzj
jhum. Mn.
oh zmop vw~pp -6A;NIHG@>, )DGH6:>C. Lskhxyrp
z uh~pvuhsmu jwxvy…, y. 259. Yyuvjuhzh
p uhq-ypsuh |xhr~p
uh MW[Y (|mlmxhspyzpzm tp}hqsvjpyzp)
juv yjxojhsh z
yuv ylihzh
uh Whrmlvup
y Lskhxp
p uh zhop vyuvjh wvl lxnhsh z
yuh jxorh y iskhxyrp wvspzp~p.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 239
svnmuh tuvkv
yuv p zxmojv vz +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Syzvxp
uh Lhsrhuyrpzm uhxvlp (1918–
1945). \., Zhxhlpkth, 2000, 151–239; -6A;NIHG@>, )DGH6:>C. Lskhxyrp
z uh~pvuhsmu jw-
xvy…, 262–264; #>B>HFD8, 'AMD. Lskhxp
j mjxvwmqyrhzh wvspzprh ysml Zxjhzh yjmzvjuh
jvquh. – Mj: 'AMD #>B>HFD8. Lskhxp
uh Lhsrhupzm p j Pjxvwh. \., Xhxvluh wxvyjmzh,
1983, 5–20.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 241
WK\YX\]MY]Y
89
Mn. #6G@6AD8, #DCMD. Zvspzpmyrp {ipqyzjh j uvjhzh pyzvxp
uh Lskhxp
. \., Zmzx
Lmxvu, 1999; +6F@D8, ";DF9>. Mx}vjmzm wxpjsphz tsupp. Zvr{mup
p wvspzprh j Lskh-
xp
, 1878–1919. \., Zhxzpolhz, 1989.
90 Rh tmup
wxp wvz{hjhumzv uh x{yv|psyrpzm i{uzvjm j [{ym wxmo |mjx{hxp 1887 k.
jn. !6G>APD8, 0DB6. Wv
z lumjupr. \., Krhlmtpuv polhzmsyzjv „Whxpu Oxpuvj“, 1994,
32–33; +6F@D8, ";DF9>. Mx}vjmzm wxpjsphz tsupp…, y. 11.
NVKMK ZP]K. [KRMS]SP XK ZYVS]SbP\UK]K \S\]PWK WPQO^ MYTXS]P 245
jh p yhtv{ipqyzjh j Lskhxp
. \., 1930, y. 7; Yimyzjmuv poxhnlhum p ivxih y umkv. \., 1928,
y. 8. Yz pyzvxp~pzm /H6H;AD86, $A;C6, /HD?MD "FOCM6FD8. Syzvxp
uh uvjh Lskhxp
…,
y. 407.
94
Ohuup uh )DG6N@>, ,>C@D. Rhl nmsmoupzm xmmzrp…, 95–97, 105–106.
246 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
97 Soxhoz m uh Janos, Andrew. East Central Europe in the Modern World. The Politics of
Borderlands from pre-to Postcommunism. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 2000,
p. 199. \wvxml hjzvxh j Lskhxp
zvop uhxvlmu xhlprhspot ips {svjmu vz whxzppzm vzs
jv,
vyvimuv xhlprhsup
z thxrypot p wvw{spotz, h j ^ukhxp
p [{tup
– vz zjxlp lmyup
whxzpp.
98 26F>=6CD8, '86C. Zxpuvy rt }hxhrzmxpyzprhzh…, 282–283.
248 LeVNK[\UY]Y YLdP\]MY. ]YW 1 bK\] Ze[MK: Oe[QKMK, Z[KMY, ZYVS]SUK
99
Weber, Eugen. The Right. An Introduction, 10–11.
100
M zvop ytpys p +6CM;8, )FOGHPD. Zhxshtmuzhxuhzh lmtvrxh~p
…, 271–273.
101 Janos, Andrew. East Central Europe…, 141–143, 148–151, 160–181, 190–210. \wvxml hj-
´ ˛—
¨˚˛˝˛ ¨˚
,
124.
3 Xfp xfr, 114–116.
250 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
QP^WMVI[I ZQ[\I_Qe
4
/LBSBF, 1JIMN=INDI. Sslkwxht Jqifvn. `fwx. 1. Jqifvwpf jvlfhf. Xqthjnh, ^v.
L. Mfsth, 1899, 200–208. Pf mkrkjkqnkxt uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt hl. 1JIMN=INDIJ?, 4. Pkrk-
jkqnkxt h Jqifvn uvkjn Wwhtgtljksnkxt. – Zgtvsnp mf sfvtjsn yrtxhtvksn, sfypf n
psnlsnsf, ps. 26, 1910–1911, 1–83.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 251
5 Kl. Mtpqfj mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1889–1890 i. Jyvifw, 1890; Mt-
pqfj mf tgtxt wwxtsnkxt sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1890–1891 i. Jyvifw, 1891; Mtpqfj mf
tgtxt wwxtsnk sf Jyvifwpn tpvi uvkm 1891–1892 i. Jyvifw, 1892; Mtpqfj, uvkjwxfhks sf
[fxfv-Xfmfvjln~pn tpvlks whkx mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf tpvlnkxt. Xqthjnh, 1890; Mtp-
qfj, uvkjwxfhks sf Xqthjnhwpn tpvlks whkx mf tgtxt wwxtsnk sf tpvif. Xqthjnh, 1888;
Mtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf Zkhqnkhwptxt tpvlnk. Zkhqnkht, 1895; Mtpqfj mf wwxtsnkxt sf
ayrskswpn tpvi uvkm 1889–1890 i. ayrks, 1890; Mtpqfj, uvkjwxfhks sf ^fwpthwpn iqfhks
whkx h wkwnxf ry uvkm wkuxkrhvn 1884 i. mf wwxtsnkxt sf tpvif n vfmsnxk h skit tgn
wqylgn. Xqthjnh, 1884; Mtpqfj sf hnjnswpn tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf tpvif
uvkm 1888 i. Knjns, 1888; Wx}kx mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk h nptstrn}kwpt, mkr-
qkjkq}kwpt, uvtrn~qkst n jvyin txst~ksn uvkm 1891 n 1892 itjnsn. Xqkhks, 1892; Mtpqfj
mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk uvkm 1894–1895 i. Xqkhks, 1895; Mtpqfj sf wxfvtmf-
itvwpn tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf Zxfvtmfitvwptxt tpvlnk tx 1 fhiywx 1889 i. jt
1 fhiywx 1890 i. Xqthjnh, 1890; Mtpqfj sf Zqnhkswpno tpvlks yuvfhnxkq mf wwxtsnkxt sf
tpvif n {tjf sf vfmsnxk h skit tgn wqylgn. Zqnhks, 1889; Qmqtlksnk mf wwxtsnkxt sf
Swxksjnqwptxt tpvlnk uvkm 1900–1901 i. Swxksjnq, 1901. Kl. h utjtgks jy{ n: /GDB?,
'N=I=M. Zxfvtmfitvwpn tpvi h nptstrn}kwpt txst~ksnk. Zxfvf Pfitvf, 1885. Mtpqfjnxk wf
tgtgksn h wxfxn sf )=MDGVJ?, 8JH=. Jkqklpn hv{y hxvk~stxt wwxtsnk sf Jqifvn
uvkm 1888 i. – Xkvntjn}kwpt wunwfsnk, G 1889, 28–31, 571–585. Zt hl. jtpqfjnxk sf xv-
ithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsnxk pfrfvn (jt rnsnwxvf sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt): Mtpqfj tx J-
vtxt sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf mf nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfot-
sf sf Xqthjnhwpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1895 n 1896 itjnsn. Xqthjnh, 1897;
Mtpqfj jt i-s Unsnwxvf sf xvithnxf n mkrkjkqnkxt mf nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfot-
sf sf Ztznowpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1896 n 1897 i. Z., 1898; Mtpqfj tx Qs-
jywxvnfqsfxf ptrnwn. Z., 1890; Mtpqfj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt wwxtsnk sf vfotsf sf
Kfvskswpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf uvkm 1896 i. Kfvsf, 1897. Qsxkvkwst k, }k ut}xn
wnxk wqfgtwxn wk txgkqmhfx h kjns jtpqfj tx 1931 i.: Wgwxtxkqwxhks jtpqfj mf wxtufswpt-
xt wwxtsnk sf vfotsf sf Kfvskswpfxf xvithwpt-nsjywxvnfqsf pfrfvf. Kfvsf, 1932.
252 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
jnxk wn, xfpf n sf tptqsnxk wkqsn. [fpf }k ivfjnsfxf twhks ijkxt jfhf
sf ygnxn gfqpfsjln n ~tu wvkjwxhf mf ut-t{tqks lnhtx, st x ry jf-
hf tk wnqf n kskvin n it uvfhn ut-gtjv hh hwpt uvkjuvnxnk.12
12
9DIFJ?, 9LDMNJ. Lvfjnsfvwxhtxt n ivfjnsfvwpnxk…, w. 162. K wn wrnwq *DISB?,
:=ID. Vptqpt jyrn tx nwxtvnxf…, 319–320.
13 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk sf Jqifvn. – Zunwfsnk sf
Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 11, 1907, G 4–5, 209–246, twtg. 240–242. Mf |nxnvf-
rk: „Ykwukpxnhsnx jvlfhks nswxnxyx k hvhq hnsfin h fvnkifvjf sf sththhkjksnkxt n
wqkj pfxt jflk k uvk}nq txsf}fqt, utj}nshfq wk k txwkxsk, utj rtxnhnxk sf {nxvt uvnwutwt-
ghfn wk pr ywqthnxf vfznsnvfs gvtpvfxnmr.“
14
Wx}kx mf wwxtsnkxt sf Xqkhkswptxt tpvlnk…, twtg. 41–47.
15 +DSB?, 5BNFJ. Qm gqifvwptxt mkrqkjkqnk. Z., 1897, 80–82.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 255
YIPKQ[QN[W VISYI[SW
twtg. 433–435.
17 1UISJ?, )=MDG. Qm dlsf Jqifvn. – Unwq, 11, 1901, G 10, 635–645, twtg. w. 636.
18
Yfutvxn sf y}nxkqnxk tx jvlfhsnxk mkrkjkq}kwpn y}nqnf mf nmhv~ksnxk tx x{
mfkjst w y}ksn|nxk kpwpyvmnn uvkm 1896 i. ayrks, 1897, 12–13. /?=IJ?, 7N. Pnrsf vfm{tjpf
(uxsn gkqklpn). Z., 1899, w. 56. _nx. ut /GSB?, /?=I. Utjkvst hvkrk, w. 148.
19
Kl. +=I=DGJ?, *BJL@D. Zt|nfqsf n wxtufswpf wxvypxyvf sf Jqifvn. Znsxkxn}kwpf
wxyjn. Z., Ssnuivfz, 1934, twtg. 8–25.
256 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
27
8JTB?, +=FJ. Jjkfxf sn utmkrqksf utqnxnpf n mfptsx mf sfwqkjwxhtxt. Z., 1938,
w. 4.
28
*=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 144–146.
29
Kl. wxfxnwxnpfxf sf uvnxklfsnxf tx uvkgvthfsnxf tx 1897 n 1908 i. y: 5JKJ?,
1DLDG. Zxtufswpf Jqifvn, 87–91. Xvnxklfsnxf wf vfmjkqksn sf rkwxsn n ufvkpksjsn h
mfhnwnrtwx tx xthf, jfqn qn|kxt lnhkk n uqff jfsp h wtxt sfwkqkst rwxt, pjkxt ry k
nrtxx, nqn lnhkk sf jvyit rwxt. Kl. jfssnxk mf mkrxf wutvkj uvkgvthfsnxf tx 1926 n
1934 i. h: Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 1939, w. 181.
30 (BLJ?, 2W>BI. Qptstrn}kwptxt vfmhnxnk sf Jqifvn uvkm hkpthkxk. Z., Xvtznmjfx,
33 Pf vfmqn}snxk wnwxkrn hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 52–62. Zt *BLH=IJ?,
35Kl. Egoroff, Pawel. Die Landnutzung. – In: Die Sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgari-
schen Wirtschaft. Molloff, Janaki (Hrsg.). Berlin, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1936, 106–125,
esp. 121–123. Zutvkj nswukpxtvn ut mkrkjkqnkxt xt gnqt h vfm|hkxf sf jhyutqst wknxgttgvf-
ksnk tx mvsksfxf utqwpf wnwxkrf, st w 2/3 mfwxf yifv; utqkxt sf yifvxf hwk uthk}k wk mfk-
rfqt tx uvtqkxsn pyqxyvn (|fvkhn|f, wqs}tiqkj, |hkpqt, zno, zfwyq n jv.); sf wqkjhffxf it-
jnsf sf rwxtxt sf uvtqkxsn|nxk wk mfwhfqn mnrsn|n, f sf mnrsn|nxk – uvtqkxsn|n. Kl. (J-
NB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn. Z., 1930, 128–130.
36 (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 128–130.
37 Zxfxnwxn}kwpn itjn~snp sf _fvwxht Jqifvn, 29, 1937. Z., 1937, 186–189. Kl. n 5D-
44 <L=IJ?, 'N=I=M. Msk~sf n yxvk~sf Jqifvn. Z., [. `nukh, 1928, 58–59. Zutvkj fhxt-
vf ptrfwf|nxf gn jfqf tptqt 400 000 {kpxfvf vfgtxsf mkr. [thf k tptqt 10% tx tgvfgtxhfk-
rfxf mkr uvkm 1929–1933 i., ptxt gnqf tptqt 4 rqs. {kpxfvf. [fmn |nzvf y: ;JG=FJ?, 7N=I-
SJ. Pfunwpn ut wxtufswpf iktivfzn. Kfvsf, 1936, w. 79.
45 Kl. *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 188–198.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 267
46
Pf rkqntvf|nnxk hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 464–472; 7N=IDTB?, 9LDM-
NJ. Qwxtvn sf wxvtklnxk n wtgksnxf h Jqifvn tx Wwhtgtljksnkxt jt pvf sf 1939 i.
Z., 1948, 62–67, jfssnxk sf 66–67.
47 Kl. (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 407–428.
48 <>G=IMFD, +DHDNUL. Pkrqkjkq}kwpfxf pvnmf y sfw n wvkjwxhf mf skostxt uvkrf{hfsk. –
49
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt…, 240–241.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 269
PNUNMNTZSQ S\T[\YQ
50
Mfssnxk y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 142–143. Mfssn mf uqtnxk tx 1903 jt
1933 i. nrf y: +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Xvthnxk sf pvnmfxf h gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. –
Ltjn~snp sf Knw~kxt xvithwpt y}nqnk Kfvsf, x. 8. 1934–1935, 1–92, twtg. w. 5 n 7. Mfssn
tx uvkgvthfskxt uvkm 1926 i. nrf y: +JGDIMFD, 4fyr. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt…, 127–
187. Kl. n w{tjsn jfssn tx 1918 jt 1936 i. y: 5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…,
w. 79.
270 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
51
+JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Ykptqxnxk sf mvsksnxk {vfsn h Jqifvn. Kfvsf, 1935, w. 34.
52
Zvfhsnxkqsn wxfxnwxn}kwpn jfssn mf vkptqxnxk tx jkpfv w vl, k}krnp, thkw, pfvxtzn,
mf{fvst |hkpqt, ptstu n ufryp uvkm 1945 i. y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, w. 165.
Zvfhsnxkqsn jfssn mf jtgnhnxk tx u~ksn|f, k}krnp, vl n thkw mf ukvntjf 1926–1930 i. (tx
Annuaire international de statistique agricole. Rome, 1934–1935) y: 5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkq-
wptxt wxtufswxht…, w. 83.
53 +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Xvthnxk sf pvnmfxf…, 7–8.
