8TH Group Villapando Orioste 2 1

STUDENT COMPETENCIES AND CAREER INTEREST:
ROLE OF THE CURRENT
PANDEMIC SITUATION IN
TOURISM SECTOR
A Thesis Presented to the
College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in International Travel and Tourism Management
Your Program and Specialization (if applicable)
By:
Joyce M. Orioste
Andrea Collin T. Villapando
August 2022
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COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper, entitled: Student Competencies and Career Interest:
Role of the Current Pandemic Situation in Tourism Sector , prepared and
submitted by Joyce M. Orioste and Andrea Collin T. Villapando, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science in International Travel
and Tourism Management has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and
approval for Oral Defense.
Mr. Troy Tuzon

Research Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination:
Mr. Dane Corpuz

Panel Member
Dr. Delon Ching

Panel Member
Dr. Ryan Gamoso

Panel Chair
Online approvals are reflected in Appendix H.
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Your
Program and Specialization (if applicable)
Chef Abram Emmanuel R. Peralta, MIHM, WCCE, CGSP, SFPM,

CHIA
Dean, College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management
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ABSTRACT
Tourism students recognize the sober reality of the pandemic's negative effects on their
academic and career success; thus, the researchers conducted this study to see how LPU
Laguna third and fourth year tourism students' competencies and career interests have
changed as a result of the uncertainties and discovered the moderating effect of Tourism
Industry Status on these variables. Underpinning theory was utilized by researchers to
examine career development, such as academic and professional interests, how individuals
choose a vocation, and career achievement and stability in school. And employs a conceptual
framework based on the Social Cognitive Framework, which uses the primary variables career
interest, psychographic profile, competencies, and status of tourism industry. This study used
a causal comparative approach and quantitative research methods on a total population of 189
people. Furthermore, it employs weighted mean, Pearson correlation, and Hayes Process in
IBM SPSS in moderation analysis. The findings revealed a link between competencies and
psychographic profile in terms of lifestyle, interests, opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. It also
reveals a significant relationship between respondents' career interests and psychographic
profile. Finally, it was demonstrated that the status of the tourism industry has a moderating
effect on competencies and career interest. As a result, the relationship between competencies
and interest is dependent on the state of the tourism industry. The results on this study guided
researchers to create student career development programs to better understand themselves
and their career and provide recommendations to further enhance their competencies and
strengthen their interest despite the Status of Tourism Industry.
Keywords: Status of Tourism Industry, competencies, career interest, psychographic profile

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research study becomes a reality with the kind help and support of many individuals,
we would like to extend our deepest and sincere gratitude to all of them. To the
hardworking people of our community Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna,
particularly in the department of College of International Tourism and Hospitality
Management for providing the assistance we needed. To our hands on adviser, Dr. Troy
Tuzon for guiding us and sharing his knowledge and understanding to complete our study.
To our research statistician, Ms. Maricris Agawin for being very considerate and allotting
us her time when there are things, we are not certain about and for giving us some insight
for us to finish our study. To Ms. Ella Dimaculangan for giving us the chance to have her
as our research industry professional, truly her assistance is of great help to our study. To
all the students under the tourism course for making our paper possible by having time to
answer our research instrument, we would not be able to get the results we needed if not
because of their participation. To our dearest panelist Dr. Ryan Joseph Calinao, Mr. Dane
Corpuz, Mr. Christian Aguado, Mr. Delon Ching and Dr. Ryan Gamoso for giving us their
insightful opinions and recommendations on how we can improve and how we can make
our study feasible. We appreciate all of you. Finally, we give thanks to the Almighty God
for giving us guidance, intelligence, understanding and courage in completing all the
requirements and prerequisites of this course and achieving our goals. All the Glory!
Sincerely,
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................1
APPROVAL SHEET ..............................................................................................2
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS. ......................................................................................5
LIST OF TABLES. ..............................................................................................8
LIST OF FIGURES. ............................................................................................8
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................11
Review of Related Literature ........................................................... 15
Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 69
Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 72
2 METHOD ............................................................................................................... 73
Research Design .............................................................................73
Respondents of the Study ...............................................................74
Data Gathering Tool ........................................................................ 75
Data Gathering Procedure .............................................................77
Ethical Consideration ............................................................................ 78

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Data Analysis ....................................................................... 79
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 80
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 142
Conclusions ............................................................................... 144
Recommendations ....................................................................148
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 150
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 169
Appendix A: LETTERS OF REQUEST ...............................................................
Appendix B: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................ 169
Appendix C: CRONBACH ALPHA RESULT .....................................................197
Appendix D: SPSS OUTPUT .............................................................................198
Appendix E: PROOF OF SURVEY...................................................................... 206
Appendix F: PLAGIARISM TEST RESULT .......................................................
Appendix G: GRAMMARIAN ENDORSEMENT LETTER ................................
Appendix H: PROOF OF PANEL APPROVAL………………………………………….…207
Appendix I: OTHER LETTERS………………………………………….……………………..
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.
Determine the psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of Lifestyle
………………………………….........................................................................................79
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Table 2.
The psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of Interest…………………84
Table 3.
The psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of opinions, attitudes, and
beliefs……………………………………………………………………………………………………….88
Table 4
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Internship…………….92
Table 5
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Confidence……………95
Table 6
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Teaching
Methods……………………………………………………………………………………………………99
Table 7
The factors affecting the respondent’s career interests during the pandemic in
terms of Academic Ability………………………………………………………………………….103
Table 8
terms of Economic Stability……………………………………………………………………….106
Table 9
terms of Expectations………………………………………………………………………………110
Table 10
Determine the factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in
terms of Economic Contribution……………………………………………………………….113
Table 11
Determine the factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in
terms of Preferences………………………………………………………………………………...116
Table 12
Factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in terms of
Restrictions………………………………………………………………………………………….119
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Table 13
Internship, Confidence, Teaching methods and psychographic profile pertaining
to Lifestyle…………………………………………………………………………………………..123
Table 14
to Interest……………………………………………………………………………………………126
Table 15
to Interest…………………………………………………………………………………………….128
Table 16
Academic Ability, Economic, Expectations and psychographic profile pertaining to
Lifestyle………………………………………………………………………………………………….131
Table 17
Academic Ability, Economic, Expectations and psychographic profile
pertaining to Interest…………………………………………………………………134
Table 18
pertaining to Opinions, attitudes & beliefs. ………………………………….137
Table 19
Moderating Role of the Status of the Tourism Industry…………………140
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Theoretical framework of the study ................................................................... 66
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Figure 2 Conceptual Framework of the study……………………………………………………………69