54 ;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj…, w. 25.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 271
58
Vfuvnrkv +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Wvifsnmf|nxf sf gqifvwptxt…, w. 137, 140–141, 185.
59
(JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, 121–124.
60 3JGGJ?, <I=FD. Pkrkjkqwpt-wxtufswpn vfotsn h Jqifvn. Z., 1942. Ihxtvx ywxfsth-
OQKW[VWKcMZ[KW
65
;=F=GJ?, 'MBI. Vf|ntsfqsnx jt{tj…, w. 34, 46.
276 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
pyqxyvn, pfxt xxs, mf{fvst |hkpqt, ufryp, qks, ptstu, wywfr, zwx|n,
wt, wt rfwqksnxk pyqxyvn (vfun|f, wqs}tiqkj), ptnxt wf hwk xvyjtkrpn
n wqkjthfxkqst htjx jt ut-uqst nmutqmhfsk sf sfqn}sfxf vfgtxsf vpf,
pfxt nrfx n ut-hnwtpn ufmfvsn |ksn. Yfmhnhf wk n thtfvwxhtxt (gqpn,
wqnhn n jv. mf nmstw), ivfjnsfvwxhtxt (mf nmstw, twtgkst sf jtrfxn) n qt-
mfvwxhtxt (jkwkvxst ivtmjk).66 Vfuvkjp txgkqmhf n rqk}stxt wxtufswxht,
twtgkst h gqnmtwx w itqkrn ivfjwpn ufmfvn, pfpxt n xvithnxf w vkj ln-
htxnswpn uvtjypxn (o|f, hqsf), rfpfv }k zyvflx twxfhfq skjtwxfx}ks.
Zkqtxt, twtgkst h vfotsnxk jt ivfjwpn ufmfvn, gnqt hhqk}kst ut-uqxst
h tvgnxfxf sf ufmfvf. Vt xkmn uvtivkwnhsn xksjks|nn wfrt wk sfgkqmhfx
n twxfhfx utqthns}fxn.
PNUNMNTZSQ QPVWZ
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present. Manchester, Sherratt and Hughes, 1936, 194–210. Vt
fhxtvx mfpq}fhf, }k gkm hs~sn ufmfvn mf uvtjyp|nxf wn gqifvwpnx sfvtj srf jf rtlk
jf uvktjtqkk xvyjstxt utqtlksnk.
67 (JNB?, 7=?=, 0JMDP 1J?=SB?. Pkrkjkqnkxt h Jqifvn, w. 195.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 277
ut xkmn fvxnpyqn hl. +LUCFJ?, ). Qmstwx sf hnst, ivtmjk, thtn n mkqks}y|n tx Jqifvn.
– Zxtufswpf rnwq,1, 1929, G 1, 173–176.
278 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
Z., 1940, twtg. 11–40; 9DIFJ?, 9LDMNJ. Svnmfxf h sf~nxk xxsn. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt
nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 25, 1926–1927, G 9–10, 423–451; 7NL=IMFD, /?=I. [xstuvtnm-
htjwxhtxt n sthnx mfptstuvtkpx mf xxsf. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvy-
lkwxht, 21, 1922, G 4–5, 191–214; 4BIJ?, 7U>SJ. Xkvwukpxnhnxk sf sf~kxt xxstuvtnmhtj-
wxht. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 27, 1928–1929, G 5, 259–265;
[xskhfxf pyqxyvf y sfw n xnunmnvfskxt H. – Zunwfsnk sf Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvy-
lkwxht, 27, 1928–1929, G 1–2, 63–72; +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Nhtq|n h nmstwf…
282 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
XYWJTNUQ VI VNYIPKQ[WZ[[I
78
Pf hxvk~sfxf ptqtsnmf|n hl. +JGDIMFD, 4=OH. Iivfvsf utqnxnpf, 335–343.
284 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
79
8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf uvksfwkqkstwx h Jqifvn. – Zunwfsnk sf
Jqifvwptxt nptstrn}kwpt jvylkwxht, 39, 1940, G 6, 353–384.
80 Xfp xfr, 13–20.
81
Egoroff, Pawel. Die Arbeit in der Landwirtschaft. – In: Die Sozialökonomische Struktur
der bulgarischen Wirtschaft. Molloff, Janaki (Hrsg.). Berlin, Weidmannische Buchhandlung, 1936,
131–159, esp.151–153; 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 364.
82 3JGGJ?, <I=FD. Xvtgqkrn sf gqifvwptxt mkrkjkqnk. Z., 1935, w. 24.
83 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 20.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 285
{tj sf jkpfv gnq sfo-itqr uvn wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, wqkjhfs xkmn utj
50 jpf, f sfo-rfqp – uvn 50–100 jpf.86
Onmskwutwtgstwxxf wuk|nfqst sf whwkr jvkgsnxk wxtufswxhf gnqf
utwxtsst utj huvtw, f skfxf wxfhfqn xvyjst yjvlnrn uvn qt~n vk-
ptqxn, pvnmn n wufjfsk sf |ksnxk (pfxt uvn Mkuvkwnxf wqkj 1929 i.). [tif-
hf mfjqlshfskxt sfvfwxhfqt n wfrt wt|nfqsn rkvpn tx wxvfsf sf jvlf-
hfxf (tuvtfhfsk n vfmwvt}hfsk sf mfjqlksnxf, skwgnvfsk sf jfs|n
n uv.) rtlkqn jf wufwx wxtufswxhfxf, vfmgnvf wk, sf wtxhkxsfxf |ksf.
Zkwxhyhfx n nmwqkjhfsn hv{y jt{tjstwx xf sf wxtufswxhf w vfmqn-
}ks {fvfpxkv – uvktgqfjfhft mvsksn, uvktgqfjfhft lnhtxsthjsn n w
uvktgqfjfhfsk sf qtmfvwxht n mkqks}y|n, ptnxt wt}fx pfxt sfo-jt{tjsn xk-
mn tx hxtvfxf n xvkxfxf ivyuf.87
Zkqwptxt wxtufswxht twxfhfqt h msf}nxkqsf wxkuks sfxyvfqst, tvnks-
xnvfst pr wfrtuvk{vfsf n wfrtmfjthtqhfsk (wt jtrf~st nmitxhsk
sf jvk{n n uv.), n wfrt tx}fwxn ufmfvst. Ztxhkxst jt{tjnxk sf wkqwptxt
sfwkqksnk gnqn uthk}k h sfxyvf – ptswyrf|n sf uvtjypxn tx wtgwxhkstxt
wxtufswxht, ut-rfqpt h ufvn. Ykjn|f nmwqkjhfsn sf vkuvkmksxfxnhsn wxt-
ufswxhf nqn fivkinvfst mf wxvfsfxf jfhfx uvkjwxfhf mf wxkuksxf sf
sfxyvfqstwx, vkwukpxnhst ufmfvstwx. K sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h.
kjhf tptqt 35–40% tx gvyxsn jt{tj tx gqifvwptxt wkqwpt wxtufswxht
rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf (ut wtxt hvkrk h ZIb – 70%, Lkvrfsn – 81%,
ahko|fvn – 85%, Mfsn – 92%).88 Xvty}hfsnxf sf ivyun wxtufswxhf
(wutrksfxn uvkjn) wt jfhfx 35–40% ufmfvstwx sf gvyxsn jt{tj.89
Wvifsnmf|n n jt{tjstwx. Z., 1938. Wx 109 sfgqjfhfsn wxtufswxhf uvkm 1935–1936 i., tgt-
wtgksn h xvn ivyun – uvktgqfjfhft mvsksn, uvktgqfjfhft lnhtxsthjwxht, uvktgqfjf-
hft qtmfvwxht n mkqks}y|n – nmhtjx (sf 76–78) k, }k sfo-jt{tjsn gnqn xkmn tx hxtvfxf n
xvkxfxf ivyuf.
88 8JNB?, 'I=MN=M. Zwxtsnkxt sf mkrkjkqwpf…, w. 30. Kl. wt Egoroff, Pawel. Die
Landnutzung, p. 106. Zutvkj fhxtvf h sf}fqtxt sf 30-xk itjnsn sf ^^ h. kjhf tptqt 35% tx
wxtostwxxf sf vkptqxfxf h Jqifvn wxnifqf jt ufmfvf, f 65% txnhfqf mf utpvnhfsk sf wtg-
wxhksnxk syljn. Zt y: ,@JLJ?, 5=?BG. Wunx mf ywxfsthhfsk ufmfvstwxxf sf gqifvwptxt
mkrkjkqwpt wxtufswxht. – [vyjthk sf Zxfxnwxn}kwpn nswxnxyx mf wxtufswpt uvty}hfsk uvn
Ztznowpn jvlfhks ysnhkvwnxkx, 1938, G 2–3, 133–162, twtg. w. 160. Xvkm 1926 i. wk tufmf-
vhfqn 30,6% tx gvyxsn jt{tj tx vfwxksnkhjwxhtxt n 13,5% tx lnhtxsthjwxhtxt.
89 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 57…, w. 84. 37% tx gvyxsn jt{tj
rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf, sfo-itqr uvt|ksx h wxtufswxhfxf sfj 100 jpf, sfo-rfqp – h xkmn utj
50 jpf. Zt y: 3JGGJ?, <I=FD, 4DFJG= 1JIAJ?. Mt{tjstwxxf sf 66…, w. 116. Ukljy 40–65%
tx gvyxt jt{tjf rnsfhfqn uvkm ufmfvf, sfo-itqr uvt|ksx h wxtufswxhf sfj 100 jpf, wvkjks –
utj 50 jpf, sfo-rfqp – 50–100 jpf.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 287
Zkqsnsx y sfw srf ijk jf gif, srf ptry jf uvtjfhf, srf n mft
jf uvtjfhf. I n pfunxfqnwxx srf tk wrkxpf jf pyuyhf n pts|ksxvnvf
kjvf mkrqkjkqwpf wtgwxhkstwx nqn wxtufswxht. Mvkgstxt mkrqkjkqwpt
wxtufswxht y sfw sk wk vy~n n sk wk utjvfh mfxyo, mftxt nptstrn}k-
wpnx sn lnhtx uvtjqlfhf jf wn gjk xn{, ryjks, skxhtv zfpxtvn
mf vy~ksnk n xvfswztvrf|nn. Wgkjshfskxt n jflk tgtifxhfskxt wk
fwnrnqnvf hxvk~st h wxtufswxhtxt, gkm jf nmupsk sfhs n jfjk mf
vkmyqxfx, tx kjsf wxvfsf, uvtqkxfvnmnvfsk, f tx jvyif – pts|ksxvf|n
sf kjvn wxtufswxhf. [thf k tgfxf {fvfpxkvnwxnpf sf utqtlksnkxt jt
jskw.94
94
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Xtiqkj hv{y nptstrn}kwptxt…, w. 219.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 289
95
[tmn vkj vfmwljksn sfuvnrkv y: *=IB?, /?=I. Iivfvsfxf vkztvrf…, 151–152. Ih-
xtvx hnsn mf utjtgst utqtlksnk sfo-hk}k yjvkgshfskxt sf wxtufswxhfxf n snwpnxk |ksn sf
mkrkjkqwpnxk uvtnmhkjksn, ptnxt sk wf wnqks wxnryq mf uvtnmhtjwxht mf ufmfvf.
96 Kl. twtgkst Senghaas, Dieter. The European Experience. A Historical Critique of
SWWXNYI[QKVW MNTW
98
Kl. mf uvtgqkrnxk sf vfmhnxnkxt sf Jfqpfsnxk jt Kxtvfxf whkxthsf htosf y: Daskalov,
Roumen. Development in the Balkan Periphery Prior to World War II: Some Reflections. – In:
Südost-Forschungen, 57, 1998, 207–244. Kl. wt mf sf}kspnxk sf rtjkvsnmf|n sf Jfqpfsnxk
(h wfhxtvwxht w ^tqr Pysj{fymks). Daskalov, Rumen, Holm Sundhaussen . Modernisierungs-
ansätze. – In: Südosteuropa. Gesellschaft, Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur. Ein Handbuch. Hatchikjan,
Magarditsch und Stefan Troebst (Hrsg.). München, C. H. Beck, 105–135.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 291
mkrqkjkqwpnxk wukwxthsn jvylkwxhf k rstit uvtwxf. Xt-jtgvnxk wkqsn h kjst wkqt, sf gvto
jt 20 jy~n, twsthfhfx xo sfvk}kstxt jvylkwxht nqn wkqwpt-mfkrsf pfwf, ptxt nrf mf |kq jf
nr txuyf mfkrn, ptifxt nr utxvghfx. Wwhks }qkswpnxk hstwpn, xk sk hsfwx jvyin wyrn; mf-
xthf sylsnx pfunxfq nr wk jtwxfh tx sf~nxk pqtsthk…“ _nxnvfst ut 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD.
Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, w. 58. Qrfqt n wqy}fn sf mqtyutxvkgn. K wkqt [kqn~ pttukvf|n-
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 295
xf gnqf twsthfsf tx ut-uvhnxk wkqsn, x. k. xvith|n, qn{hfvn n uv., n sptqpt gkjsn mkrkjkq-
|n mf pfryzqfl. [k nmxkiqnqn |kqn vfmvk~ks pvkjnx, vfmuvkjkqnqn it utrkljy wn n it nmutq-
mhfqn h xvithwpnxk wn uvkjuvnxn (ufp xfr, w. 43).
108
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, w. 68. K utjtgks wrnwq n itv}nhnxk
jyrn sf kjns pttukvfxnhks jkk|: „Vk wf wkqsnxk, ptnxt in wmjfhfx. Sttukvf|nnxk snpsfx h
v|kxk sf }nsthsn|nxk sf Jqifvwpf mkrqkjkqwpf gfspf. [k wf w }yhwxhtxt, }k pttukvf|nnxk
wf xk{sn. \}nxkqn, whkksn|n, n xk wf hxvk.“ – Kh: +DSB?, 5BNFJ. Pf gqifvwptxt wkqwpt
wxtufswxht n mf pttukvf|nxf h 40 itjnsn. Zgtvsnp tx xvyjthk 1890–1930. [. 1. Z., 1933,
w. ^^I.
296 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
Q snk jskw y sfw, h Jqifvn, wrk uvkj kjst wxvfsst hqksnk: fsxfit-
snwxnxk sf pttukvf|nxf sfhqkmqn h sk n wxvkrn wk jf wk }yhwxhy-
xnhsn jy{ n nmptvnwxhfskxt sf pttukvf|nnxk ut xthf hvkrk hl. n 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Stt-
ukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 47–54.
118
Mfssnxk tx 1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn…, w. 83, 87, 321.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 301
lksnk h Jqifvn. [. 1. Z., 1987; x. 2. Z., 1990, twtg. 75–80, 279–296. Pf whvkrkssn whnjk-
xkqwxhf hl. .=DHJ?, 9LDMNJ. Sttukvfxnhstxt tgvfgtxhfsk sf mkrnxk. – Qmhkwxn sf Unsn-
wxkvwxhtxt sf hxvk~snxk vfgtxn n sfvtjstxt mjvfhk, 15, 1941, G 12–13, 11–22. Ihxtvx
tunwhf ut-utjvtgst kjns tunx tx 1939 i. h w. Kvgthpf, Zkhqnkhwpt.
302 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
120
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nxf h Jqifvn…, 177–233, jfssn sf w. 219, 324; 5JKJ?,
1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 15–16; Pf vfmqn}snxk wzkvn sf jkostwx sf pttukvf|nnxk
wt 6=GB?, 5. Ywx sf pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk h Jqifvn. – Iv{nh mf wxtufswpf n wt|n-
fqsf utqnxnpf, 7, 1932, G 3, 280–284.
121
Pf ufvxnosnxk jtrtihfsn pr pttukvf|nnxk xtifhf hl. n )G=EFJ?, 8JAJL. Mf ufmnr
pttukvfxnhstxt jkqt. – Mkrtpvfxn}kwpn uvkiqkj, 13, 1920, G 7, 511–521. Pf ufvxnosnxk ptt-
ukvf|nn n 5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 17–18; Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…,
456–458.
122 Kqnsnkxt sf JSX hv{y pttukvfxnhstxt jhnlksnk k uvtwqkjkst utjvtgst h sfunwf-
124
5JKJ?, 1DLDG. Utrksxn tx wmjfhfskxt…, 18–20; Xtqtlksnk sf pttukvf|nnxk…,
w. 460.
125
1=TB?, 7. Sttukvfxnhsnxk njkn…, twtg. 147–152.
126
1DL=IJ?, 5LJFJKD. Sttukvf|nnxk h Jqifvn…, 343–344.
LTIKI aNZ[I. ZNTZSW Z[WXIVZ[KW, SWWXNYI[QKVW MKQONVQN 305
127
5DKBLJ?, 'IALBE. Pkrkjkqwptxt wxtufswxht…, 98–101. Zt sfwptvt: '?L=HJ?, 6O-
HBI. Zxtufswpnx ^^ hkp sf Jqifvn. Z., _ksxv mf qngkvfqsn wxvfxkinn, 2001, w. 136.
128
'?L=HJ?, 6OHBI. Zxtufswpnx ^^ hkp…, 26–30.
306 JcTLIYZSW[W WJbNZ[KW. [WU 1 `IZ[ K[WYI: QSWVWUQSI
3
Ibidem, 81–84, 186–202, 243–258, 271–297.
4
#9BD7B6, '?<L. A`f`aec ji ]ujkil[, e[e][ h[ki_ilmij[hle[ jifcmce[ mkx\][ _[ lf`_][
Auf^[kcx. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 3, 1905, > 14–15, 326–332; 0<A>B6, 0D<EFB. Li]imi b[-
h[xmrcdlei b[eihi_[m`flm]i. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 14, 1910,
> 7–8, 499–515, ili\. 500–501, 514; G[h[xmrcdlm]imi c lk`_lm][m[ b[ ji_jig[^[h`mi gn ]
Auf^[kcx. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 8, 1910, > 9, 997–1012; > 10, 1125–1147.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 309
7
1BAH96, -9FJD. L[]`xhc gclfc ]ukpn m`elmcfh[m[ ch_nlmkcx n h[l. P., 1909, l. 4 (imj`-
r[mue im Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 12, 1908, > 7–8, 449–462).
8 Dief[_ _i ^-h Kchclmuk[ h[ muk^i]cxm[ c b`g`_`fc`mi…, l. 63; [h[fi^crhi h[ l. 42.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 311
12
Nk`_lm[]xh`mi h[ ljik[ n: /BI96, $<A>B. Nkchil b[ cbnr[][h` ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmc-
e[ h[ Auf^[kcx im Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi _i A[fe[hle[m[ ]idh[. B[kh[, 1941, 74–87.
13 #9IB6, '64A %6EF. Nilm[hi]f`hc` h[ Nuk]cx \uf^[klec b`gf`_`fr`lei-jkigcsf`h
lu\ik. – Bu]: '64A %6EF. #9IB6. Pjig`hc c lmn_cc. P., 1928 (k[\im[m[ ` im Nfi]_c]leimi cb-
fia`hc` jk`b 1892 ^., ei^[mi b[l`_[][f mibc lu\ik), 319–339, ili\. 333–337. Nk`jikur][ l`
h[lukr`hc` h[ ch_nlmkcxm[ ji ji_i\c` h[ knguhlecx b[eih, hi cg[ c ghi^i jk`jikuec b[ k[b-
]cmc` h[ b`g`_`fc`mi, mk[hljikm[ c jk. Puti: $4A4<?B6, #9BD7<. Hh_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`fc`. –
J`mijclc, 2, 1901, > 5, 107–109; I[e]c mkx\][ _[ \u_[m b[_[rcm` h[ h[s[m[ ceihigcrh[
jifcmce[. – J`mijclc, 2, 1901, > 7, 149–152; -4L>B6, *4;4D. Heihigcr`lec ji^f`_ ]ukpn
Auf^[kcx. – Nkigcsf`hilm, 1, 1888, ili\. l. 4, 113, 134–137; !BL8:<96, '64A. Lxeifei _n-
gc b[ ji]_c^[h`mi h[ h[ki_h[m[ hc jkigcsf`hilm. – Nkigcsf`hilm, 1, ili\. 38–42, 54–58.
Ba. c 14A>B6, ?9>E4A8JD. L[s[m[ ch_nlmkc[fh[ jifcmce[. – Pjcl[hc` h[ Auf^[kleimi cei-
higcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 13, 1909, > 1, 1–26, ili\. 14–18.
14 !?47B96, $<@<FJD. Heihigcr`leimi k[b]cmc` h[ Auf^[kcx. Hh_nlmkcx cfc b`g`_`fc`.
B[kh[, 1903, 57–59, 78–79, 82–84, 92–93, 96–100, 261, 264–266, 271–275. Zhei P[eubi] jcs`
] ljcl[hc` „D`h“.
15 !?47B96, $<@<FJD. Heihigcr`leimi k[b]cmc`…, l. 82, 126, 282. I[emi b[\`fxb][ k[_c-
^f`_h[ mire[ _k`\hcm` li\lm]`hcqc (]l` `_hi _[fc b`g`_`fqc cfc b[h[xm-
rcc) l[ i\k`r`hc h[ k[bikx][h` c h` mkx\][ _[ l` jk[]xm ijcmc _[ cg l` ji-
g[^[, [ h[jkimc] – mkx\][ _[ l` i\f`erc lub_[][h`mi h[ `_k[ ch_nlmkcx.
Hkihcxm[, r` Af[^i`] b[_gch[][ _ikc C`si] ] h[lmix][h`mi b[ k[b]cmc` h[
ch_nlmkcx c ] jk`h`\k`a`hc`mi eug l`fimi, ` b[\`fxb[h[ im ]c_hcx lmi-
j[hlecx clmikce @f`el[h_uk C`ks`hekih, b[hcg[][f l` lj`qc[fhi l \uf-
^[klecx lfnr[d:
^f`_, 1, 1902–1903, > 5, 87–89; A`f`aec ji ]ujkil[…, ili\. 329–331; ,98L?>B6, ?. G[h[xm-
rcdlecxm ]ujkil c b[eihijki`emum b[ `lh[olm]imi. – D`giek[mcr`lec jk`^f`_, 1, 1902–1903,
> 2, 23–27; #<8<>B6, .F9G4A. D`giek[qcx c ceihigcr`lei k[b]cmc`; Ba. c 0<A>B6, 0D<EFB.
Li]imi b[h[xmrcdlei b[eihi_[m`flm]i…, ili\. 500–501, 514; G[h[xmrcdlm]imi c
lk`_lm][m[…, ili\. 1134–1135.
314 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
HLDRPQOH@JEL NOMQEIUHMLHGXK
higcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 31, 1932, > 10, 618–628. U`h[m[ h[ b[p[km[ n h[l jk`b 1929–1930 ^. \c-
f[ 26–28 f`][ h[ e^, [ h[ \nrec – c 32 f`][ h[ e^ (]efwr][t[ c [eqcb im 9 f`][ h[ e^). Mm rna-
\ch[ b[p[k gia`f[ _[ l` enjc b[ 3–4 f`][ h[ e^ (jk`b 1932 ^.). Puti: Logio. Bulgaria. Past and
Present, 198–200. I[emi jilir][ mibc []mik, k`[fcbck[hcm` im b[p[khcm` k[och`kcc ]cliec
j`r[f\c gia`fc _[ imc_[m ] _uka[][m[, [ei mx jkilmi cgjikmck[f[ b[p[k im rna\ch[ c x jki-
_[][f[ h[ h[l`f`hc`mi ji lutcm` q`hc.
25 ,98>B6, !BD<E. O[b]cmc`mi h[ \uf^[kle[m[ och[hli][ lclm`g[. P., 1937, l. 156.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 321
27
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 143–167. G[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx jk`b lf`_-
]i`hhcx j`kci_ luti: 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB. M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[ h[ \uf^[kl-
e[m[ ch_nlmkcx. B[kh[, 1936, 16–17. O[\imhcqc ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx (\`b gchcm` c
e[kc`kcm`) jk`b 1933 ^. cg[fi 37 620 jfwl 3840 _nsc ]cls j`klih[f; jk`b 1934 ^. k[\imhc-
qcm` ] ch_nlmkcxm[ cbi\ti (h[lukr[][h[ jfwl h`h[lukr[][h[) \cfc 64 650 (im mxp 42 430 gu-
a` c 22 220 a`hc). Mm mxp h[d-ghi^i k[\im`fc ] m`elmcf[ (17 400), lf`_][m e[g`hi]u^f`hcm`
gchc (9700), g`m[fh[m[ ch_nlmkcx (4450), mwmwh`][m[ jkigcsf`hilm (4440), ch_nlmkcxm[ b[
pk[hc c jcmc`m[ (4430). Ba. luti F4A4EB6, F4A4E. Auf^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx…, l. 12. G[
1934–1935 ^. mid _[][ ieifi 45 000 k[\imhcqc ] h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx, [ i\ti ] ch_nlm-
kcxm[ jkc jufh[ k[\im[ ljik`_ l`bih[ – 85 000 k[\imhcqc.
324 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
.F4=AB6, #9AHB. Nki\f`g[m[ h[ ]ufh[m[. – Bu]: 100 ^i_chc \uf^[kle[ ch_nlmkcx, 63–65. Auf-
^[kle[m[ ch_nlmkcx njimk`\x][f[ _][ jumc ji]`r` ]hilh[ ]ufh[, imeifeimi g`lmh[; g`lmh[m[
\cf[ ^kn\[ jik[_c jiki_[m[ h[ i]q`m` c l i^k[hcr`hi ch_nlmkc[fhi jkcfia`hc`; ghi^i ]uf-
h[ l` eihlngck[f[ c jk[pil][f[ jkc ^kn\[m[ jk`k[\ime[ ] m`aei i\f`efi ] _ig[shc nlfi]cx
(]g`lmi f`ei c n_i\hi o[\kcrhi jkicb]i_lm]i); im i\ti 12,5 gfh. e^ _i\c] h[ ]ufh[ ^i_cs-
hi 10–11 gfh. e^ l` b[_uka[fc im l`fxhcm`, b[ _[ jk`_[m c mue[m kurhi, c l[gi 1,5–2 gfh. e^
l` cbh[lxfc h[ j[b[k[ c l` jki_[][fc h[ ch_nlmkcxm[.
326 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
lk[]h`hc` h[ q`hcm` h[ hxeic \uf^[klec c rna_c lmiec. Qid imp]ukfx m`b[m[ (h[ Mle[k @h-
_`klih), r` „hiacq[m[ h[ q`hcm`“ \cf[ ]luthilm k`bnfm[m im n]`fcr`hi eil]`hi i\f[^[h` h[
o[\kce[mcm` l [_][fikhc m[elc, ][fnmhc jk`gcc c jk. c r` \`b mi][ j[k[f`fcbgum h[ q`hcm`
\c l` b[j[bcf. Qid lgxm[, r` cg[ „k`[fh[ hiacq[ h[ q`hcm`“ (mud e[mi q`hcm` h[ mkn_[ c h[ ln-
ki]chcm` l[ lj[_h[fc ji-lcfhi im q`hcm` h[ ^imi]cm` jkicb]`_`hcx) c r` ]u] ]cliecm` ch_nl-
mkc[fhc q`hc cg[ `f`g`hm h[ liqc[fh[ h`ljk[]`_fc]ilm, _ieifeimi j`r[f\cm` l[ b[ lg`me[ h[
ilm[h[fcm` jkicb]i_lm]`hc \k[hsi]` c h[ eihlng[mikcm` cbi\ti. I[mi _kn^c jkcrchc b[ ]c-
liecm` q`hc l` lir[m ji-^if`gcm` k[bpi_c h[ jk`_jkcxmcxm[ jik[_c ]hilhcm` lnki]chc, ^if`-
gc ]ubh[^k[a_`hcx h[ ]clscx j`klih[f, _[hurhcm` c _kn^c m`a`lmc c jk., e[emi c fcjl[m[ h[
eihq`hmk[qcx c k[qcih[fcb[qcx c im mne ji-^if`gcm` k[bhilec h[ jkicb]i_lm]imi c h`_ilm[-
murhimi h[mi][k][h` h[ githilmcm`.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 327
34
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 165–166.
35
!B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. Nkigcsf`h[ jifcmce[, 190–194; Buhsh[m[ muk^i]le[ jifcmc-
e[…, 7–9, 31.
328 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
36
/BI96, $<A>B. O[b]cmc` h[ `_k[m[…, 55–65; Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 7–9, 25–26,
31–43, 136–143 (b[ [hmce[km`fhc g`kec c mxphimi h`jkcf[^[h`). G[ b[eih[, hi ] jifiacm`f`h
lgcluf, ]a. c !B5H96, )BAEF4AF<A. G[eihum b[ ch_nlmkcxm[. P., 1936 (imj`r[mue im Pjcl[hc`
h[ Auf^[kleimi ceihigcr`lei _kna`lm]i, 35, 1936, > 8). Pjik`_ []mik[ b[eihum _[][f k`_
„nf`lh`hcx“ b[ ch_nlmkcxm[, hi `_h[e]c b[ ]lcrec; mid lgxm[, r` h[g`l[m[ h[ _uka[][m[ hxg[-
fi _[ i^k[hcrc eihenk`hqcxm[.
CJ@B@ PEDK@. HLDRPQOHZ 329
t[h`“, jih`a` mi][ \c gn \cfi h`cb^i_hi. Bu] ]kube[ l mi][ []mikum jk[-
]c chm`k`lhimi h[\fw_`hc`, r` l ]fis[][h` h[ nlfi]cxm[ b[ ch_nlmkcxm[
]`_hua ch]`lmck[hcm` m[g lk`_lm][ njk[ahx][m h[mcle ]ukpn lmij[hle[m[
jifcmce[ h[ _uka[][m[ b[ nlcf][h` h[ jkim`eqcxm[. N`r[f\[m[ l` k`[fcbc-
k[ rk`b ji_ _uka[h` h[ ghi^i ji-]cliec im g`a_nh[ki_hcm` ]umk`shc q`-
hc c h` l` _ufac h[ b[lcf][h` h[ jkicb]i_cm`fhilm m[ h[ mkn_[, [ h[ nlfi-
]cxm[ h[ `_ch h`l]i\i_`h j[b[k. Bcliecm` gcm[ h[lukr[][fc lub_[][h`mi
c h[ hi]c ch_nlmkcc, b[ eicmi hxg[fi nlfi]cx cfc lmij[hlei ijk[]_[hc`.