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
As defined by the Robinsons (2020), a pandemic is an epidemic that occurs
worldwide or over a very large area, crosses international borders, and usually affects a
large number of people. All over the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted to
damage relating to a dramatic loss of human life, posing an unprecedented challenge to
public health, food systems, education and, most notably, the workplace
(Chriscaden,2020).
In the Philippines, the pandemic has primarily impacted workplace of bigger
sectors not only commercial business industries, but also establishments associated with
Philippine travel and tourism. The tourism industry is widely recognized as one of the
most important contributors to the advancement of the Philippine economy, as evidenced
by a relevant stand of Masigan (2021), where he displayed factual statistics indicating that
by year 2019, travel and tourism contributed 12.7 percent of GDP, or approximately $47.8
billion in goods and services. However, by the start of pandemic, changes are noticeable
to these numbers. Numerous airlines reported a 75 percent drop in totality of domestic
flights which led to retrenchment programs, with voluntary and involuntary separation
contributed to the range of unemployment in the Philippines. In addition, hotels and
resorts, tour operators, restaurants, spas, and entertainment venues are also among those
suffering losses. As a result, the government has provided solutions to these issues by
continuing operations with travel restrictions, but this has made it difficult for IATA,
WHO, and ICAO to unify travel protocols in the Philippine context and across nations
(Masigan,2021).
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Meanwhile, aside from the tourism sector, which has been significantly affected by
the pandemic, this event has also caused concern in other aspect which is the educational
system. The Philippines is one of the countries in the world that have not started in-person
classes since the pandemic began, affecting the right to learn of more than million Filipino
students. Among this number, there are 3.5 million tertiary-level students enrolled in
online based learning which has been in terms of synchronous, real-time lectures and
time-based outcomes assessments, or asynchronous, delayed-time activities, like pre-
recorded video lectures and time-independent assessments. In this virtual setting, the
quality of education depends on the available infrastructure of both parties in the comfort
of their homes such as good connectivity, workspace, and access to technology. Majority
of the Universities in the Philippines such as De La Salle University (DLSU), Ateneo de
Manila University (ADMU), the University of Santo Tomas (UST), and Lyceum of the
Philippines University Laguna (LPU-L) are implementing this online based learning
approach. These Universities includes in over 28 million Filipino learners across academic
levels who have to stay at home and comply with the Philippine government’s quarantine
measures (UNESCO, 2020).
However, despite the effort of the educational institutions in the Philippines to
continue providing education amid the situation, inevitably, the virtual setup has taken a
toll on students' mental health. In fact, on a study conducted by AlAteq et al., (2020),
reports the stress and challenges encountered by students in virtual learning spaces. This
demonstrates a discrepancy with the educational system implemented in the Philippine

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setting, which impacted various potential factors including students’ skills, calling into
question their competency, and learning ability.
Explicitly, the various studies mentioned have demonstrated how the pandemic
changed the approach to such areas: tourism sector as well as the Philippine educational
system. As a result, this has a negative effect on the respondents that is directly concerned
by the obstacles, which are the 3rd year and 4th year students of tourism related courses
that is also the respondents on this research who are the key players in the industry few
years from now. As based on Zhong et al., (2021), tourism students realized the sober
reality of the negative effects from the pandemic on their academic and career success.
Tourism students’ competencies is vital for the future of Tourism industry since it
is one of the major considerations when employers are hiring their employees. Employers
valued graduates' competencies in the areas of preparation "Hospitality" and "Tourism,"
by their theoretical knowledge and practical skills in organizing and implementing
practical activities, as shown in a study conducted by Zaitseva (2017). This demonstrated
how important it is for students to have a developed set of ability and competence for them
to perform better in their chosen career. But, for a matter of fact, this pandemic has given
tourism students the impression that they are incapable to perform at their best, as stated
by Wargo (2020), through the barrier of a screen, many students have trouble
concentrating during Zoom lessons, and it is tougher for both teachers and students to
interact throughout class which resulted to claims that some may not see themselves as
successful in their field, given that the virtual setting is lacking in many ways. This led the
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students to question their ability to contribute to the growth of the industry which led them
to shift in career plans.
Moreover, as explained by Nyamwange & Masai Mara University 2016, career
plans comprehension is a major distinction in an individual's life, especially for college
students striving to enter an industry-position that is in accordance with their programs.
Determining a career is frequently confusing, and their long-term results are not directly
clear to some individuals. Different justification and inducement of tourism students
regarding the current situation of the tourism industry affected their positioning in the
industry most especially that they are well aware individuals that there are challenges
experienced today like massive decline and unavailability of numerous opportunities by
the face of pandemic. This is deemed as a threat most especially to the tourism sector since
it led the industry to decreased in demand and tolerate the birth of incompetent and
unskilled manpower, when not addressed beforehand.
Therefore, Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna, as an educational
institution that has an instilled brand of leadership as according to Du (2019), felt it was
critical that students be honed holistically despite of these challenges faced today. As a
result, when presented with the opportunity to conduct a feasible and timely study, the
researchers, who are Tourism students at the institution, have combined ideas from their
self-proclaimed awareness, and found the significance of this research that has assisted
them in determining factual information that is beneficial for the Lyceum of the
Philippines University Laguna preferably 3rd and 4th year Tourism students, to better
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understand themselves, the industry, and evaluated the factors that influenced them in
continuing their career by the time of pandemic.
Thus, the study's goal was determined on how well tourism students understand
their chosen career path and how it operates today which focused on the underlying
reasons leading to the career interests of LPU-Laguna senior and junior tourism students,
during pandemic such as their academic ability, economic stability, and expectations.
Moreover, the researches examined the impact of respondent’s competencies on their
career in the present times and revealed the moderating effect of the status of the Tourism
industry to both: competencies and career interest. Researchers has put attention in the
majority of tourism students who have the potential in changing their course as they
believe they are able to perform their learnings more easily and proficiently with a change
of plans, goals, and propositions. At the end of the study, the proponents of this research
arrived at justifiable and specific reasons why tourism students have uncertainties with
their career, that have guided the researchers to provide recommendations like student
career development programs and plans for the respondents, institution, professors,
Tourism Industry, and educational system to these risks to field of tourism industry.
Review of Literature
Lifestyle
Lifestyle is defined as people's thoughts, ideas, and attitudes toward society. These
attitudes, mindsets, and beliefs have a tremendous influence on people's conclusion,

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whether they are in accordance with their personal or professional lives as what has been
stated by Young et al., (2018).
Moreover, lifestyle as claimed by Romero-Blanco et al., (2020), are discrete
characteristics such as age, sex, and health condition are known to influence how much
physical exercise people engage; it includes motivation, insufficient time, and issues linked
to body image or physical aspect involving with physical activity, this physical activity are
often done as it can also help with anxiety and sadness. From other study sourced from
Romero-Blanco et al., (2020), he discussed that lifestyle is not just about mindsets it also
involves aspects of each person's personality (gender, provocation, eating habits, mental
condition, etc.), which directs them to aid or hamper their decision to do physical
movements. With that being said, students' sedentary behavior could be seen as escalated
if they were constricted to their homes, and on the other hand, their physical diversion
would have dropped if they couldn't go outside for physical movements & relaxation.
Covid-19 pandemic, a treacherous virus has come to take place over the world and
became a threat to the lives of people. With the sudden outburst of this virus the majority
of the countries around the world are put on lockdown. As mentioned by Cordero (2022),
colleges and institutions all across the world were forced to transition to all-online
education. Students were forced to abandon their typical patterns of conversing face-to-
face with their classmates, teachers, and friends as a result of the abrupt transition.
However, based on Goncalves et al., (2021), students were already characterized as a
society with unhealthy lives and routine even before the epidemic, as seen by high levels
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of obesity. He said that this must not be taken lightly given the harmful effect of physical
inactivity and sedentary practices on long-term health, especially in young adults,
therefore, the prevalence of distant learning should be addressed.
Yet, despite this claim, a study by Zeng et al., (2021), found that school closures
had a significantly detrimental impact on school-aged children's health style during the
COVID-19 epidemic, including decreased physical activity, increased screen time, and
lopsided sleeping patterns. This showed that in both distant and online learning young
adults already have an unhealthy lifestyle, however, the existence of online learning made
it severe.
In relation to that, evidence suggests that forced seclusion and school closure
significantly limit students' connections with classmates and opportunities for physical
activity. Students' relationship with the instructor, other students, and the resources they
were learning to operate were all affected by the alterations to the learning procedure. Due
to the small number of members, it also had an impact on interactions with one another
in practical tasks, as well as motivation for learning and teaching learning outcomes which
could have an effect on their lifestyle, this was supported by the study of Khan et al.,
(2021).
In fact, amid pandemic, there was a general decrease in physical activity intensity,
as well as a rise in the consumption of less healthful foods and a 28.6% increase in
sedentary behavior. There was also a decrease in physical activity among university
students, as well as an increase in worry among 18- to 34-year-olds. A recent study
conducted by Michigan et al., (2021), stated that students may feel not much connected to
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their friends, clubs, and hobbies if they are removed from their social support system and
extracurricular activities at school. Furthermore, they are concerned about their own
future, as well as the health of their friends and loved ones. The scenario they are in is
stressful and anxiety-inducing, since there is a constant fear of the unspecified as well as
a sense of loss of control, making them particularly sensitive to mental health issues.
On the other hand, we cannot fully conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic only gives
a negative impact to the lifestyle of people, to be precise most studies have found that the
pandemic also creates a positive impact to others. Based on the study of Flores et al.,
(2021), some individuals stated that after the lockout, their lifestyle has improved since
they have been able to exercise, eat healthier meals, focus on skin care, and correct
sleeping habits, while others stated that they have lived a sedentary lifestyle since the
lockdown. The respondent’s thoughts on the effects of COVID-19 on their motivation to
remain in the profession were divided into positive and negative categories, with both
positive and negative viewpoints being noticed.
In the tourism industry, lifestyle has been one of the greatest factors affected by
the pandemic. It not only affects students but all the people around the world. With all, it
showed how people suffer from the negative impact of the virus brought to their lifestyle.
Their daily lives were greatly affected with regards to their health for they cannot take care
of their body personally, behavior when having interaction with other people as well as
their motivation to address difficulties that are occurring every day. This also showed the
significance of providing solutions that caters the problems with regards to the quality of
lifestyle currently encountered by the students particularly their respondents as tourism

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students during pandemic. The researchers would look further to the different studies that
can help them to secure the healthy lifestyle of the students during this time of difficulty
and would look into details if the lifestyle of the students has an effect with their
productivity, and interest to their career.
Interest
Interest could be the things that people are interested in, it could be their hobbies,
their feelings towards others and the things that make them curious. But as stated by Hidi
et al., (2019), not only these factors are associated with interest, but people also passing
interest are expected and eager to seek out pertinent information, continue to learn more,
and persevere. They are also more likely to be involved in meaningful learning and
motivated: they are attentive, hardworking, goal-oriented, and flourish and employ
techniques effectively. On the other hand, as stated by Bergin (2016), when it comes to the
place to develop interest, school is the best place for it, as it is a social setting that can
impact the development of interests. Moreover, interest sparked by school and life
changing experiences should be goals of education, but study shows that they happen at a
lower-than-optimal rate.
Truly that school as an environment creates a serious impact to the interest of the
students. As mentioned in the study of Quinlan (2019), the best predictors of situational
interest were students' degree of individual interest and their evaluations of their teacher's
excitement, congeniality, and knowledge. Overachievement was found to be inversely
related to situational interest.

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However, COVID-19, on the other hand, has afflicted and continues to afflict a
disproportionately large segment of the population. People's perceptions of quality of life,
as well as general pleasure and well-being, have shifted as a result. Given that, there is an
uptick in public discourse as well as interest among scholars in a subset of the quality of
life idea that deals with people's well-being, welfare, and happiness as reported by Kralik
et al., (2021). It was also mentioned in this study that although the global COVID-19
pandemic closed most of the homes in a community, the Slovak Republic, like other
countries, discovered that it unlocked the door to various activities, opportunities, and
interests that individual would find more intriguing or appealing contributing to their
interest.
Admittedly, Covid-19 pandemic seriously impacted not only the generalized
interest of the students but also their specific personal interest in a way that they are
having difficulties in doing well in their study. The recent study by Thompson et al., (2016),
showed how the growing body of knowledge affects the interest and how it develops to
investigate the relationships between students' interest in a domain or study discipline, a
course, and tasks within university studies, as well as how self-knowledge in the form of
competency beliefs influences interest development. He also noted that students enter a
new university course with varying levels of interest in the general content domain, the
course itself, and the challenges they are confronting. Recognizing the domain specific
nature of interest is critical for increasing interest in tertiary education. Students make
decisions regarding their future learning according to their classroom, tutorial, and
individual study experiences.