Q[e[ _uka[]h[m[ jifcmce[ h` jilmc^[f[ mi][, ei`mi q`fxf[, [ cg`hhi acb-
h`ljili\h[ ch_nlmkcx; jifnr[][fi l` h`ti lu]l`g _kn^i: ghia`lm]i _k`\-
hc jk`_jkcxmcx, eicmi ]g`lmi _[ l` eihenkck[m, lf`xm c k[qcih[fcbck[m,
jk`_jircm[fc oikg[m[ h[ j[b[khc e[km`fc c i\k`g`hx][fc eihlng[mikcm`
l ]cliec q`hc c hcleie[r`lm]`hc lmiec. Mmmne c ilhi][m`fhilm m[ h[ i\]c-
h`hc`mi, r` ch_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[ h[ _uka[][m[ lub_[][f[ „j[k[bcmh[
ch_nlmkcx“.37
E_ch ijcm b[ cbrclfx][h` h[ _ipi_hilm m[ h[ h[lukr[][h[m[ ch_nlmkcx
(m. `. j`r[f\[m[ eug e[jcm[f[) _[][ lk`_hi 11% b[ 1933 ^. c 17,4% jk`b
1930 ^., e[mi h[d-]cliei k`hmck[h[ \cf[ pcgcr`le[m[ ch_nlmkcx. Li l[-
gcxm []mik lgxm[ _`dlm]cm`fh[m[ k`hm[\cfhilm b[ ji-^ifxg[ (16,6% b[
1933 ^.), jih`a` ghi^i li\lm]`hcqc h[ e[jcm[fc ] [eqcih`khcm` _kna`lm-
][ \cfc `_hi]k`g`hhi ]clsc rchi]hcqc m[g c jifnr[][fc c ^if`gc b[jf[-
mc (eicmi l[gc lc ijk`_`fxfc); ji-h[m[mue, ghi^i jk`_jkcxmcx _`ef[kck[-
fc jk`_ Cf[]h[ _ck`eqcx h[ lm[mclmce[m[ ji-^if`gc ch]`lmck[hc e[jcm[fc
c m[e[ b[hca[][fc k`hm[\cfhilmm[; h[d-l`mh`, ghi^i jk`_jkcxmcx ekc`fc
mirhcm` lc k[bpi_c c r[lm im j`r[f\cm`.38
Nkim`eqcihcbgum k[b^kut[ ijk`_`f`h[ ]umk`sh[ _ch[gce[, jk`jfcm[-
t[ ch_nlmkcx c _uka[][ ] ntuk\ h[ ceihigcr`le[m[ k[qcih[fhilm. Nkc
lcfhi jkim`eqcihclmec c chm`k]`hqcihclmec k`acg (ljik`_ r`lmi qcmc-
k[h mne ceihigclm) h` l[gi _uka[][m[ l` h[g`l][ bh[rcm`fhi, hi c ch_nlm-
kcxm[ l` hna_[` jilmixhhi im _uka[][m[ c im h`dhcm` lmij[hlec g`kec c
k`s`hcx. Q[e[ `, jih`a` jkc h[fcrc`mi h[ l]i\i_`h j[b[k h`cb\`ahcm`
jkimc]ik`rcxm[ g`a_n \k[hsi]` c jk`_jkcxmcx l` k`s[][m ] luk`]hi][-
hc`, [ jkc cb^k[a_[h` h[ ch_nlmkcx ji_ b[tcm[ h[ _uka[][m[ c jkc imlf[\-
][h` h[ j[b[kh[m[ eihenk`hqcx ljiki]`m` l` k`s[][m „] e[hq`f[kccm` h[
luim]`mhimi gchclm`klm]i“. G[mi][ b[chm`k`ln][hcm` lk`_c, im `_h[ lmk[-
h[, jkim`lmck[fc lk`tn jk`e[f`h[m[ h[g`l[ h[ _uka[][m[ ] k[\imcm` cg, [
im _kn^[ lmk[h[, mukl`fc jkc ]lxe[ ljuhe[ c ljik g`a_n jk`_jkcxmcx lu-
_`dlm]c`mi h[ _uka[][m[, jk`_ilm[]xdec ? kifxm[ h[ [k\cmuk (l ie[b][h`
37 /BI96, $<A>B. Hh_nlmkc[fh[m[ jifcmce[…, 177–189.
38 2B?4>B6, .F4AHB. M\t`lm]`hi-lmij[hle[ p[k[em`kclmce[…, 29–31.
330 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
43
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization…, k. 229, 234.
44
Ibidem, 224–234. Rh^[klecm` lmij[hlec clmikcqc H]. A`k`h_ c C. O[hec cbi\ti imkc-
r[m ] Auf^[kcx _[ ` cg[fi jk`_nlfi]cx b[ ch_nlmkc[fcb[qcx c lgxm[m ]uhshcm` lmcgnfc b[
lf[\c c jkimc]ik`rc]c, ]umk`shcm` o[emikc – b[ h`[_`e][mhc, jkc ei`mi _uka[]h[m[ chm`k-
]`hqcx onheqcihck[f[ ]u] ][enng. Ba. Berend, Ivan, Gyorgy Ranki. The European Periphery
and Industrialization, 1780–1914. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 71–72.
45 Pm[hri Vif[ei] luti ]chc b[ jifia`hc`mi „h`jf[hig`khimi c lfxji _uka[]hi jieki-
Nkim`eqcihcbug c eihenk`hqcx h[ A[fe[hcm` jk`b TT ]`e. O`_. Jw\`h A`ki]. P., 1989,
27–114, ili\. 90–96. @]mikum cbrclfx][ luimhis`hc`mi g`a_n j`r[f\cm` im b[tcm`h[m[ ch-
_nlmkcx eug k[bhilecm` b[ \[fe[hlecm` i\t`lm][ im jkim`eqcihcbg[ e[mi ][kck[ti g`a_n
1 eug 1,8 c 1 eug 3,2 (ljik`_ _uka[][m[ c j`kci_[), m. `. `_ch jkc ]lcrec lfnr[c lcfhi h`^[-
mc]`h \[f[hl.
334 AXJC@OPIMQM MAWEPQBM. QMK 1 V@PQ BQMO@: HIMLMKHI@
$<@<FJD. Bidhcm` c hi]cm` [eqcih`khc _kna`lm][. P., T`gnl, 1919, 11–12 (lj`qc[fhi ieifi
\[he[ „Cck_[j“, Auf^[kle[ muk^i]le[ \[he[, Auf^[kle[ ^`h`k[fh[ \[he[, A[fe[hle[ \[he[,
\[he[ „Auf^[kcx“ c _k.).
56 Jw\`h A`ki] cb\kix][ _][_`l`mch[ m[ec][ lfnr[x. Ba. ,4F4A, &4>, *K59A !9DB6.
57
1BA96, .F9G4A. Iug ]ujkil[ b[ h[r[fimi h[ gihijifclmcr`lecx e[jcm[fcbug ] Auf-
^[kcx. – Qkn_i]` h[ Bclscx chlmcmnm b[ h[ki_hi lmij[hlm]i „D. Af[^i`]“ – B[kh[. Q. 37,
> 1. B[kh[, 1965, 3–57. B jk`_^i]ik[ l` jk[]c jk`^f`_ h[ _clenlccm` im 50-m` c 60-m` ^i_chc
h[ TT ]., rcxmi q`f ` _[ j`kci_cbck[m hi][m[ \uf^[kle[ clmikcx c k[b]cmc`mi h[ e[jcm[fcl-
mcr`le[m[ oikg[qcx (im l]i\i_h[ eihenk`hqcx eug gihijifclmcr`lec c _uka[]higihijifcl-
mcr`lec lm[_cd). P[gcxm []mik ]ca_[ h[r`hec h[ gihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug it` ] h[r[-
fimi h[ TT ]. c lgxm[, r` mid lm[h[f „^ilji_lm][t“ it` ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhcm`, ili\`hi ] ch-
_nlmkcxm[, ]uhsh[m[ muk^i]cx, ek`_cm[ c b[lmk[pi][m`fhimi _`fi (b[ k[bfce[ im _kn^c []mikc
e[mi F[e L[m[h c Jw\`h A`ki], eicmi imf[^[m ^ilji_lm]imi gn b[ lf`_ ]idhcm`). B lutcx
lgcluf: 1BA96, .F9G4A, E9A )4?<A>B6. Heihigcr`le[m[ jifcmce[ h[ \uf^[kle[m[ _uka[][
lf`_ Ml]i\ia_`hc`mi im ilg[hlei ki\lm]i _i 1918 ^. – Bu]: Heihigcr`le[m[ jifcmce[ h[
\uf^[kle[m[ _uka[][ (861–1981). O`_. J[fw O[_nfi]. B[kh[, C`ik^c A[e[fi], 1981, 115–154,
ili\. 133–135. Qne l` m]uk_c, r` it` jk`b 1911 ^. ch_nlmkc[fhc gihijifclmcr`lec i\`_ch`-
hcx ^ilji_lm][fc ] h[_ 60% im qxfimi ch_nlmkc[fhi jkicb]i_lm]i, [ jk`b 1912 ^. gihijifum
jkihceh[f ] cbhilh[m[ muk^i]cx c \[hei]imi _`fi; ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhcm` jk`k[lm][h`mi h[ l]i-
\i_hcx ] gihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug l` b[lcfcfi, luti c ]u] ]umk`sh[m[ muk^i]cx, c _i-
kc l` lub_[fc jk`_jilm[]ec gihijifclmcr`lecxm e[jcm[fcbug _[ jk`k[lh` ] _uka[]higihi-
jifclmcr`lec. Bluthilm _[f`r` imc][tcm` _uka[]h[ k`^nf[qcx c eihmkif ji ]k`g` h[ ]idhc-
m` l` mufen][m mne (h`jk[]cfhi) e[mi „_uka[]higihijifclmcr`lec e[jcm[fcbug“; luti x]f`-
hcx e[mi ji lut`lm]i _uka[]h[m[ \[he[ „Auf^[klec ek`_cm“, lub_[_`h[ jk`b 1934 ^.
338 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
.
.
zn p Syqn~v. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v. bnp. azs{ Rp~nz|p. b.,
e|{rnv Syqn~xn {nxn v xy~n, 1998, 121–137, ||o. 122–123, 135–137 (}~s}s
nn{| |
b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 26, 1927, P 1–2, 11–27); Syqn~xn }~|-
zvys{n on{xn. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v, 203–209, ||o. 203–204 (}~s-
}s
nn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 25, 1926, P 4, 183–189). Tt.
| p|rn {n #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{ zn{vs p Syqn~v. –
Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p Syqn~v, 13–90.
344 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
17
Tt. v #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 65–69.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 349
18
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, . 22, 31, 34, 122.
19
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, 130–131.
20
Yn
n{vs x~srv v on{xv pt. 57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, 44–94;.
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 31–35, 60–68, 91–93. b}|~sr \nz}v }~su 1929 q.
t-
rvs on{xv vznyv 40% |
n{v on{x|p xn}vny p ~n{nn (60–68).
21
#9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, . 32.
350 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
24
Vn{{vs : #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. b|}n{xv ff psx…, . 123.
25
57@7AD9, #G<C. e|~zv, ~nuzs~ v rsw{|…, . 55.
26 `nx nz, 80–88.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 353
27
`nx nz, 73–79.
28 `nx nz, 88–103, 113–118 (rn{{vs {n . 114, 118). b}|~sr np|~n x~nx|~|
{||
n-
vs {n
trv xn}vny (. s. qynp{| un x~srvv~n{s {n ~q|pvn) }~su 1924–1929 q. puyuy|
{n vu{| {n 5% | q|rv{v {nv|{nys{ r||r. anp{|zsxnn |
nvs| {n
trv ry-
q|~|
s{ xn}vny | 1897 r| 1940 q., x|s| ovy| u{n
vsy{| }|-znyx|, |w vu
vypn {n vu{s-
s{ |x|y| srv{ v }|y|pv{n }v }|ps
s | p{ss{v xn}vny.
354 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
Syqn~v, . 235.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 355
Sk\URab[Zmc [R`ZcR\ZYk]
20, 1921, P 4–5, 23–35); Syqn~v v
trvs xn}vnyv. – Tp: 1HDOC $DL<9. [n}vnyvuz p
Syqn~v, 243–254 (}~s}s
nn{| | b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 26,
1928, P 9, 505–515).
31 #9F7BD9, 0IB<C. ^s|sps{v x|{s~pnvps{…, 60–65.
356 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
esp. Bd. 1, Erster Halbband, p. 14, 23, 319–320. Y|zon~ ~nuyv
npn rpn |{|p{v |}n{xv
}~v{v}n – {n ~nrvv|{{| unr|p|ypn{s {n }|~so{|vs (Bedarfsdeckung) v {n ~nv|{ny-
{| }~sysrpn{s {n }s
nyon (Erwerbsprinzip) p }n~v. [n}vnyvuzn |w rsv{v~n xn| vszn
{n |}n{xn |~qn{vunv, }~v x|| v punvz|rswpn |ops{vv {n ~srpn un }~|vup|r-
p| v ~no|{vv osu |ops{|; |w |v }|r u{nxn {n }~sysrpn{s {n }s
nyon v psyv
n-
pn{s {n }n~vs, n ~nv|{ny{| n s |v p }yn{|zs~{|, sysp| v }~szn{s. Tt. v
Weber, Max . Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus. – In: Max Weber. Gesam-
melte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Bd. 1. Tübingen, 1921, 1–236, bes. 5–11; Wirtschaft und
Gesellschaft. Tübingen, 1980, p. 45, 48, 72–73, 78, 94–95. `|-}|r~|o{| un x|{s}vn {n Tsos~
un xn}vnyvuzn pt. '7G@7AD9, 0IB<C. Tpsrs{vs p |v|y|qvn {n ]nx Tsos~. b., d{vps~-
vsx| vurnsyp| „bp. [yvzs{ _~vrxv“, 1992, 249–263.
33
]|{|}|yvv
sxv xn}vnyvuz {n p{| u~pn p p~rs x|~s{v sz}|ps, nx|
s rv }| |oppn{s| }|
v psr{nqn {n {sq|p|| „unq{vpn{s“ (}|{sts {n p~nnn ps
s ~|}n
|vnyvv
sxnn ~sp|yv).
34
.7H7C, )7@. `| p}~|n un }s~v|rvunvn {n {nnn v|~v. – Z|~v
sxv }~s-
qysr, 6, 1950, P 2, 210–216. b}|~sr np|~n r| _p|o|trs{vs| vzny| nz| {n
s{xv (vyv x|{-
~v) {n xn}vnyvuz, qynp{| ~q|pxv, v un
nv {n zn{vnx~n; ysr _p|o|trs{vs|
un}|
{ny }s~v|r {n „}~p|{n
ny{| {n~}pn{s“ {n xn}vny; }|-vy{| ~nupvvs {n xn}vnyv-
uz vzn | {n
ny|| {n ff p. r| p|w{vs; ysr p|w{vs un}|
pn z|{|}|yvv
sxv nrvw
| ~nupvvs| {n xn}vnyvuzn. b|: .7H7C, )7@. Zx|{|zv
sxn v|~v {n Syqn~v. bysr
_p|o|trs{vs|. b., 1938, }svny{| 24–64, 77–83, 132–133, un nrvvs 77–78.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 357
R[gZ_^Wa^_ VW\_
Syqn~v, 257–422, ||o. 335–401 (}~s}s
nn{| | $DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| p Sy-
qn~v. b., 1925). S|
sp s ovy sx~sn~ {n urnrs{nn }~su 1914 q. b|vwxn |{r|pn o|~n;
rv~sx|~ {n un~n|pnsy{|| r~tsp| „Syqn~v“; p }~npys{vs| {n Syqn~xn ~q|p-
xn on{xn.
40 +DF;7CD9, '>B>HNF. T|w{vs v {|pvs nxv|{s~{v…, . 5. Rp|~ ~sqv~v~n v |}v-
43
$DL<9, 1HDOC. Rxv|{s~{|| rsy| { Syqn~v…, 367–368. Yn ~nu{v uy|}|~sov p nx-
v|{s~{|| rsy| x~n {n fIf p. pt. 4DC<9, *9. [|{~|y {nr {nvs nxv|{s~{v v }s|p-
{v r~tspn. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 3, 1898, P 5, 185–201;
,7F7;=D9, 1H. b}s|p{vs r~tspn p Syqn~v. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
s-
x| r~tsp|, 1, 1896, P 3, 153–169; -OEL<9, #C;F<?. V~tspnn | }~np{| v vx|{|zv
s-
x| qysrvs. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 3, 1898, P 3–4, 102–136.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 363
44
Tt. un |pn }|{vs $D8L<9, ,DCGH7CH>C. b|}n{p|| v |}n{xnn }|yvvxn {n
Syqn~v }|r u{nxn {n p|w{nn. – b}vn{vs {n Syqn~x|| vx|{|zv
sx| r~tsp|, 39,
1940, P 10, 621–658, ||o. osy. {n . 658. cx npn rzn un T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n.