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As conducted by Sutarto et al., (2020), the importance of interest in learning
cannot be overstated. This passion can boost learning outcomes by motivating students to
learn. To support his idea a study from Greviana et al., (2020), stated that the preclinical
students were in the "imperial" stage, which is marked by a desire to help others while
their personal needs remain paramount, a need to obey norms, and emotions can
overpower their reasoning skills. Students appeared to have progressed to the
"interpersonal" stage, in which they have many points of view, are able to put self-interest
aside, and are agitated about how others assess them. Online learning became one of the
reasons why the interests of students were neglected, it is also the reason why online
platforms are put into considerations so that the students and learners could still interact
with each other.
However, despite of these negative impacts, according to the study of Farida et al.,
(2021), claimed that the effectiveness of online learning utilizing the Zoom cloud meeting
application is achieved at 93.75 percent, it also showed positive results of interviews and
observations based on how the platforms boost the students’ enthusiasm and learning
interest. This showed that in some cases, the implementation of online classes is somehow
working and are effective to some.
Given the circumstances mentioned about interests, few positive impacts have also
been discussed but with the given studies, it is very evident that the Covid -19 pandemic
created an enormous complication with the personal interest of the people and students
in general as stated when it comes to their willingness to retrieve their lost interest in
everything that they want to do especially in school. With the continuous occurrence of the
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virus that hinder the engrossment of the students to carry out and execute their personal
interest into exertion, the researchers found out that there is an important proceeding to
measure to arrive at a better understanding of the matters with regards to the interest of
their chosen respondents (tourism students) most especially its implications to their
choices.
Opinions, attitudes, and beliefs
Throughout the people’s existence the opinions, attitudes and beliefs are major
contributors on how they act towards other people and to the situation they are in. With
regards to the opinions of many, they are given the freedom to voice out by giving
suggestions, recommendations, and advice. When we talk about the attitude, people tend
to react by how their attitude perceives a certain situation. And for beliefs, here they are
acting with respect and coping up based on their indifferences with each other. These
profiles are strong as they reflect the person that you are personally and professionally,
but it is inevitable for these areas to be impacted by difficulties faced by an individual.
In the study of Sharker et al., (2021), SARS-Cov-2 virus spreads over the world and
it has been one of the major problems faced by the world, it causes universal anxiety,
apprehension, and tension, all of which are legitimate and understandable responses to
the ever-changing and unexpected position in which everyone finds themselves. The
causes of the spread of virus targeted almost all the community of students. In addition,
he discussed, they are in the transition periods of their academic and professional lives,
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tertiary students may be particularly unguarded to COVID-19's psychological effects. They
have previously been subject to high levels of stress, anxiety, and despair.
Learners are on the verge of mental breakdown since Covid-19 greatly affected
their mental health and the way they decided for the things they want, to support this claim
research conducted by Arora et al., (2021) stated that students' ability to adjust to online
education is frequently hampered by psychological concerns. We discovered that in the
present circumstances, pupils thought online education was a manageable option. Not
until they realize that it impaired their critical thinking and emotions toward the society
they are in. Students' pandemic-related dismissive anxiety is mirrored in their e-learning
activities. According to research, they are not ready for an online learning experience
during the pandemic phase. Students are either concerned that working online are hard,
or they believe that academics are be unable to assist them sufficiently during the
pandemic as stated by Emmanuel et al., (2020). Furthermore, kids refuse to participate in
any form of appraisal.
Moreover, it is also undeniable that students in the online setting provoked their
negative attitude to develop cheating and dishonesty when the lecturers are not around.
In the study of Oducado (2020), faculty members believe that online education has led to
increased academic dishonesty, that it will be unbiased and lacking in feeling when
compared to face-to-face classes, and that it will be hard to administer electronically.
Faculty members were also uncertain about whether they support online learning. But,
according to the study: age, sex, college, educational attainment, years in teaching,
academic rank, level taught, and work position of the faculty ranged greatly in their
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support for online education. Additionally, the software and online study resources
utilized to assist online education were well received by the students.
Furthermore, a study reported by Ismaili (2021), revealed that distance learning is
still in its early stages, and while traditional classrooms emerge to be necessary, the
majority of students' positive attitudes and willingness to participate in distance learning
classes in the aftermath of the COVID19 pandemic specify that e-learning platforms in
higher education institutions have a bright future. University students in developed states
have a wide range of opinions towards e-learning, with the majority expressing positive
views claimed by Gamal et al., (2011).
Furthermore, Campbell et al., (2011), compare the performance and attitudes of
students who were instructed online against those who were trained on-site. It was also
discovered by Ismaili (2021), that a complete shortage of competent measurement
instruments employed by teachers and school systems had a significant negative impact
on students' behavior and views regarding online courses. Even though future generations
of university students around the world are likely to accept technology as a required
educational tool in traditional, virtual, or blended educational environments, the studies
show that mentalities toward platform features and functionality played a major role in
educational strategy planning in the future.
To conclude, students believe that online education is difficult and has a negative
impact on their health and social lives as mentioned by Arora et al., (2021). Students'
opinions, attitudes and beliefs towards the online blended learning can be the main reason
for them to act inappropriately towards the environment they are in, in this time of
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pandemic. Their opinions with regards to the distance learning were raised and
acknowledged, their attitude towards the situation wherein they are exposed to a lot of
emotional and physical issues, and their different and shared beliefs that makes their
strong foundation to conquer challenges are factors that the researchers would want to put
significance to.
Competencies
The importance of competencies to the students amidst pandemic is that it allows
them to strengthen and perform their skills in preparation for their future career. As
mentioned by Ufer (2018), learners are required to construct competence rather than
individual abilities or skills at the start of the twenty-first century. To handle the problems
of today's life, individuals should be able to combine a diverse set of competencies and
skills. Measuring competence necessitates a competency model, assessment tasks, and
statistical models that allow an individual's competence to be inferred from their
accomplishment on the tasks. The findings reveal how much consideration should be paid
to bolstering competency-based tourism education to better equip students in improving
both job-specific and general skills according to study of Choi et al., (2017). This showed
some of the approaches which may be the basis of assessing the students’ competencies.
In the tourism industry the significance of competencies whether it may be to the
professionals or young tourism practitioners is crucial for them to succeed in the field they
have chosen. Every individual's skills are relevant for them to enhance to their greatest
potential. Based on the study of Lupicka (2017), individuals create judgments of their
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personal behavior and build potential for future interactions with others on the concepts
of social competence and this includes, social skills, communication skills, and
interpersonal communication which is deemed to be an important ability that tourism
students must acquire.
In addition, when we talk about the tourism students' competencies, there’s a
fundamental role of tools to be used to assist these students in acquiring knowledge to
generate school requirements needed. In the research of Sanchez et al., (2018), it was
discovered that event planning, tourist excellence, and the usage of English language skills
all need to be strengthened for students in the tourism field. Nonetheless, it is possible to
conclude that the skills obtained by the students must met the requirements of the
occupation they should pursue, in addition to this, based from another study coming from
Spowart et al., (2019), they discussed that in a world technologically driven, it is essential
to guarantee that tourism graduates are properly equipped by acknowledging what the
vital skills, and competencies are present in order to improve graduates' chances of
obtaining and maintaining employment in the tourism industry. As for the professional
world, despite substantial similarity, each viewpoint offers unique information to the
definition of digital capabilities at work.
Competencies in oneself of every tourism student are major factors that leads them
to a better understanding of the skills they need in their future profession. As reported by
Bustreo et al., (2018), students appear to be unaware of the value of competencies in their
jobs in the future and this is an important topic to address. In the tourism field, travel
companies are looking into organizational skills, self-control, and self-esteem as the most
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crucial skills to learn to develop the competencies of the tourism and hospitality students.
This showed how vital skills are in the eyes of both students planning on joining the
tourism industry and tour operators. Moreover, another study claimed by Bare et al.,
(2021), the findings revealed that through experience and understanding strategic
strategy, the basic value and tactical perception of local upskilling based on educational
tourism were able to enhance tourism's image as a pioneering multifunctional
development industry. Local stakeholders understand and use the knowledge-based
systematic approach during the knowledge development process. This showed that there
are functional ways to develop tourism students in their future industries, and having
sufficient knowledge is one of the ways to be considered as fully competent and ready for
the field.
Finally, education interdisciplinary approach, cooperation, student abilities, and
student participation in Tourism and Hospitality are among the education competences
that has been put attention from other studies. It had led to a better knowledge of the
process of nurturing and evaluating the abilities that Tourism & Hospitality aspirants must
have, which have been mentioned by Ferro et al., (2021). Still amidst pandemic tourism
students’ competencies are put into a negative stance but did not tolerate its negativity
instead they look at the bright side wherein the goal is to answer economic concerns about
how universities can effectively train graduates for professional growth. In response to
this, as stated by Jack et al., (2017), the existence of internships to tourism courses is a
useful tool for determining both the growth of management skills and, alternatively,
potential flaws in students' improvement and marketability.

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With all the gathered details, it is therefore concluded that competencies are
required to create awareness and sustainability to the community you are in, may it be to
the institution or the industry. Core competencies such as skills, ability, critical thinking,
and strategic forethought are the basic competencies an individual should acquire for
them to be able to contribute to the growth of the tourism industry. In conclusion, the
researchers found the desire to get a better comprehension of the tourism students'
competencies that can help them be successful in their future career, and how this can
affect their interest in their chosen field. Together with the information from other studies,
the researchers arrived at a better approach to this variable.
Internships
The involvement of students, institutions, and institutes of higher learning in the
industry is referred to as an internship, practical training, or work-integrated learning.
According to Ramaprasad et al., (2021), an internship allows students to gain firsthand
experience with a work-related learning process. In fact, internships claimed to help the
students to consolidate the existing knowledge and skills that they have, further develop
relevant professional skills, shape their career paths, and change their learning attitudes
and behaviors especially to tourism and hospitality industry (Nghia et al., 2018).
Internship has been a very valuable program that has been adapted to most
colleges and many courses, particularly those that require a practical element, such as the
hospitality and tourism industry. Internships in tourism and education systems are a
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necessary part of it. Most students learn about all of the positive and negative aspects of
the tourist industry for the first time during their internship and decide whether or not to
pursue a career in it (Zdemir, 2019). This showed the internship allows T&H students to
create opportunities for to form an opinion towards the industry, for them to side whether
they continue to pursue their career on the industry. Yet, not only internships are helpful
for decision making, but it also enhances the skills of the students leading to their
competencies.
In connection with this, internship critically develops students’ workplace skills,
assisting them in blending theoretical knowledge with actual industrial experience as have
mentioned by Bayerleio, & Jeske, 2018. Moreover, the combination of classroom theory
studies with exposure to industrial environment impact a full understanding of job
requirements, enhances social skills and build self-confidence among the student interns.
This showed how the internship of the tourism and hospitality students could affect their
performances leading to an improved or less competencies acquired in their field. Bringing
balance to this, there are also given negative implications that the internship is bringin to
the tourism students particularly affected by several factors.
To the extent of studies of Umadi et al., (2019), it has revealed the negative
internship experiences of hospitality and tourism students, including several issues
identified in contributing to students’ unsatisfactory internships such as, interns’ abilities
that is connected to inadequate skills perceived by students at schools, low payment or
even zero incentives, poor reward, and support from the industry especially in mentorship
during the internships. Moreover, there are also identified work stressors in an internship
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that the students are experiencing such as the claim of “no pay” “repetitive work,”
“transportation challenges,” “different supervisor requirement,” and long working hours”
(Mensah et al., 2021). Among these studies, it is noticeable that one factor affecting the
students’ experience with the internship program is their skills, this showed that having
skills and motivation however could increase the satisfaction of the students in practicum
programs.
This has showed how important skills and motivation is when entering a practicum
program and the role of preparing the students before immersing them to this kind of set
up. In support to this, based on a study conducted by Asmali et al., (2021), positive
attitudes and motivation must be integrated in preparing the students to undergo the
internship programs for them to acquire the necessary skills that could determine their
competency in their specialization. This showed how it is important to develop the self-
efficacy of the students first before immersing them to the internship programs facing the
stressors that could be deem. With the right motivation in pursuing internships, students
would be able to have the self-drive in learning from internships that would help them to
be competent enough in the career of tourism and hospitality industry.
All the studies that have mentioned have reflected the positive and negative effects
of enrolling or immersing to practicum programs of the tourism and hospitality students
and how does their experiences affect their view to the industry as well as honed them to
be competent and industry-ready individuals, but all the points that have mentioned are
only the perceptions and studies from the post pandemic era. We all know that the
pandemic has affected the educational system by all means, this has led to less face to face
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interactions, utilizing the use of technology. This pandemic closed opportunity for actual
on the job training and give way to the birth of “Remote Practicum Program.”
Tourism, events, and hospitality programs have been putting a lot of effort into
increasing the quality of the internship experience for students since internships became
an integral part of the curriculum. However, the COVID-19 pandemic left no options for
universities. Many universities and colleges had to pivot to convert to virtual internships
quickly. In the Philippine setting, teaching internship is a critical professional
development experience amid unprecedented impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it also
identified major benefits of doing so such as: development of learner autonomy,
collaboration with supervisor, and modeling teaching strategies in online learning
(Ugalingan, 2021). Most of the points mentioned are benefits for the teachers and
institutions to improve their approach to online learning ability to provide quality
education for trainees in online practicum programs. Hence, to identify the effectiveness
of this approach, it is vital to put attention with the experiences of the students on it.
In virtual internships, students gain work experience from a remote location
without being present at a physical work site. Students use a variety of platforms and tools
such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, WebEx, GoToMeeting, e-mail, online chats, and phone
to keep in contact with their supervisors and coworkers. However, based on the study of
Park et al., (2021), virtual internships may not be suitable for all tourism and hospitality
students, depending on the nature of jobs, an intern’s personal traits, technology
proficiency, and the industry type, a virtual internship may not work for everyone, despite
the benefits of virtual internships, it is undeniable that virtual internships are harder for
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interns to gain on-the-job training by shadowing supervisors or other staff members in an
office space. This showed unequal opportunity for students to learn in an online internship
setup. This has provided accessibility problems and distinct knowledge and skills to be
gain compared to a face-to-face interaction. In a nutshell, having practicum programs for
tourism students could lead to inefficient and incompetent individuals due to the lapses
and challenges that each could experience.
Despite of the disadvantages, online internships could be beneficial in any way, it
does not only help students achieve higher order learning outcomes but also provide other
learning benefits, such as enhanced understanding of content knowledge that leads to
higher academic achievement, development of networking skills, providing a set of
realistic expectations in the business world, improvement of social and communication
skills, growing cultural awareness at an organizational and interpersonal level, and
increasing positive attitude about self, attitude toward school and learning. In addition,
centering tourism and hospitality students, according to Qu (2021), internship
achievements, curriculum requirements, hotel internship programming, and mentorship
and assessment significantly influenced interns’ satisfaction with internship experience,
while curriculum requirements, interpersonal relationships, and internship achievements
significantly affected career intention. This showed that there are still students who are
influenced by the satisfaction that the online internship is giving to them.
All of the research cited demonstrated how internships are beneficial to careers in
the tourism and hospitality industries. It does assist them in developing required abilities
while also providing on-the-job training in the midst of the pandemic. While it is clear that
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this is a different approach from the traditional practicum, some may still see it as
beneficial to their continuing education, while some studies show that it has been affecting
their level of competencies in their field, giving them insufficient skills, and unsatisfactory
experiences that could influence their career intent, which is a useful element to in this
study.
Confidence
Self-confidence, according to Otache (2020), is "the ability of an individual to have
complete certainty of feeling that he or she can achieve a certain activity." Furthermore,
according to Fino (2022), confidence is a generic term for self-efficacy, which is defined as
beliefs in one's ability to plan and execute the steps necessary to achieve certain goals. This
has been described as the result of a self-motivated action involving a desire to perform
and stand out using their own strengths.
Confidence, on the other hand, can be used to judge one's aptitude to study in a
field, particularly in a university setting. The efficacy of the College of Education, according
to Bitwum (2022), is judged by the level of academic success of pupils. Self-esteem
difficulties may be a part of resolving poor confidence or attachment issues in the
classroom. This highlighted the link between self-esteem and confidence, as well as how
confidence may be utilized to predict educational performance in a certain institution.
In the tourism and hospitality industry, one must be able to put their talents into practice
to build confidence in the profession. Communication skills are undoubtedly one of the
most critical talents that a tourism and hospitality student must possess. According to
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Burry (2017), educators frequently promote English as beneficial to future employability,
but students' perceptions of the importance of English in the tourism and hospitality
industry are rarely considered. Instead, communicative competence, confidence, English
listening, and English speaking should be perceived as the most important factors for
tourism and hospitality students. This study demonstrated the necessity of learning to
converse in English with other people, particularly in tourism and hospitality courses,
because it is a necessary skill in the profession.
However, developing confidence in speaking English for job advancement in the
tourism and hospitality industry may be a challenge. There have been identified reasons
that may cause students to lack confidence in their ability to participate in class, such as
exam anxiety or the fear of receiving a negative evaluation (Indrianty, 2017). As a student,
one way to communicate your opinions is through public speaking; yet, due to a lack of
confidence, studies have revealed that this lack of self-esteem may stem from a lack of
vocabulary and preparation, which contributes to students' fear in speaking. This
demonstrated how the English language may aid in a student's confidence in speaking and
communicating, as well as how important it is for self-assurance. It is true that some
people find it difficult to go out in public and speak confidently; yet, due to the current
state of the world and educational system, students have been given limited opportunities
to go out in public and sharpen their confidence in a virtual setting.
The COVID-19 epidemic has wreaked havoc on education (United Nations, 2020),
not least in the tourism, hospitality, and events industries (THE). While there is increasing
evidence of the changing of higher education in the COVID-19 era, there is little discussion
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of the specific implications on existing and future THE students, as well as the problems
of regaining student and stakeholder confidence in THE education and professions.
Furthermore, learning English hurdles in tourism include feelings of humiliation, anxiety
of speaking English incorrectly, a lack of confidence, a lack of motivation, and a lack of
vocabulary.
In a study on Gen Z's communication abilities as future tourism students, it was
shown that not only is English speaking language a key tool in boosting students'
confidence, but nonverbal communication also ranks high in terms of building confidence
inside a virtual classroom. Despite the virtual setup that today's tourism and hospitality
students are experiencing, the importance of digital communication skills is still believed
to be low (Cuic,2022).
The studies that have been done on honing confidence in terms of abilities,
particularly speaking, have shown how important it is for a tourism student to learn these
skills to improve their self-esteem. It's because having the confidence to stand up for
yourself allows you to speak up and make your own decisions. In addition, Cuic (2022)
suggests how stakeholders should collaborate to improve students' career planning and
confidence, as well as develop interns' positive work attitudes. This demonstrated the need
of focusing resources on increasing student morale and competency to help them advance
their career goals in the sector. However, most studies have proved the value of courses
implemented to help students gain confidence; according to Chen (2021), self-confidence
increased following the course. However, additional time should be allocated for practice
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sessions where respondents can get pedagogically and technologically familiar with online
teaching tools to improve the course.
The previous studies revealed how confidence was crucial in the development of
tourism and hospitality students, as well as its involvement in their careers. This also
demonstrated how an individual's confidence would begin to grow as a result of obtaining
and resolving the previously noted lack of language and knowledge. This shown that there
is a link between competences and career intent, as having high confidence leads to a
strong interest in the career and having low confidence leads to a low career intent. As a
result, all these findings from various studies have provided researchers with realizations
that is valuable in determining if the students' interests in terms of confidence are
influenced by the sufficiency of their skills.
Teaching Methods
Teaching methods prior and during the Covid-19 pandemic greatly impacted not
only the tourism students but also the industry itself on how competitive young
professionals will bring exceptional experience to the field in the near future. Tourism,
according to Kunwar (2018), is the signature activity of modern times, and tourism
education is thought to be the core of the industry's support. As reported by Tiwari et al.,
(2021), the discussion of COVID-19's effects on tourist education serves as a reminder that
everything happens in the sector has an impact on the educational system, and vice versa.
The pandemic does not only affect the teaching methods of the educators itself but also
how technologies take part on it. As claimed by Joshi et al., (2021), they discovered that
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the pandemic is having a significant impact on education, with difficulties ranging from
technology issues, inequities, and lower enrolment to student behavior issues. It is now
obvious that education must move its attention away from conventional, operational parts
of hospitality and tourism and toward technology awareness, understanding, and soft
skills enhancement.
Another study conducted by Lei et al., (2021), technical difficulties and insufficient
technical support can make online learning and teaching frustrating. Researchers have
frequently discovered convenience and ease of use of web - based learning technology as
major elements influencing users' acceptance of our goal to embrace online learning using
extended models. However, because this topic has gotten less emphasis in the tourism and
hospitality academia, this study looked into university teachers' and students' web - based
learning experiences in tourism and hospitality courses. Organizations and instructors
should consider managerial implications to improve instructors' and students' comfort
with online teaching and learning.
As stated by So et al., (2021), delivering practical courses that involve hands-on
instruction and activities online, for example, can be challenging; and learners may find
theory lectures less interesting because they want to gain practical skills. While it is natural
to presume that different circumstances influence teachers' and students' experiences,
comparing the two groups and discovering similarities and differences might be beneficial
for practical planning and resource allocation. To put it another way, teachers must
become competent at delivering courses in a variety of methods so that they can deal with
the short and medium-term effects of teaching in a COVID-19 (incremental innovation)