45 ]nxn~
s T|~nn ps|p{n p|w{n {s s ~nuqystrn, z|qn rn s }|zs{n {x|v n{ny|-
den Balkanländern aus historischer Perspektive. – In: Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel in
Südosteuropa. Südosteuropa Jahrbuch, 25. Band. München, Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft, 1994,
35–54, bes. 40–41.
51 Spulber, Nicolas. The Role of the State in Economic Growth in Eastern Europe since 1860.
– In: The State and Economic Growth. New York, Aitken, Hugh (ed.). 1959, 255–286.
52 T {nw-{n}~sr{nyvs ~n{v (R{qyv) nzvs no~vxv ~nu}|ynqnyv r|n
{| xn}v-
ny; }~v ~sr{| vu|n{nyv ~n{v (~sr{|sp~|}swxvs Us~zn{v, Rp~v, Znyv) {nor-
pn{s| {n v{r~vn xn}vny s vup~pny| | ~q|pxvs on{xv; }~v vu|npnv ~n-
{v (av) r~tnpnn s ppnyn unzsvsy {n yv}pnv }~sr}|npxv. Tt. Gerschenkron,
Alexander. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. – In: Alexander Gerschenkron.
Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. A Book of Essays. Cambridge, Massachusetts,
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966, 5–30; The Approach to European
Industrialization: A Postscript. – In: Alexander Gerschenkron. Economic Backwardness in Histo-
rical Perspective, 353–364.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 367
{n . 30.
54 Janos, Andrew. The Politics of Backwardness in Continental Europe, 1780–1945. – World
un}|
{nyv ysr _p|o|trs{vs| }nrx s }~{ srpn |x|y| {n
ny|| {n ff p., x|qn| un-
}|
pn ~nupvvs, r|vq{ny| srpn p {nps
s~vs| {n p|w{vs {vp|| (}| {nv|{nys{ r||r {n
qynpn, syx||}n{xn }~|vup|rvsy{|) | 70-s q|rv{v {n fIf p. Tt. Palairet, Michael.
The Balkan Economies…, ~. 187, 201–202, 323–326, 339–341, 366–367.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 369
59
Gerschenkron, Alexander. Some Aspects of Industrialization…, ||o. 198–213.
370 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
61
Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…,78–104.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 371
}~vv v }~. [z 1917 q. {nr 40% | v{r~vny{v ~r v 60% | }~|vu-
p|rp|| ovyv }|nps{v }|r r~tnps{ x|{~|y. bvy{| s py|npn }~|-
r|p|yps{|| }|y|ts{vs p ~suyn v {n vu{|n {n ~n{v | u{vvs.
^s}|~srps{| ysrp|s{{v }s~v|r s osyun{ | |}n{xn ~nu~n v
zvus~v, p~v{ynv (x|| }~su 1924 q. r|vqn 27 }v) v r {n }s-
xynv. Syqn~v s |o~szs{s{n |q~|z{v ~s}n~nvv. Syqn~xvs v-
{n{v (v |}n{p| vu|o|) n }|nps{v vuy| }|r p{{n unpvvz|,
}~|pstrn{n
~su [|zvvn }| ~s}n~nvvs, x|{~|y {nr S^S (}|r|os{
{n pnys{ o|~r). ev{n{|pnn }|yvvxn s vy{| ~s~vxvp{n, {n|
s{n p
|pspvs vx|{|zv
sxnn |~|r|xv {n p~szs| xz onyn{v~n{
orts v }|r r~tn{s {n novys{ ysp p~r x~ }| |{|s{vs {n un-
}nr{vs pnyv; ~suyn s rsynv v yv}n {n x~srv.60 cv}v
{v un |-
uv }s~v|r n q|yszvs orts{v rsvvv, rytnv s |
nv {n vu}yn-
n{s| {n ryqn v ~s}n~nvvs, |
nv {n ~nu~n{nynn s o~|x~nv v
{s}ynn{s| {n rn{v. bxy
pn s rpn {|pv r~tnp{v unszn: . {n~. os-
tn{xv }~su 1926 q. v novyvunv|{s{ }~su 1928 q. `|~nrv unqonn {n
V|o~rtn sx}|~ {n tv| {nznypn. ^n }~sr{| z| vuyvun sx}|~
{n { }~vr|ovpn{s| {n
n | ]nxsr|{v v p~szs{{|| syvzv{v-
~n{s {n U~v v c~v | {spvs }nun~v. Yn}|
pn }|uszys{n ~s|~-
zn qynp{| un |uszypn{s {n ostn{vs, x|| ~nu}~srsy {sq|yz }~|s{
| uszn v unvypn }~s|oynrnpn{s| {n r~so{vs syxv |ops{vv.
`~npv s {s}|y
yvp |}v un n{|ppn{s {n u~{s{ x|{|~vz p }|y-
un {n syxvs |}n{v.
bysr 1924 q. |{|p| s {nosyupn pu|rn s{rs{v {n ~nupvvs,
}~|rytvyn r| ps|p{nn x~vun, x|| {n s }|
ppnyn }|-|sunsy-
{| }~su 1930 q., {| v ~nyn r| }|-x{|. bysr p|w{nn {npyvun un}nr{|-
60 Lampe, John. The Bulgarian Economy…, 60–65, 91–93. b}|~sr sunn {n np|~n n{qntv-
62
57@7AD9, #G<C. ^nv|{ny{v r||r…, . 116.
U\RTR _b]R. Tk^i^R ckaU_TZm, [aWVZc Z TR\dcR. bc_`R^b[Z [_^l^[cdaZ 373
,>F>A. b|}n{xn Syqn~v, . 467. `~v onun 100 {n s{vs {n 98 |xv }~su 1891–1900 q. v{-
rsx {n }nun~{vs s{v }~su 1911 q. ovy 143; p || p~szs v{rsx {n {nr{vvs – 130.
_on
s un}ynvs |n{nyv vs.
374 Sk\URab[_c_ _SjWbcT_. c_] 1 hRbc Tc_aR: Z[_^_]Z[R
}|x}{n s{n {n yspn {n onun v{rsxn {n s{vs {nr~so{| }~su 1939 q. b}|~sr \s| `nup|yxv
r||r {n qynpn | {nsys{vs| srpn }~su 1927–1928 q. r|vq{ny (p uyn{| vu~nts{vs) }~sr-
p|s{{|| ~np{vs | 1911 q., n vzs{{| 60 nxv r|yn~n {n qynpn {n q|rv{n (osu rn{vs –
48), }~v sxuvs{-zv{vzz |x|y| 51 r|yn~n – pt. Pasvolsky, Leo. Bulgaria’s Economic…,
266–268.
67 Z{r~vnyvunvn (v z|rs~{vunvn vu|o|) {s s {xnxp| qs~|v
{| sr{|x~n{|
: , ,
r`…, q. 28. Yhtp`r` g` 1939 c. qzl hgwhqkhk nr Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhxmhj m` Y`pqrbn Dzkc`ph}
(1940, q. 641) wpeg p`gdek}me m` nayh} p`gundem a|dfer (bjk|whrekmn on fekegmhvhre) m` 27
(jnkjnrn ozrh e hmtk`vh}r`). Tbephk qzl on qzyh} m`whm h vhtphre g` 1931–1932 c. h
1933–1934 c., qznrbermn 290 lkm. h 245 lkm. (r. e. onwrh jnkjnrn oph Pedjnb).
378 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
osakhwmhre p`gundh qo`d`k, ` hlemmn: 22,5% opeg 1887 c.; 19% opeg
1900 c., 24,9% opeg 1911 c.; 15,9% opeg 1931–1932 c. h 16,7% opeg 1933–
1934 c.2 Peop}jn rnb` qbhderekqrb` g` nrqk`ab`me m` q`lnsop`bkemhern.
Onlemrh nr thm`mqnb`r` vemrp`khg`vh} q`: opeubzpk}mern m` swhrekqjhre
g`ok`rh nr nayhmhre jzl dzpf`b`r` b jp`} m` XIX b.; qzahp`mern m` na-
yhmqj`r` ozrm` recna` g`edmn q dzpf`bmhre d`mzvh nr 1900 c. m`r`rzj;
opeubzpk}mern m` nayhmqjhre qpedmh swhkhy` jzl dzpf`b`r` opeg 1932–
1933 c.
G` g`onwmel q nayh} a|dfer m` dzpf`b`r`. Uni qe qzqrnh nr ophundm`
h p`gundm` w`qr.3 Mnc`rn p`gundhre m`dubzpk}r pe`kmhre ophundh, bzgmhj-
b` dethvhr, jnirn rp}ab` d` qe onozkmh nrdpsc`de. Uzpmnbqj`r` jnmqrhrs-
vh} (wk. 126) opedbhfd` bzglnfmnqr g` hgbzmpedem jpedhr, r. e. mebjk|wem
b ck`qsb`mh} a|dfer, dn 1 lkm. keb` E deiqrbhrekmnqr a|dferzr m` azk-
c`pqj`r` dzpf`b` qjnpn qe opebzpm`k b dbnem – pednbem h hgbzmpedem, j`-
rn hgbzmpedmhre („qbpzuqlermh“) jpedhrh g` p`gmh qoevh`kmh msfdh qe m`-
a`b}kh qzq g`elh – bzrpexmh h bzmxmh. Rphundhre qe tnplhp`r nr d`mzw-
mhre onqrzokemh} (p`gcked`mh nrdekmn on-m`r`rzj), onqrzokemh} nr dzp-
f`bmh opedoph}rh} h nr g`elh. S`gundhre q` p`gdekemh on peqnph (lhmh-
qrepqrb`) h opedm`gm`wemh g` p`gkhwmh vekh. Ue q` hgp`g m` onkhrhj`r` m`
qrp`m`r` b p`gkhwmh m`op`bkemh} h nrp`g}b`r meimhre ophnphrerh.
Rzpbhre azkc`pqjh a|dferh ahkh a`k`mqhp`mh h onm}jnc` dnph ophj-
k|wb`kh q hgkhxzvh; j`jrn qe hgp`g}b` Kpewej, w`qrm`r` azkc`pqj` hmh-
vh`rhb` h qoeqrnbmnqr r` ahkh opemeqemh h b dzpf`bmnrn qrno`mqrbn.4 Unb`
ahkh l`kjh a|dferh, qbhderekqrb`yh g` nrmnqhrekmn qjpnlm` pnk} m`
dzpf`b`r` b fhbnr` m` nayeqrbnrn. Omncn qjnpn na`we qe rpzcm`kn on oz-
r} m` cnkelhre p`gundh, jnhrn oph mep`gbhrnqr r` m` qrno`mqrbnrn h mecn-
bh} qhkmn m`rsp`kem u`p`jrep lnfekh d` azd`r onjphrh q`ln qzq g`elh –
bzrpexmh h bzmxmh. Ezb bpzgj` q rnb` edhm `brnp cnbnph g` „hdhkhwmn-
o`rph`pu`kem“ oephnd m` opnqrnr` h sp`bmnbeqemnqr h bzb thm`mqhre (dn
1886 c.), onqkedb`m nr „jskrsprpecepqjh er`o“ m` onel`me m` bqe onbewe
tsmjvhh nr dzpf`b`r` h hgnqr`b}me m` opedo`gkhbnqrr`, sbkewemh} h cp`m-
dnl`mh} b dzpf`bmnrn qrno`mqrbn.5
D|dferzr m` qrp`m`r` dn bnimhre e opedler m` lmncn jphrhwmh `m`kh-
gh m` `brnphrermh `brnph qzbpelemmhvh (thm`mqhqrh, qr`rhqrhvh, qrno`m-
2
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 28.
3
Whm`mqnb`r` cndhm` g` nopedekemh oephndh qzbo`d`k` q j`kemd`pm`r`, ` g` dpsch ahk`
nr 1 `ophk dn 31 l`pr qkedb`y`r` cndhm`.
4 6,<,0, 4378'38.3. Mm}feqrbn Dzkc`ph}, q. 317. P`w`kmhvhre m` swpefdemh}r` dnph
10
454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, q. 706.
11
R`j r`l, 722–724.
12
R`j r`l, q. 723. Qr qzyh} a|dfer e qkedmh}r ophlep, rngh ozr g` p`gdbn}b`me (h dsakh-
p`me) m` edmn h qzyn oepn q nwebhdm` vek: „§ 27. Rzrmh, dmebmh, k`cepmh h qrnknbh o`ph. […]
§ 33. S`gundh on opnhgbefd`me p`gmh qmhljh h ond dzpf`me j`prncp`thweqjh} hmqrhrsr (js-
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 381
osb`me l`reph`kh, hmqrpslemrh h g` ond dzpf`mern hl).“ E qzynrn bpele: „§ 41. J` onozkb`-
me j`pr`r` m` Dzkc`ph} (p`gundh on ozrmh h dmebmh o`ph m` nthveph h whmnbmhvh g` jnl`m-
dhpnbjhre hl on rnoncp`thweqjh p`anrh h g` dpsch beyeqrbemh p`gundh on qmhljhre“ (q. 724).
13 '3'.14), ,46*.. P`x`r` thm`mqnb` onkhrhj`. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlh-
Rph qzlmemhe, we hqj`mh}r jpedhr bqe o`j m}l` d` lhme, rni ahb`k
sdnamn nrknfem dn o`d`mern m` op`bhrekqrbnrn, g` d` azde spedem nr qked-
b`ynrn, jnern ozpbn bdhc`kn o`prhg`mqjh xsl, ` onqke u`pwekn, h rn aeg
opedb`phrekmn p`gpexem jpedhr, j`rn qbnhre opedxeqrbemhvh.19
Mp`em lnlemr b a|dfer` e „qjk|wb`mern m` a|dfermnrn sop`fmemhe“,
r. e. mecnbnrn g`jphb`me, g` jnern hl`kn qpnj dn 20 leqev`. Usj qe op`bek
onpedmh}r rphj, ` hlemmn p`gqpnwb`me m` ntnpl}mern m` p`gundhre, r`j`
we re d` o`dm`r b refeqr m` qkedb`yhre cndhmh. U`j` opedqrn}y a|dfer
opedb`phrekmn qe rnb`pek qzq qbpzuqlermh jpedhrh h qe opedpex`b`kh
p`gundh on a|dferh g` 2–3 cndhmh m`oped. M`jrn hgrzjb` Mhphk Rnonb,
ondnamn m`psxemhe m` ophmvho` g` qpnj` m` a|dfer` jnlopnlerhp` h q`-
17
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, 332–333; b ondnaem qlhqzk 324–325.
18 .5,64), .041'. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r`…, q. 341, qzyn q. 315.
19
R`j r`l, 340–341.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 383
lhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 15, 1911, A 1, 13–33; .5,64), .041'. Ezpunbm`r` qlerm` o`k`r`…,
q. 336, 351.
384 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
24
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, q. 335.