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while also supplying cutting-edge education system in regard to future requirements (from
industry and students) (radical innovation) as mentioned by Chowdhary et al., (2021).
Recent publications, such as the development of India's first online tourist
academy, the North-East Tourism Academy (NETA), to reinvigorate the tourism system,
have highlighted a good direction while tackling the topic of COVID-19 and tourism
education. Through online seminars, webinars, internships, and other means, this effort
aims to improve tourism education by supporting creative tourist leadership skills,
entrepreneurial development, and research programs (East Mojo, 2020). Another
program to support this claim is the study conducted by Li et al., (2017), among the
obstacles that today’s modern education must adequately address to cater the
requirements of a 21st century society, as per the Strategic Framework for Education and
Training 2020 (European Commission, 2009), is "enhancing creativity and innovation,
including entrepreneurship, at all levels of education and training”.
As there are a lot of programs created by different institutions, their only goal is to
help the students participate actively with the provided lessons from their educator’s
despite of the challenges amidst pandemic and the educators must prepare for the
teaching methods that is necessary for the betterment and easiness of their interaction
online. As stated in the study of Lei et al., (2021), when teachers perform well in the
classroom, their pupils are more likely to be satisfied. Numerous factors could account for
this association. First, the instructor's instructional style and approach can have a
significant impact on student performance and motivation. Lei et al., (2021) also give
insights about the difference of providing materials through on site class wherein he said
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that, when instructing regular face-to-face in-person classes, checking and sending e-
mails, uploading materials on e-learning platforms like Moodle and Blackboard, and using
a computer to prepare teaching materials have all become routine duties for most
instructors.
With regards to the insights of students to the teaching methods of the instructors
during virtual setting, they are more active to participate when the teachers are putting so
much effort to educate them. Thus, according to the study of So et al., (2021), teachers'
satisfaction with online teaching might be influenced by student-related aspects as well.
Teacher satisfaction rises as student achievement improves. The enjoyment of teachers
and students with their web - based learning experiences have a significant impact on
career preferences and decisions. As a result, academics have advised educators to alter
their teaching practices to account for the significant variations between online and face-
to-face sessions.
To conclude all the gathered study, the researchers find the significance to search
for more supporting studies that have helped them to further elucidate the factors affecting
the teaching methods of the educators to the students (tourism students), prior and during
the Covid-19 pandemic. The researchers also found out that connection between students
and instructors are benefitting each other to the success of their teaching-learning tandem.
As stated by Seraphin et al., (2021), the difficult relationship between academics and
industry strengthened as both areas realized that collaboration could provide long-term
benefits as tourism continued to expand. Despite the challenges and concerns that arose
as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, university departments appear to be able to focus

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on their work. They are also concentrating their efforts on improving student assistance
(Johnson et al., 2020), becoming better teachers, and honing their teaching abilities
(Rapanta et al., 2020). Higher academia's resiliency appears to have been mirrored in
some way during the epidemic, providing an opportunity for the education sector to
explore potential positive adjustments for a more stable future (Johnson et al., 2020).
Tourism Industry amidst pandemic
The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. It makes
a significant contribution to the gross domestic product, assisting one economy to grow
and survive in a competitive world. In fact, travel and tourism has grown to be one of the
most important sectors in the global economy, accounting for 10% of global GDP and more
than 320 million jobs worldwide Behsudi (2019). This demonstrated how important it is
to the expanding global economy.
Aside from the economic impacts, the industry has also been deemed to have
positive environmental impacts. It has long-term goals such as providing a safe haven for
tourists while also benefiting the local community that tourists would be visiting. This has
been identified as a component of long-term planning. Most countries have accomplished
this like Nepal, by adhering to the SDGs, or Sustainable Development Goals. This has been
defined by Birendra et al., (2021), as an approach aims to end poverty, protect the
environment, and achieve prosperity for all by bringing together policymakers, academia,
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practitioners, and all other relevant tourism stakeholders and providing policy and
strategic engagement guidelines.
The economic and environmental impacts of the tourism industry have played a
significant role in the global sustainability and development of a single country. This
demonstrated how the industry was the sole contributor. However, it is inevitable that
the industry would face a major problem that have solely affected the performance and
success that they are into, and this global crisis is the call to the strike of Covid19 pandemic.
Tourism industry has long been regarded as one of the world's most important markets,
not until the world was hit by a pandemic in the twenty-first century, COVID-19, as stated
by Uğur et al., (2020). The pandemic has had a wide-ranging impact, particularly on the
travel and tourism industry. It has been evidenced by Andulana (2021), some pressing of
these challenges faced are the decline in tourism demand, layoffs of workers, demand for
online/digital transactions, tourists avoiding hotel rooms used as quarantine facilities, and
compliance with disaster management and control preparedness protocols. This showed
how the industry has been widely adjusting to the current state.
Admittedly, the virus's spread has posed significant threats to oppressed
communities all over the world reported by the UNWTO (2020). Given the global crisis,
travel and tourism had a difficult time coping and continuing operations all over the world.
This makes sense to the study conducted by Savan et al., (2020), where she said that the
COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the travel restrictions imposed in response to the
pandemic, have had a significant impact on the travel and tourism industry. The global
health crisis forced the closure of hotels, restaurants, and cafes, as well as many other
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businesses; it grounded planes and had a significant impact on the travel and tourism
industry.
The closure of most tourism and hospitality businesses around the world has
undoubtedly impacted employees who work in the industry. Due to the limited operations
performed in the industry, travel-related businesses all over the world have been forced to
lay off employees. As a result, the global unemployment rate has been prominent, with a
job loss in tourism predicted to be as high as 50 million employees worldwide reported by
the World Travel and Tourism Council (2020). In addition to that, in a case on Nepal they
have identified that these uncountable job losses is certainly been affected by the
restrictions each county imposed especially in travelling. In fact, as supported by Uğur et
al., (2020), the tourism industry has experienced sharply falling revenues and is an
economic sector among those most severely affected by the pandemic. The shock affects
both the demand side and supply side.
With all the information mentioned relating to the global crisis and the tourism
industry. This has showed that there is a big difference with the operations and
performance of tourism industries before and during the pandemic. The industry has been
a sole contributor to the industry; hence they have helped an economy to grow and provide
numerous opportunities for the people.
However, with millions suddenly unemployed, uncertainty over economic
recovery, and global fears of continuing COVID-19 spread and its future waves, the
researchers can therefore agree to the statement of Davahli et al., (2021), claimed that the
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tourism and hospitality industry was among the first industries affected, and it will be
among the last industries to recover.
Evidently, the points presented showed that there are underlying factors affecting
the Travel and Tourism industry amid the pandemic situation. The researchers have
identified three major factors that is related to or affecting the current position of the
industry which are identified as the economic contribution, restrictions, and preferences.
These three variables believed to be interrelated with the continuing operations of the
tourism industry as of today and a major consideration to understand the industry more.
To summarize, gathering both positive and negative information about the tourism
industry demonstrated how important it is to pay close attention to understanding the
industry itself. The researchers believed that it was critical to assess how the industry
performed before and after the pandemic, as well as how it affected the motivation and
interests of the respondents to this study. Analyzing points of their awareness to the
current state of the pandemic would allow the researchers to determine whether the
industry's position influences their career choices of the tourism students prior to and
during the pandemic.
Economic Contribution
To determine how the industry is performing it is vital to know it’s contributing
worth to the market before and after the strike of Covid-19. The Tourism Industry has been
one of the most successful industries way back the pandemic started. In numbers, as stated
by Adam (2019), where he discussed that there is an evident growth to the industry as it
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started from the jet age around 1950’s which has 25 million people travelling abroad and
has showed that by 2019 the figure of 25 million had risen to 1.5 billion. This showed how
the industry have performed well over the past years. The market economic contribution
of Tourism prior to pandemic has a big contribution to the economy all over the world.
Hence, tourism has been defined as one of main economic drivers, in fact, from the data
presented by Serrona et al., (2022), 8 million tourists visited different countries all over
the world in 2019, which contributed 12% to the country’s Gross Domestic Product and
provided 5.4 million jobs. In addition to that, the global tourism industry increased its
contribution to the economy to almost 13 percent of the gross domestic product last year.
In the Philippines, Tourism has emerged a significant role in generating the
economic growth and development. It has become an economic pillar of growth in the
country's services sector. The total contribution of the industry to the country's Gross
Domestic Product in 2017 was estimated to be 12.2 percent which is PHP 1,929.3 billion.
According to PSA (2018), the total share of employment in the industry to total
employment in the country was 13.1 percent in 2017.
One of the municipalities in the Philippines in Kawit Cavite showed how the tourist
receipts solely contributed to the GDP. As reported by Department of Tourism (2017), the
municipality is housed on a total of 13.40 square kilometers. km. In 2007, the population
of the land area, which contains a total of 23 barangays, was 76, 405 people. Kawit, second
only to Tagaytay City in terms of tourist arrivals in 2014, received 190, 242 visitors,
according to the Provincial Tourism Office of Cavite. This demonstrated how important it
is for the industry to continue operating because it has created countless opportunities,
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particularly for economic growth in the Philippines, and we can see how these numbers
have benefitted local communities.
With the tourism sector's continued rise in recent years, particularly in relation to
the Philippine economy, it is unavoidable that the business has faced a significant
challenge to its economic stability and economic contribution. When we focus on the
current state of the sector, this has been a huge issue because it brings numerous
interpretations to the table, mostly for people who aspire to work in the industry today
and for travelers' decisions when choosing a location.
According to Xiang et al., (2021), the current state of the industry, particularly the
airline industry, has had a negative impact, with most flights canceled due to insufficient
passengers and movement control orders issued globally in various countries, resulting in
both international and domestic levels shutting down. The number of tourists and
travelers has significantly fallen due to fright and the spread of sickness. Not only did the
airline business suffer as a result of the crisis, but three other industries did as well: hotels,
cruise lines, and car rental, all of which saw their valuations collapse, as Sharma (2020)
points out. Each industry's reduction is big enough to raise concerns about their long-term
prospects. Businesses in the tourism industry are definitely facing challenges.
In terms of breadth and depth, the immediate negative impact of the novel
coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on tourism stocks listed on the Shanghai and
Shenzhen stock markets in China. Prices of these stocks fell 20% in three days as a result
of pandemic worries, before a technical bounce. After the Wuhan shutdown, 18 out of 21
tourism stocks traded on Chinese stock exchanges showed significant negative cumulative
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anomalous returns. Because China was the first country to be plagued by corona virus
illnesses, these findings revealed how the tourism and hotel industry's stock market has
been significantly impacted, resulting in a fall. However, this has had an effect not only in
China, but also throughout all of Southeast Asia, with the Philippines experiencing a drop.
In connection with this, according to Zhang (2021), the Philippines is a short-haul
market. However, it may take far longer for it to recover than other short-haul markets in
the tourist and hospitality industries. In these countries, the number of confirmed cases
has increased dramatically and is continuing to rise. This country’s national public health
services may be overburdened and unable to handle a large number of infected individuals
swiftly. Given that the Philippines is a developing country in comparison to China and
Singapore, Zhang’s claim (2021) is well-founded, as the country is still developing,
particularly in terms of health-care systems. Failure to comply and assist with these
shortcomings would merely harm the commercial worth of the tourism business.
In a nutshell, researchers have defined economic contribution as the value of the
tourism sector before and during the pandemic, how it is placed in the market, and what
the implications are for economic development. Researchers would only be able to
determine the industry’s economic state and progressive movements by identifying its
progress in the context of the circumstance. Making the Tourist Industry one of the key
factors, a quick breakdown of tourism contribution and economic contribution would be
instilled to see if this element was also one of the main concerns of the chosen respondents
when choosing to work in the Tourism Industry.

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Preferences
Everyone has the ability to make decisions; nevertheless, psychographic
characteristics such as opinions and beliefs may have influenced their decisions. However,
when we talk about tourist preferences in the tourism and hospitality business, we're
talking about how tourists weigh a variety of factors when deciding on a place and services
to use. Tourists intended to travel in locations where they had close relatives, superb
accommodation services, self-catered experience, and nature-based attractions to largely
resonate with the millennial traveler, according to a study by Bire et al., (2022). These
were some of the key concerns of tourists prior to the outbreak of the pandemic. Tourists,
on the other hand, choose an all-inclusive tourism package, safety, and security when
visiting popular sites, according to Rahman (2021). They wish to avoid high-risk, crowded
tourism areas, and they may decide not to attend if their preferred destinations have a
negative impact on their well-being following the outbreak.
Furthermore, according to a study by Narmadha et al., (2022), today's travelers
prefer to visit destinations that include nature-protected areas, referred to as sustainable
travel, to meet their ecotravel, money value, private space, social distance, security,
accessibility, affordability, and cleanliness requirements. The safety factors have affected
the consuming behavior of the tourist, in fact, according to Dušek (2021), the pandemic
forced tourists to change their plans and, as a result, it is evident that more tourists have
spent summer only in some areas like the Czech Republic which has been a great
destination for tourists before in all seasons.