25
"4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, q. 24. Tzyn Dnmwn Dneb hgrzjb`, we wpeg qhqre-
l`r` m` `b`mqhre wsfdeqrp`mmhre a`mjh oewek}r nr Dzkc`ph} 8–10 h dnph dn 15% h rnb`p}r
azkc`pqjnrn thm`mqnbn qrno`mqrbn q lhkhnmh kebnbe, aeg d` ls d`d`r onwrh mhyn qpeys rngh
dzkc Ef. 4,), 43<4. Hdhm mnb dzpf`bem g`el, q . 547.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 385
K dpsc `brnp:
28
.5,64), .041'. Degpedhern b dzpf`bmhre…, q. 329. E ondnaem qlhqzk Dnmwn Dneb
qp`bm}b` o`prhhre m` bk`qr q `jvhnmepmn dpsfeqrbn, jnern sw`qrb` q d}knbe b opedoph}rhern
– p`gundb`me m` dzpf`bmh} a|dfer. Ef. 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 10, 699–719, nqna. q. 718.
29 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, q. 432. Usj h vhtph g` a|dfer` g` fo khmhh h oph-
qr`mhy`.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 387
rzpcnbh} hl`k` dethvhr nr 54,8 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, onjphr nr onqrzokemh}r` m` bzmxmhre dzp-
f`bmh g`elh.
31 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 432–433.
388 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
36
454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph} h thm`mqnbhre h hjnmnlhweqjh jk`sgh m` opnejrn-
dncnbnp` g` lhp q Dzkc`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919,
A 3–5, 129–175; 454), 1,07.. Ezrpexem opecked. (D|dfermh aekefjh). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzk-
c`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 91–101; 96.104), ,1?4. Gzkcnbe
h peo`p`vhh. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 23, 1924–1925, A 9, 353–
363; $'304), 1,07'3+>6. Dzkc`ph} opeg bnim`r` h qked me}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjn-
mnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 1–3, 36–55; @5<,), 3+6,/. Enim`r` h thm`mqhre. – Toh-
q`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 1–14; &3914), 1.@.
Trno`mqjnrn h qnvh`kmn onknfemhe m` Dzkc`ph} h dncnbnp` g` lhp. – Cpuhb g` qrno`mqj` h
qnvh`km` onkhrhj`, 5, 1929, A 3, 205–223; '3,), !5. Gbhfemhe m` vemhre b Dzkc`ph}. –
Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 8–10, 307–324; .;'/14),
,3<4. Rnqjzob`mern m` fhbnr` b Dzkc`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dps-
feqrbn, 19, 1919–1920, A 1–2, 115–116; '1.34), . Ezrpexem opecked. (R`phwm`r` jphg` s
m`q). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 20, 1921, A 8–10, 362–369.
37 454), .6.1. Whm`mqnbhre refeqrh m` Dzkc`ph} on hgozkmemhern m` P{niqjh} dncn-
bnp. T., 1925, q. 4 (nroew`rzj nr Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 26, 1925,
A 6–7, 2–23).
390 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
38
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 42.
39
R`j r`l, 34–35.
40 R`j r`l, q. 33, 42. S`gundmh}r a|dfer m` fekegmhvhre h ophqr`mhy`r` e d`dem m` brnpn
l}qrn, mn re hl`r h ophundem a|dfer, jnirn nahjmnbemn m`dbhx`b` p`gundhre (q. 37, 40).
41 Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhxmhj m` Y`pqrbn Dzkc`ph} 1940, 640–641.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 391
42 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhe m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 33, 42. J` 1939 c., hgwhqkemn on Tr`rhq-
rhj`. E`pm`, 1938, 30–31, 44–46 (Qroew`rzj nr Fndhxmhj` m` Ehqxern rzpcnbqjn swhkhye.
E`pm`, 1936–1937); Whm`mqnb` onkhrhj`. U. 2. Gzkcnbere m` Dzkc`ph}. E`pm`, 1939, 27–28.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 393
1936 c. ahkh hgok`remh jpzckn 146 lkm. keb` (110 lkm. onc`xemh} h 36 lkm.
khubh).47
Rpedh bnimhre ahkh qjk|wemh pedhv` bzmxmh g`elh q vek qrpnhrek-
qrbn (m` fo khmhh h ophqr`mhy`) h bznpzfemh}, ozpbh}r opeg 1888 c., on-
m`r`rzj opeg 1889 c., 1892 c., 1899/1900 c., 1902 c., 1904 c., 1907 c., 1909 c.
(db` g`el`). Usj me e menaundhln d` qe qohp`le ondpnamn m` nrdekmhre
g`elh, bqejh qzq qbn} qnaqrbem` hmrphc` on qjk|wb`mern h oephoerhh on
hgok`y`mern, ebemrs`kmnrn jnmqnkhdhp`me h hgok`y`me qzq hkh aeg peds-
vhp`me. \e hgrzjmel q`ln m}jnh nayh h rhohwmh weprh m` g`elhre h g`el-
m`r` onkhrhj`.48
Rpedh bnimhre Dzkc`ph} m`lhp`k` jpedhrnph m`i-bewe b khvern m`
tpemqjh a`mjh (h nqnaemn D`mj d{n R`ph e de Reh D` – Bank de Paris et des
Pays-Bas, qzjp`remn „R`pha`“), ` b m`bewephern m` bnimhre h melqjh}r j`-
ohr`k bewe qe anpek g` bkh}mhe m` hgrnj h m` D`kj`mhre b w`qrmnqr. Eqhwjh
a`mjh jpedhrnpjh, l`j`p h w`qrmh, ahkh b r}qm` bpzgj` q pzjnbndeyh dzp-
f`bmhvh, j`jrn h q hmdsqrph}r` h deknbhre qpedh m` qznrberm`r` dzpf`b`.
Rzpbhre g`elh ahkh on-hgcndmh g` Dzkc`ph}, ` on-m`r`rzj qe qjk|wb`r oph
bqe on-meak`cnoph}rmh sqknbh} – rnkjnb` on-knxh, jnkjnrn on-nrw`}mn
ahkn onknfemhern m` dzpf`b`r`. Wpemqj`r` qhqrel` g` nrosqj`me m` g`elh
dnbek` m` op`jrhj` dn jnmrpnk bzpus azkc`pqjhre thm`mqh wpeg Mnlhrer`
g` g`yhr` m` mnqhrekhre m` rhrph nr azkc`pqjhre g`elh.
Uhohwmh qpedqrb` g` hgbkhw`me m` oew`kah nr g`o`dmhre a`mjh h thm`m-
qnbh} j`ohr`k ahkh bhqnjhre khubemh opnvemrh (50–100% on-bhqnjh nr
khub`r` m` bzrpexmhre g`elh b qznrberm`r` qrp`m`); hl`kn h p`gkhj` lef-
ds mnlhm`kem h veqhnmem jspq, r`j` we t`jrhweqjh qe onksw`b`kh q`ln
80–85% nr mnlhm`km`r` qsl` (mn khubhre qe ok`y`kh bzpus v}k`r` qs-
l`).49 Rn-m`r`rzj – norhp`me m` g`el` m` w`qrh (m` dmexem eghj – rp`mxn-
be), jnern d`b`kn bzglnfmnqr m` jpedhrnp` d` dzpfh dkzfmhj` b x`u h
ebemrs`kmn d` ls nrosqj` jp`rjnqpnwmh `b`mqh oph nye on-knxh sqknbh}
(t`jrhweqjh j`rn mnb g`el). Mzl rnb` qe dna`b} bgel`mern m` khubhre nr
q`lnrn m`w`kn bzpus v}k`r`, ` me q`ln bzpus nrosqm`r`r` dn lnlemr` qs-
l` (r. m`p. fshq`mqh – hgnaperemhe m` tpemqjh} a`mjnb j`ohr`k); b m}jnh
qksw`h hgok`y`mern m` ozpbh} rp`mx nr g`el` qe nabzpgb`kn q hgok`y`me
47
%41'04), !8'3<4. Rnkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe…, 31–39.
48
Qqbem vhrhp`mh} on-cnpe Tr`mwn Znk`jnb g` dzkcnbere dn bnimhre h sqknbh}r` m`
qjk|wb`mern hl bf. nanayemn: 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 438–441. Rndpnamn s:
%'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…; !84@34), . Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe.
T., 1933. Qr hqrnphvhre nqnaemn: "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrnph} m` bzmxmhre
g`elh m` Dzkc`ph}, 1888–1912. T., P`sj` h hgjsqrbn, 1971.
49 Unb` qe dzkfh m` t`jr`, we elhrhp`y`r` g`el` a`mj` osqj` (tknrhp`) nakhc`vhhre on
50
Eqhwjh regh leu`mhglh q` dnape nohq`mh nr "4+464)', $),8'3'. Ghoknl`rhweqj` hqrn-
ph}… Cqem Z`j`knb onqnwb` h r`jhb` „dpeam`bh“ hgrnwmhvh m` oew`kah g` a`mjhre (nqbem
qonlem`rhre cnpe), j`rn: m`rnb`pb`me m` g`el`rek} q p`gmnqjhre on nroew`rb`me m` nakhc`vhh-
re, cepanbh h dpsch r`jqh, on npc`mhg`vh}r` m` ok`qlemr` m` nakhc`vhhre (osakhwm` ondohqj`)
h op.; g`dzpf`me nr elhqhnmm`r` a`mj` m` w`qr nr nakhc`vhhre q vek d` ch opnd`de on-jzqmn,
qked onj`wb`me m`d elhqhnmmh} hl jspq, h hgnayn g` d` qoejskhp` m` anpq`r` q jspq` hl (j`j-
rn qr`b` qked Rzpb`r` qbernbm` bnim` qked bzgqr`mnb}b`me m` qksfa`r` on hgok`y`me m` js-
onmhre); jnlhqhnm`, scnb`p}m` nr a`mjhre g` spefd`me m` qksfa`r` on g`elhre; opedqpnwmn
qzahp`me m` 6-leqewmhre `m|hrerh h g`dzpf`mh j`rn „dnozkmhrekm` c`p`mvh}“ qslh. Ef.
%'0'14), 7,3. Wnplh, p`glep h deimnqr…, 19–26.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 395
735 lkm. keb`, h vhrhp`m`r` on-p`mn vhtp` – jpzckn 753 lkm. keb`, qe dzpfh m` t`jr`, we onq-
kedm`r` novh} m` g`el` nr 1892 c. ahk` pe`khghp`m` q`ln w`qrhwmn. Gzkcnbere m` nayhmhre b
jp`} m` 1911 c. ahkh 92 lkm. keb`, q`ln m` Tnth} – 52 lkm. keb` (q. 443).
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 397
b Dzkc`ph} jzl jp`} m` 1911 c. ahk` 149 keb`. Rn rngh onj`g`rek r} qe m`-
lhp`k` b on-dnapn onknfemhe nr nqr`m`khre a`kj`mqjh qrp`mh (Tzpah}
Fzpvh}, Sslzmh}, Uspvh}), jnern }bmn qe dzkf`kn h m` on-jp`rjh} dzpf`-
bem fhbnr b qp`bmemhe q r}u jzl r`gh d`r`.55
J` opedbnemmhre bzmxmh g`elh m` Dzkc`ph} (nr g`el` nr 1888 c. dn rn-
gh nr 1912 c.) h r}umnrn p`gbhrhe h sonrpea` p`gonk`c`le q `brnphrermnrn
opnswb`me m` hqrnphwj`r` Yber`m` Undnpnb`. U} ch hgwhqk}b` m` 782,5 lkm.
gk`rmh keb` mnlhm`kmh (aeg regh m` a`mjh h nayhmh), ` j`rn whqrn opnhg-
bedemhe, r. e. pe`kmn – m` 663 lkm. keb`. Tpeys r}u qzck`qmn dncnbnphre dn
jp`} m` g`elmh} qpnj rp}ab`kn d` azd`r hgok`remh 1 lkpd. 804 lkm. keb`
(qonped onc`qhrekmhre r`akhvh b g`elmhre dncnbnph). P` op`jrhj` ahk` hg-
ok`rem` on-l`kj` qrnimnqr onp`dh opedqpnwmn hgok`y`me m` m}jnh dzkcn-
be h jnmbeprhp`me m` dpsch. Qr rngh dzkc dn 1912 c. ahkh hgok`remh (g`
khubh h ck`bmhvh) nayn 486 lkm. gk`rmh keb`. Qqr`b`kn d` qe hgok`r}r nye
601 lkm. keb` on ck`bmhvhre ok|q jpzckn 784 lkm. keb` khubh (dn njnmw`-
rekmnrn hgok`y`me qonped g`elmhre dncnbnph), hkh nayn jpzckn 1 lkpd.
385 lkm. gk`rmh keb`.56 Qr g`elhre ahkh sonrpeaemh opnhgbndhrekmn, ck`b-
mn g` qrpnef m` fo khmhh h ophqr`mhy`, edb` njnkn 175 lkm. keb`, jnern
op`bh njnkn 26% (22% nr mnlhm`k`). Rnbewern j`ohr`knbknfemh} b fekeg-
mhvh h ophqr`mhy` ahkh m`op`bemh bqzymnqr nr pednbmhre d`mzwmh onq-
rzokemh} (327 lkm. gk`rmh keb`). Rph rnb` bknfemh}r b fekegmhvhre j`oh-
r`k qzyn me qe pemrhp`k opeg rngh oephnd onp`dh qk`ah} rp`thj (whqrh}r
dnund m` fekegmhvhre dn 1912 c. ahk q`ln 50 lkm. keb`).57 Fk`bm`r` w`qr nr
g`elhre nrhxk` g` bnemmh dnqr`bjh, onozkb`me m` upnmhwmh} a|dferem de-
thvhr h g` khubh h onc`q}b`me m` qr`ph g`elh.
Rn r`jzb m`whm hjnmnlhweqjh}r etejr nr dzpf`bmhre g`elh ahk lmncn
l`kzj, dnj`rn re qzq qbn}r` refeqr bzpus a|dfer` hl`kh qhkmn nrphv`rek-
mn bzgdeiqrbhe. E qrp`m`r` pe`kmn me bkhg`kh j`ohr`kh nqbem on `b`mqhre
m` g`elhre, mn h re ahkh sonrpea}b`mh ck`bmn g` hgok`y`me m` bzmxmh}
dzkc. T nqmnbm`r` qsl` qe qzgd`b`kh `bn`ph b wsfahm` h qe op`bekh onjso-
vhtphre g` sonrpea`r` m` g`elhre m` q. 321, 461. M`jrn hgrzjb` `brnpj`r`, m}jnh `brnph qzb-
pelemmhvh ophel`r oncpexmn hgjk|whrekmn opnhgbndqrbem`r` sonrpea` m` regh g`elh, lnrh-
bhp`mh bqe q msfdhre m` fo qrpnhrekqrbnrn. Pn dpsch q` qhkmn jphrhwmh jzl sonrpea`r` hl,
nqnaemn Mhphk Rnonb, qzyn Kb`m T`k`a`xeb h Tr`mwn Znk`jnb. Ef. h Tr`rhqrhweqjh cndhx-
mhj m` Dzkc`pqjnrn v`pqrbn, 1, 1909. T., 1910, q. 391.
398 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
r. 2, 43–45, 57–58. Cbrnpzr dnqrhc` dn vhtp`r` 5 lkpd. 318 lkm. gk`rmh keb` g`csah nr bnimh-
re, b jn}rn m`ped qzq qonlem`rhre 1 lkpd. 519 lkm. g`csa` nr Fepl`mh} thcsphp`r animh h me-
animh l`reph`kh g` 3 lkpd. 528 lkm. gk`rmh keb`.
62 Rn bzopnq` g` peo`p`vhhre bf. !84@34), .041'. Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe,
f`bmhre dzkcnbe m` jpzckn 268 lkm. gk`rmh keb`, nr jnhrn p`gundh b l`re-
ph`kh m` qrnimnqr jpzckn 133 lkm. h p`gundh b o`ph jpzckn 135 lkm. keb`
(bjk|wb`yh hgok`remh qslh on peo`p`vhnmmh} dzkc, hgdpzfj`r` m` Oef-
dsqz|gmhweqj`r` jnlhqh}, p`gmh naegyeremh}, peqrhrsvhh h op.). Mzl rn-
b` rp}ab` d` qe dna`b}r hgnqr`bemhre h oped`demh m` onaedhrekhre animh
l`reph`kh m` qrnimnqr jpzckn 475 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`.63
Tked bnimhre ahkh qjk|wemh db` g`el` – 7% g`el g` m`qr`m}b`me m` ae-
f`mvhre nr 1926 c. q mnlhm`k 83 lkm. gk`rmh keb` (72,8 lkm. etejrhbmh) h
7,5% qr`ahkhg`vhnmem g`el opeg 1928 c. b p`glep m` 138 lkm. keb` (etej-
rhbmh 124,7 lkm.); hkh nayn 221 lkm. on mnlhm`k, 197,5 lkm. pe`kmn. Gb`r`
g`el` qe qjk|whkh ond onjpnbhrekqrbnrn m` Qayeqrbnrn m` m`pndhre h
hl`kh m}jnh nr nqnaemnqrhre m` tpemqjhre g`elh nr ozpbnrn deqerhkerhe
m` XIX b. Gekec`rzr on regh g`elh hl`k dnph on-xhpnjh op`bnlnyh} nr
regh m` dekec`r` m` opedbnemmhre tpemqjh g`elh. Qr dpsc` qrp`m`, jpedh-
rnphre opn}bhkh mnb ondund jzl dkzfmhj` ond dnlhm`vh}r` m` `mcknq`j-
qnmqj`r` thm`mqnb` dnjrphm`, ` hlemmn hghqjb`mh} g` sp`bmnbeqem a|-
dfer h gk`rem er`knm, qrphjrem jnmrpnk bzpus hgp`gundb`mern m` g`elhre
h m`whm` m` sonrpea` wpeg jnmrpnk bzpus azkc`pqjhre thm`mqnbh hmqrhrs-
vhh (meyn j`rn b`ksrem anpd nr Whm`mqnbh} jnlhrer m` Qayeqrbnrn m`
m`pndhre) h petnpl` m` DPD.64 Rnqkedm`r` qr`b` q`ln elhqhnmm` a`mj` h
a`mj` m` a`mjhre h qe onqr`b} ond jnmrpnk` m` opedqr`bhrek m` Qayeqrbn-
rn m` m`pndhre (qked}y g` b`ksrm`r` onkhrhj` h a|dferhre).
S`bmnqlerj`r` m` bzmxmhre dzkcnbe m` Dzkc`ph} jzl qped`r` m` 1942 c.
(qonped Cqem Z`j`knb) e qkedm`r`. Rpedbnemmhre dzpf`bmh g`elh bzgkhg`-
kh m` apsrm` qsl` jpzckn 653 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` (hkh gk`rmh keb`), nr jn-
hrn whqrh onqrzokemh} qked ophqo`d`me m` p`gmnqjhre jpzckn 556 lkm.
gk`rmh tp`mj`. Rn r}u dn 30 |mh 1942 c. ahkh hgok`remh 812 lkm. tp`mj`
h nqr`b`kh dzkfhlh 337 lkm. tp`mj`. Tkedbnemmhre dzpf`bmh g`elh hl`-
kh apsrem p`glep jpzckn 223 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, nr jnhrn whqrn onqrzoh-
kh 198 lkm. tp`mj`. Mzl 1 |mh 1942 c. ahkh hgok`remh 135 lkm. tp`mj` h
nqr`b`kh dzkfhlh 126 lkm. tp`mj`. Qrdekmn nr rnb` ahkh c`p`mrhp`mhre
nr dzpf`b`r` g`elh (m` a`mjh h cnkelh nayhmh), m`op`bemh opedh bnimhre,
jnhrn ahkh jpzckn 136 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj` apsrmn, 115 lkm. mermn, ` hgo-
k`remh dn jp`} m` 1941 c. – jpzckn 158 lkm. h nqr`rzj g` hgok`y`me jpzckn
17 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`. Kkh nayn on dzpf`bmh h c`p`mrhp`mh nr dzpf`b`-
r` g`elh ahkh onkswemh mnlhm`kmn 1 lkpd. 11 lkm. gk`rmh tp`mj`, ` whqrn
63!84@34), .041'. Seo`p`vhh h lefdsqz|gmh dzkcnbe, 33–34.
64)6'24), 92,3. Penqzyeqrbemh}r jnmqepb`rhbem…, 62–63. Cbrnpzr qp`bm}b` rngh
ondund q tpemqj`r` aegvepelnmmnqr h melqjhre op`cl`rhgzl h etejrhbmnqr b hjnmnlhweqjnrn
opnmhjb`me. Tzyn 4<,), !84@3. Dzkc`ph} h wsfdhre j`ohr`kh, nqna. q. 249.
402 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
Cjn wnbej pewe d` hgp`gh v}k`r` mh g`elm` onkhrhj` q`ln q m}jnkjn ds-
lh, ah lnczk d` j`fe, we onkhrhweqjhre dzkcnbe q` hgqlsj`kh h hgqs-
xhkh onwrh bqhwjh qnjnbe m` m`xern ak`cndemqrbhe. Deg r}u mhe ahu-
le ahkh edm` vbersy` qrp`m`, nqnaemn j`rn qe hl`r opedbhd onqknbhw-
mhre j`weqrb` m` m`xh} m`pnd, hlemmn mecnbnrn rpsdnk|ahe, mecnb`r`
ondbhfmnqr, mecnb`r` azpg` ophqonqnahlnqr jzl sqknbh}r`, mecnb`r`
oeqrekhbnqr h op.66
be…, 149–151.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 403
69
R`j r`l, 25–26; '3'.14), ,46*.. Ezrpexem opecked (Qrwerzr m` Dzkc`pqj` m`pndm`
a`mj` g` 1907 c.). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 12, 1908, A 4,
237–252; @5<,), 3+6,/. J`elzr, a|dferzr h P`pndm`r` a`mj` qzq Jelkedekweqjhre j`qh. –
Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 6, 1902, A 6, 373–390, nqna. q. 373, 385.
70 S`g}qmemh} g` qzjpnbhymhre anmnbe s "4+464), ,8>6. Ner}yhre dzkcnbe…, vhr. m`
q. 22.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 405
ahkh m`onknbhm` onc`qemh jzl jp`} m` 1937 c.; g`elh nr DPD h DJD h nr p`gmh nayeqrbemn-
dzpf`bmh tnmdnbe g` 583 lkm. keb` ahkh hgv}kn onc`qemh jzl jp`} m` 1937 c. h op. Ef. %41'-
04), !8'3<4. Whm`mqnb`r` onkhrhj`…, r. 2, 95–99.
73 454), .6.1. D|dferzr g` 1907 cndhm`, vhr. qznrbermn m` q. 701, 727.
406 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
– In: Social Change in Romania, 1860–1940. Kenneth Jowitt (ed.). Berkeley, University of Cali-
fornia, 1978, 72–116, esp. 113–114; The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 1825–1945.
Princeton, New Jersey, 1982, 313–314, 322.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 407
jzl nayhmqjhre d`mzvh ahkn 24,5 lkm. keb` jzl 3 lkm. keb`; opeg 1900 c. – 60,9 lkm. keb` jzl
10,3 lkm. keb`; opeg 1911 c. – 125,2 lkm. keb` jzl 25 lkm. keb`. Rndpnamn g` hgrnwmhvhre m`
onqrzokemh} m` nayhmhre opedh bnimhre bf. !84@34), ,804. Qayhmqjhre thm`mqh. – Toh-
q`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 11, 1907, A 2–3, 81–148; '7.1?4), "42'.
D|dferhre m` cp`dqjhre nayhmh g` 1911. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfe-
qrbn, 16, 1912, A 1, 7–19, nqna. 12–16.
86 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr, 135–136.
87 4378'38.34), . Ezrpexem opecked (Rpecked m` opejhre d`mzvh nr 1919 dn 1923 cn-
dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 8–9, 625–641, nqna. 636–641. Rn rngh onbnd h: Gpsc`pqjh qpeyh (on
onbnd g`jnmnopnejr` g` w`qrhwmh} ondnundem d`mzj). – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhwe-
qjn dpsfeqrbn, 16, 1912, A 4–5, 336–339.
91 Qye opeg 1907 c. Xphqrn Xhmjnb p`rsb` g` bzbefd`mern m` ondnundem d`mzj. Ef. #.3-
g` qp`bmhlnqr jzl opedbnemmh} o`phrer): 12,80 keb` opeg 1879 c.; 17,68 ke-
b` opeg 1900 c.; 31,46 keb` opeg 1911 c.; 31,39 keb` opeg 1924–1925 c.; 31,67
keb` opeg 1928–1929 c. h 31,51 keb` opeg 1929–1930 c. Rn-m`r`rzj rnb`pzr
m` d`mzvhre g`onwb` d` m`l`k}b` onp`dh meok`refnqonqnamnqr on bpele m`
qrno`mqj`r` jphg`: 25,80 keb` opeg 1930–1931 c.; 21,50 keb` opeg
1933–1934 c.; 21,24 keb` opeg 1935 c. Tkedb` mnbn sbekhwemhe qzq qrno`m-
qjh} ondel – 23,88 keb` opeg 1936 c.97
Fnk}l` hkh l`kj` e ondnam` d`mzwm` refeqr? Caqnk|rmn rnwem nrcnbnp
m` ondnaem bzopnq m}l`. P`i-nayn j`g`mn, on-l`kzj opnvemr bzpus on-mh-
qzj dnund lnfe d` refh onbewe, nrjnkjnrn on-cnk}l opnvemr bzpus on-bh-
qnj dnund. Tzyn r`j` nayn lnfe d` qe j`fe, we oph qo`d`me m` dnundhre (b
lnlemr m` jphg`) d`mzvhre qe sqey`r j`rn on-refjh. Thlornl g` opejn-
lepm` refeqr m` d`mzvhre e m`rpsob`mern m` meqzap`mh d`mzvh (mednan-
ph), jnern qr`b`kn ck`bmn b jphghqmh cndhmh. Gnqrhc`mern m` opedek b d`-
mzjnok`rmhre bzglnfmnqrh m` m`qekemhern qe bhfd` h on rnb`, we onbhx`-
b`mern m` nak`c`mern mebhm`ch mnqekn m` u`gm`r` pe`kmh onqrzokemh}. U`-
jhb` lnlemrh s m`q m`qrzob`r lefds bnimhre q d`mzvhre j`rn v}kn h q nr-
dekmh d`mzvh.
Tonped `brnphrermh} ongm`b`w m` d`mzwm`r` l`reph} Dnphq Pedjnb d`-
mzvhre s m`q ahkh rpsdmn onmnqhlh g` lmnghmqrbnrn nr m`qekemhern h d`-
mzwmnrn apele qe sqey`kn on-qhkmn onp`dh mhqjhre qpedmh dnundh, cp`mh-
weyh q ejghqremv-lhmhlsl`, ` qzyn onp`dh nrmnqhrekmn cnk}l`r` w`qr m`
m`rsp`kmh} dnund. M`rn bgel` ckedm`r` rnwj` m` u`gm`r`, `brnpzr nohqb`
qhrs`vh}r` on qkedmh} (medhoknl`rhwem g` d`mzjnok`rev`) m`whm. Rph
rbzpde mhqjhre dnundh m` ncpnlm`r` w`qr nr m`qekemhern ahkn mebzglnfmn
d` qe onqrhcme sbekhw`b`me m` ophundhre onqpedqrbnl nak`c`me m` on-cn-
kelhre dnundh (jnhrn ahkh l`kjn m` apni)98 h g`rnb` d`mzwm`r` qhqrel`
rp}ab`kn d` qe hgcp`dh bzpus nak`c`me m` xhpnjhre l`qh q l`kjh dnundh.
Unb` nasqknbhkn openak`d`b`ynrn gm`wemhe m` d`mzvhre bzpus jnmqsl`-
vh}r` (lhr`, `jvhgh h dpsch jnqbemh d`mzvh) h g`o`gb`mern m` m}jnh m`rs-
p`kmh khwmh onbhmmnqrh (g`leqrb`mh on hganp q ok`rhlh b o`ph d`mzvh, mn
97
G`mmhre s: ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 65. O`kjn on-p`gkhwmh q`
d`mmhre s Mhphk Rnonb (dn 1911 c.), ` hlemmn: 14 keb` opeg 1879 c.; 16,74 keb` opeg 1887 c.;
22,58 keb` opeg 1900 c.; 34,38 keb` opeg 1911 c. 454), .6.1. Trno`mqj` Dzkc`ph}, 422–423.
98
Dpn}r m` naknfemhre q dnozkmhrekem d`mzj bzpus nayh} dnund (nrm`q}y qe g` on-cn-
kelh dnundh – m`d 80 000 keb` cndhxmn) khv` opeg 1933–1934 thm`mqnb` cndhm` ahk q`ln
7125, ` opeg 1935 c. – 5521 dsxh, ` onkswemhre nr rnb` onqrzokemh} bzgkhg`kh m` 2–3% nr na-
y`r` qsl` m` m`vhnm`kmh} dnund. Ezglnfmh q` qksw`h m` sjphb`me m` dnundh, mn dnph `jn re
qe nrwer`r, j`prhm`r` edb` kh ye qe opnlemh qzyeqrbemn. Ef. ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m`
azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 69.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 415
99
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 84–105, peg|le m` `mckhiqjh eghj
243–248.
416 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
P` nak`c`me q d`mzj g`m}rhe ondkef`kh (nr 1928 dn 1937 c.) njnkn 3/4
nr dnundhre nr megeledekqjh g`m}rh} h njnkn 1/3 nr m`vhnm`kmh} dnund.
Gedsvhp`mh}r oph g`ok`r` d`mzj g`m}rhe (r. e. ck`bmn nr dzpf`bmh whmnb-
mhvh) d`b`k 24 dn 39% nr nayhre onqrzokemh} m` d`mzj` g`m}rhe opeg oe-
phnd` 1932–1936 c. Rnmefe opedb`phrekmnrn nak`c`me m` dnundhre oph hg-
rnwmhj` d`b` bzglnfmnqr g` pednbmn qzahp`me m` d`mzj`, rn g`onwm`kn d`
qe op`jrhjsb` p`gxhpemn me q`ln oph g`ok`rhre, ` nr 1936 c. h g` rzpcnb-
qjh h hmdsqrph`kmh opedoph}rh} (j`rn opedb`phrekmn qzahp`me aeg hgw`j-
b`me d` qe sqr`mnbh deiqrbhrekmh}r ophund). Tzahp`elnqrr` m` d`mzj` rn-
c`b` qr`m`k` lefds 80 h 90%, ` onqrzokemh}r` nr rngh d`mzj m`p`qm`kh q
njnkn 58% (g` 1936 c. b qp`bmemhe q 1935 c.), jnern onj`gb` me q`ln qrno`m-
qjnrn ondnapemhe, ` h jnkjn xhpnjh bzglnfmnqrh hl`kn opedh g` sjphb`-
me m` dnundh qoevh`kmn nr opedoph}rh}r`. Rpeg 1932–1933 c. d`mzjzr g`-
m}rhe bzgkhg`k qpedmn m` 3,5% nr dnundhre m` ok`y`yhre cn d`mzjnok`r-
vh; opeg 1933–1934 c. qo`d` m` 2,2%, ` opeg 1934–1935 – m` 1,8%, j`rn bzb
bqhwjh qksw`h opnvemrzr e on-mhqzj g` on-dpeamhre cndhxmh dnundh.
Rp`jrhj`r` m` nak`c`me q d`mzj m` whmnbmhweqjhre g`ok`rh, oph jnern
dzpf`b`r` opnqrn opeubzpk} o`ph nr edhmh} dfna b dpsch}, ahk` ondk`c`-
m` weqrn m` jphrhj`.100 E jp`im` qlerj` opeg 1934 c. qe qrhc` dn opel`ub`me
m` sdpzfjhre nr g`ok`rhre m` dzpf`bmhre whmnbmhvh h m` nayhmqjhre qks-
fhrekh g` d`mzj g`m}rhe, j`rn rngh d`mzj qe bm`q} nr swpefdemh}r`, ` g`o-
k`rhre qe d`b`r mermn (r. e. pedsvhp`mh qzq qznrbermh} opnvemr).
Eewe ae qonlem`r mesqoexmh}r nohr m` Tr`lankhiqjh d` bzbede nay
opncpeqhbmn-ondnundem d`mzj (opeg 1921 c.) bleqrn d`mzj` g`m}rhe h on-
gelkemh} d`mzj. Rpeg 1925 c. regh d`mzvh ahkh bzgqr`mnbemh, ` d`mzjzr
bzpus nayh} dnund ahk rp`mqtnplhp`m b dnozkmhrekem d`mzj bzpus na-
yh} dnund, m` jnirn ondkef`kh q`ln cnkelh dnundh m` thghweqjh khv`
(m`d 100 000 keb` cndhxmn m` qeleiqrbn, opeg 1933 c. m`l`kemn dn 80 000
keb` m` qeleiqrbn). K b rngh qh bhd d`mzjzr d`b`k megm`whrekmh pegskr`rh
g` thqj` onp`dh l`kjh} apni nak`c`elh khv` (lefds 5000 h 7000 d`mzjn-
ok`rvh) oph mhqjhre dnundh m` lmnghmqrbnrn.101
Toevh`kem d`mzj bzpus dpsfeqrb`r` – `jvhnmepmh, jnl`mdhrmh q `jvhh
h jnnoep`rhbmh – qe bzbefd` opeg 1920 c. (dnrnc`b` re ahkh nak`c`mh q d`-
mzj g`m}rhe). Ue qe p`gopedek}kh m` rph cpsoh: 1. Gpsfeqrb`, g`mhl`b`yh
qe q a`mjepqrbn, rzpcnbh} h g`qrp`unbjh; 2. T hmdsqrph}, lhmh, geledekqjn
h fhbnrmnbzdmn opnhgbndqrbn; 3. Mnnoep`rhbmh. Rzpbhre dbe cpsoh qe na-
k`c`kh opncpeqhbmn bzpus whqr`r` oew`ka`, nr 10 dn 25% (20% g` hmds-
100P`op. #.304), #6.784. P`x`r` qhqrel` on nak`c`me…, 380–383.
101
!84@34), ,804. D|dferzr m` dzpf`b`r`, 19–20; ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azk-
c`pqj`r`…, q. 69.
418 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
102
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 76.
103
R`j r`l, 119–127, peg|le m` `mckhiqjh eghj 252–255. .2.864), !8. Geq}rzj` b Dzk-
c`ph}. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 6, 367–402; "4+464),
,8>6. Rngelkemh}r d`mzj. – Gelnjp`rhweqjh opecked, 10, 1911, A 5, 573–583; 4,), 43<4.
Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 7, 1903, A 3, 185–
194. J` m`whm` m` qzahp`me m` deq}rzj` h dnosqj`mh} oph rnb` opnhgbnk bf. j`prhmmnrn noh-
q`mhe m` 4,), 43<4. Ezrpexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfe-
qrbn, 4, 1900, A 2–3, 178–188; A 4, 255–266, nqna. 262–265. Ef. qzyn @5<,), 3+6,/. Ezr-
pexem opecked. – Tohq`mhe m` Dzkc`pqjnrn hjnmnlhweqjn dpsfeqrbn, 4, 1900, A 6, 403–409.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 419
109
Unb` ahk edmnjp`rem d`mzj, bzbedem qzq g`jnm nr 1919 c. h g`rzm`k b a|pnjp`rhwmh h
dpsch qozmjh. Ef. 4378'38.34), . Rpejhre d`mzvh m` jpzqrnozr, q. 138.
110 '3'.14), ,46*.. P`x`r` thm`mqnb` onkhrhj`, 377–406, nqna. 400–401.
111 Ef. g` 1931 c. !5'7.<,), !8,:'3, 3'78'7 "48,). Rpedb`phrekmh pegskr`rh nr nohr`
PHRSHMK GCP]YK
m` dzpf`bmh dnqr`bjh) m` 20,8% opeg 1935 c. h 24% opeg 1936 c.113 Qak`-
c`mern qe onbhx`b`kn dnozkmhrekmn nr nayhmqjh} m`knc, bzbedem opeg
1905 c. b p`glep m` 20% bzpus bmnqmnrn lhrn h qzyeqrbsb`k opeg v}knrn
bpele. Cjn qe bgele opedbhd h rngh m`knc, opeg 1921 c. qzap`mhre lhr` bzg-
kegkh m` 18,4% nr qrnimnqr r` m` bmnq`; qked bkhg`mern b qhk` m` qoevh`k-
m`r` r`pht` nr 1922 c. re b`php`kh lefds 30–40% (40–50% opeg
1931–1934 c.) nr qrnimnqr r` m` bmnq`. Rph rnb` rp}ab` d` qe hl` opedbhd,
we njnkn 40% nr bmnq` (opeg 1928–1935 c.) ahk m` op`jrhj` aeglhrem, r`j`
we nalhr}b`mern m` bqhwjn nqr`m`kn ahkn lmncn on-bhqnjn.114 Rnbhx`b`-
mern m` refeqr r` m` nak`c`mern na`we me sqo}b` d` jnloemqhp` m`l`kemhe-
rn m` onqrzokemh}r` nr bmnqmh lhr` onp`dh m`l`kekh} bmnq. Hdb` nr 1935
h 1936 c. g`onwb` mnbn onbhxemhe b onqrzokemh}r` b pegskr`r m` sbekhwem
bmnq. Trp`mhwem etejr nr nak`c`mern m` hmdsqrph`kmhre opnhgbedemh} q
bhqnjh bmnqmh lhr` opeg v}knrn bpele ahkn g`dzpf`mern m` on-bhqnjh ve-
mh g` r}u h on rngh m`whm p`grb`p}me m` „mnfhv`r`“ q vemhre m` geledek-
qjhre opndsjrh.
Qye nr qzgd`b`mern m` dzpf`b`r` qzyeqrbsb`kh h hgmnqmh lhr`. Gn
bnimhre re ahkh b mhqzj p`glep h g`q}c`kh m`i-bewe fhbh} dnahrzj, g` d`
qe ncp`mhwh mecnbh}r hgmnq. E sqknbh}r` m` nqjzdhv` m` qrnjh nr ozpb` me-
naundhlnqr on bpele m` bnimhre h meonqpedqrbemn qked r}u hgmnqzr m` m}-
jnh qrnjh ahk g`ap`mem, ` hgmnqmhre lhr` m` dpsch ahkh sbekhwemh. Kgmnq-
mh lhr` hl`kh h m}jnh lmncn oewekhbxh hgmnqmh `prhjskh, j`rn r|r|m,
}iv` h dp. Tked 1921 c. remdemvh}r` ahk` jzl onqreoemmn m`l`k}b`me m`
lhr`r`, ` m}jnh ahkh m`ozkmn opel`um`rh, nqnaemn oph qo`d`me m` lefds-
m`pndm`r` vem` m` qznrberm`r` qrnj`.
E nanayemhe lnfe d` qe j`fe, we azkc`pqj`r` lhrmhweqj` h bzmxmn-
rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj` qe jnkea`ek` lefds m`qzpwemhe m` hmdsqrph}r` h whq-
rn thqj`kmh qznap`femh} g` bhqnjh lhrmhweqjh onqrzokemh}, ` g` hgbeqr-
mn bpele m` opedem ok`m hgk}gzk b`ksrmh}r t`jrnp (mednqrhczr m` b`ksr`).
Kmdsqrph`km`r` opnrejvh} ngm`w`b` nrj`g nr lhr` g` bmnq m` pedhv` mena-
undhlh m` pndm`r` opnlhxkemnqr `prhjskh h bhqnjh lhr` g` nqr`m`khre,
nqnaemn g` hmdsqrph`kmh opnhgbedemh}, whirn bmnq rp}ab`kn d` qe g`leqrh
q pndmn opnhgbndqrbn. Rph slepem opnrejvhnmhgzl thqj`kmhre h hmdsqr-
ph`kmhre hmrepeqh lnc`r dnm}jzde d` qe qzwer`b`r, l`j`p we dzpf`b`r` cs-
ah nr aeglhrmh} bmnq. Gpsc bzopnq e, we hmrepeqhre m` jnmqsl`rnphre b
qrp`m`r` qrp`d`kh nr bhqnjhre vemh (onbdhc`mh nr lhrnrn), ` hmrepeqhre m`
113 ,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, 159–161. Yhtphre me bjk|wb`r nayhm-
qjh} m`knc.
114 4(<,), 4378'38.3. Ezmxm`r` rzpcnbqj` onkhrhj`…, q. 13; ,+04), 46.7. S`gbh-
eghj).
426 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
`kem g`jnm opeg 1925 c. Rpeg 30-re cndhmh m` XX b. `jvhgzr bzpus g`u`pr`
qe onj`wb`k m` m}jnkjn ozrh (opeg 1936 c. qzqr`bk}b`k njnkn 60% nr meim`-
r` vem` m`dpeamn). T`lhre vemh ahkh jp`imn bhqnjh oph g`ap`mhrekmhre
lhr` bzpus bmnq` h bhqnjh} `jvhg – 13 ozrh m`d lefdsm`pndmhre opeg
1933 c. Omncn mhqj`r` jnmqsl`vh} m` g`u`p b Dzkc`ph} (3 ozrh on-l`kj`
nr Fzpvh} h ^cnqk`bh}) qe dzkf`k` m` bhqnj`r` vem` h bhqnjnrn nak`c`me,
mn h m` bzglnfmnqr r` g` g`l}m` m` g`u`pr` q p`gkhwmh okndnbe h dnl`xmn
hgcnrbemhre nr r}u qk`dj`, oerlegh h op. Onmnonkhglzr qzq g`u`pr` ngm`-
w`b`k ncpnlmh oew`kah g` g`u`pmhre t`aphjh h qznrbermh g`csah g` dzp-
f`b`r` nr nrj`g` d` hlonprhp` g`u`p h nr qbhr`r` jnmqsl`vh}; ondnamn
hp`vhnm`kmn onbedemhe lnfe d` qe na}qmh q`ln qzq qhk`r` m` hmrepeqhre,
qrn}yh g`d t`aphjhre.117
Gpsc ophlep g` bhqnjn naknfem opndsjr q` oerpnkzr h oerpnkmhre de-
phb`rh (aemghm, c`g h dp.). Cjvhgzr ahk bzbedem opeg 1894 c., mn gm`wemhe-
rn m` oerpnk` qe onbhxhkn nqnaemn qked bnimhre. Rpeg 1928–1929 c. lhr-
mhweqjnrn nak`c`me (g`edmn q p`gmh lhr` h `jvhgh) m` oerpnk`, hgonkgb`m
ck`bmn g` nqberkemhe, dnqrhcm`kn 46% nr mecnb`r` vem` m`edpn h 44% nr
vem`r` ls m`dpeamn. Rn qzynrn bpele aemghmzr g` `brnlnahkhre qe nak`-
c`k q 38% m`d qpedm`r` vem` m`edpn. Rpeg 1935 c. nak`c`mern m` aemghm`
dnqrhcm`kn 61% nr qpedm`r` vem` m`edpn, j`rn qzyebpelemmn ahkn onbh-
xemn nak`c`mern m` c`g{nk`, g` d` qe opednrbp`rh opelhm`b`mern m` `brn-
lnahkhre jzl rnb` cnphbn. Rpejnlepmnrn lhrmhweqjn nak`c`me opeg 30-re
cndhmh m` XX b. h o`d`mern m` lefdsm`pndmhre vemh m` qspnbh} oerpnk
m`op`bhkh hgcndmn qzgd`b`mern m` leqrmh p`thmephh, j`jbhrn ahkh hgcp`-
demh opeg 1933–1934 c. Gzpf`b`r` na`we sbekhwhk` bmnqmhre lhr` m` qs-
pnbh} oerpnk, jnern ophmsdhkn leqrmhre p`thmephh d` ncp`mhw`r qbn}r`
deimnqr h d` } opejp`r}r m`ozkmn b jp`} m` 1936 c. Unb` e jk`qhweqjh
ophlep, j`j lhrmhweqj`r` onkhrhj` lnfe d` bkh}e bzpus p`gbhrhern, peq-
oejrhbmn g` qohp`mern, m` leqrmn opnhgbndqrbn.
P`ped q `jvhghre opeg nopedekemh oephndh qzyeqrbsb`kh h opejh dzp-
f`bmh lnmnonkh, b w`qrmnqr bzpus m}jnh gzpmemh up`mh, jhaphr`, j`prn-
hcp`weqrbnrn, vhc`pem`r` u`prh}, uhmhm`, qohpr` (100-cp`dsqnb) h qkhbn-
b`r` p`jh}, cepanbh} m`knc h op. P`i-m`oped geledekqjh}r pefhl m`op`bhk
mesqoexem nohr d` sqr`mnbh lnmnonk bzpus rzpcnbh}r` qzq gzpmemh up`-
mh (g`jphr onp`dh bzmxm` m`leq`). Rpeg 1930 c. qe qzgd`k ondnaem lnmn-
onk ond tnpl`r` m` Ghpejvh} g` g`jsosb`me h hgmnq m` gzpmemh up`mh. P`
dhpejvh}r` ahkn bzgknfemn d` hgjsosb` oxemhv`, pzf, v`pebhv`, ewelhj,
nbeq h opnqn on nopedekemh vemh, on-bhqnjh nr lefdsm`pndmhre, q vek d`
117
Logio, George. Bulgaria. Past and Present, 198–201.
428 D]NFCSTMQUQ QD\HTUEQ. UQO 1 ZCTU EUQSC: KMQPQOKMC
118
,+04), 46.7. S`gbhrhern m` azkc`pqj`r`…, q. 29, 46–48.
FNCEC GHEHUC. QD\HTUEHPK WKPCPTK: D^GIHU, JCHOK, GCP]YK 429
119
R`j r`l, q. 64. Qr d`demh} s Dnphq Pedjnb ophundem a|dfer (q. 37) lnfe d` qe hgwh-
qkh, we nayn nr dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} h sqksch dnxkh njnkn 24% nr pednbmhre ophundh m`
a|dfer` m` dzpf`b`r` opeg 1928–1929 c.; 30% opeg 1931–1932 c.; 30% opeg 1936 c. Pn fekeg-
mhvhre h dpsch dzpf`bmh opedoph}rh} thcsphp`r h q cnk}l p`gundem a|dfer (q. 40), ck`bmn
g` mnbn qrpnhrekqrbn, jnirn qzyn rp}ab` d` qe bgele opedbhd. Unb` op`bh rpsdmn hgwhqkemhe-
rn m` pemr`ahkmnqr r` m` dzpf`bmhre opedoph}rh}. J` apsrmh} ophund h ejqokn`r`vhnmmhre
p`gundh nr fekegmhvhre (aeg p`gundhre g` mnbh fekegmhvh) nr 1924 c. m`r`rzj bf. h %'0'14),
7,3. P`vhnm`kmh}r dnund h p`gund…, q. 82.
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! %" 431
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