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Thus, according to studies, there is a shift in visitor preferences when it comes to
traveling. Their primary concern has evolved from merely visiting a certain destination
with wonderful experiences to the inclusion of tour packages in terms of safety, which is
why it is required to have travel insurance when visiting other nations. People have
become more attentive to health issues and the ability of travel professionals to give a safe
travel experience when it comes to traveling. Aside from the aspect of safety influencing
their decisions, the smart use of influencers on social media also has an impact on visitor
preferences. Based from Sizan et al., (2022), consumer-centric marketing has grown, with
the use of the Web 2.0 platform to raise brand recognition, strengthen brand relationships,
and obtain vital insights about traveler preferences and impressions of the tourism
offering. Travel vloggers frequently express their interpretations of the locations they visit,
the people they meet, the cuisine they eat, and the sights and sounds they see and hear on
social media platforms in the tourism sector. They publish their journey on social media
and receive feedback as they encourage others to follow in their footsteps.
Given the current situation, this demonstrated how important word of mouth via
technology is in establishing tourist expectations. It also identified another aspect that
could influence a tourist's decision when selecting a destination, namely the importance
of brand recognition. Given the current scenario, it is critical to pay particular attention to
the resources that each party might employ to attract prospects for the tourism industry's
recovery. As a result, not only does the assistance of influencers in brand awareness help
to impact visitor choices, but so does the use of digitalization to improve the service quality
system, as stated in the study by Zbarskaya et al., (2022). They claim in this study that it
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is critical to pay particular attention to enhancing service quality by reducing wait times
and strengthening the competitiveness of hotel and tourism enterprises. This would assist
the sector in keeping up with innovations and improvements by elevating
accommodations to a safer environment through the usage of automatic sanitizing
machines, for example. The concept of digitization is thought to be one of the most
important concerns for providing excellent service in the face of a pandemic. Consumer
feedback has also been incorporated into this study in order to identify areas for
development that have helped to attract more customers.
The aforementioned studies revealed that there are several considerations for
which industry specialists must have provided a timely response. Given the current
situation, it is still critical to pay special attention to tourist demands from across the
world. Focusing on digitalization in the development of safe tourist communities would
have a positive impact on the economy's growth and the tourism industry's overall growth.
As a result of the present analyses that have been mentioned, there is a significant
variation in tourist preferences before and during the pandemic. The key to recognizing it
for this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the tourists who are the industry's
consumers. As per this research, the presence of knowledge in this area have determined
if visitor preferences have a significant impact on the industry's growth.
Restrictions
Most countries have imposed limitations in the area as a result of the Covid-19
outbreak. It was not only vast in scope, with global effects, but it also had implications for
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the tourism industry's operations. Because of the pandemic's persistent influence on the
tourism business, prohibitions and limits have been enforced, particularly in areas where
Covid-19 infections are common.
Around 180 nations have imposed a variety of health restrictions, largely
interrupting international travel, such as entrance bans, visa restrictions, and immigration
quarantine, after there is a declared global health emergency in January 2020 as stated by
World Health Organization (2020).
Furthermore, according to Gössling et al., (2020), who discuss the current
challenges of the tourism industry, the tourism and hospitality industry is reliant on visitor
patterns before the pandemic, and decision-makers go to great lengths to attract visitors
in order to sustain the sector and increase the multiplier effect. However, there are
national and international travel limitations in place as a result of the current
circumstances. The tourist and hospitality businesses have faced substantial hurdles
because of travel bans, border closures, event cancellations, quarantine procedures, and
the risk of disease spread.
According to a study conducted by Lim (2020), the Philippines has also
experienced depression as a result of the constraints placed on the country. Meanwhile,
most foreign nationals are prevented from entering the Philippines by the airline industry.
Those who are exempt must find a COVID-19 testing provider and a quarantine facility
before leaving and must stay in quarantine for two weeks after they arrive. As a developing
country, limits have been difficult to execute in the past, but the aforementioned study is
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just one of the efforts that the Philippine Travel and Tourism Department is taking today
to comply with international restrictions.
The restrictions have been demonstrated in research to be a major obstacle and
consideration for tourists in a global setting while traveling to a single area. This is clear
in several cases where immigration quarantine requirements have been increased; not
only have cost money, but it has also been inconvenient for the majority of travelers. Travel
limitations may influence tourists' travel selections and, as a result, the tourism industry's
economic contribution. As an income multiplier, the industry has been defined.
Despite the negative repercussions for the tourism business, past study has shown
the efficiency of travel limitations in preventing the spread of respiratory viruses,
according to Abou (2022). In fact, travel restrictions in Mainland China have dramatically
reduced the number of confirmed cases, with research showing that the earlier they are
enforced, the fewer confirmed cases there are. Furthermore, it has been proved that limits
are always necessary to monitor the pace of pandemic transmission between geographical
areas in order to identify efficient measures to resist it. Some countries have also imposed
travel restrictions and quarantines to prevent the spread of infection, so preventing
infected travelers from transmitting stops additional chains of transmission, as stated by
Refaat et al., (2020).
With the detrimental consequences on the travel and tourism business, this
demonstrated how important it is to apply limits. It is apparent that the tourism industry's
expansion has been constrained as a result of new factors deemed by travelers. It is a

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challenging obstacle to overcome because it concerns worldwide regulations that all
companies must adhere to. This is
also a major challenge solely affecting the industry. As a result, the industry's ability to
respond to these changes by prioritizing tourist preferences comes into play.
Restrictions are an important factor that the experts believe has a significant
impact on the tourism industry's operations. Breaking down all of the factors, travelers
may decide to cancel their vacation plans due to the inconvenience it will cause them and
the risks they will encounter in the places they will visit. However, it is impossible to
conclude that the introduction of limits will prevent all visitors from traveling in
accordance with their preferences.
With the details available, the researchers determined the importance of include this sub-
variable since they feel that constraints have a direct impact on the industry. This will aid
academics in determining if the current situation of the tourism sector is still controllable,
as well as how the three factors of economic contribution, preferences, and limits are
affecting the tourism industry. It's also critical to pay particular attention to these
principles in order to have the chosen respondents examine their current understanding
of how the sector operates.
Career interests
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A multitude of factors have influenced students' professional interests, which are
both supported and discouraged in various ways. The majority of students have chosen
their paths based on their ability as well as their viewpoints on a specific field.
In terms of career interest in other fields, family support and time have been two
of the motivations with the students' career paths. Other positive predictors, such as a
sense of belonging in the filed such as self-efficacy, highlight the importance of
psychosocial factors in shaping this career interest. Beyond individual characteristics, this
identifies key areas where faculty and institutions can improve aspects of the college
experience to increase students' interest and confidence in pursuing their careers. Here, it
is noticeable that the belonging of one student in their chosen career is based on the
psychological factors mainly directed to self-efficacy. Apart from the fact that career
interests are extensively measured through psychological characteristics, there are also
other techniques to test students' career interests in their chosen area, which is referred to
as the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT). This is a career development model that
depicts how individual inputs, contextual affordances, and sociocognitive variables impact
the formation of professional interests, career ambitions, and behaviors, according to Zola
et al., (2022). In the career development process, it also highlights the importance of
learning experiences, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. It asserts that the interplay
of person inputs such as gender, prior learning experiences, and prior academic interests
has a role in the formation of professional interests.
Prior learning experiences, including informational encounters that grow
occupational knowledge, have a role in the development of career interests, according to

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the hypothesis. Simply said, students who obtain more occupational knowledge through
informational encounters are more likely to establish and strengthen domain-relevant
career interests because they are more knowledgeable about the content and skills
required. However, because of the pandemic, the researchers discovered that there may
have been other factors at play in determining the interests of students today, with a
particular focus on tourism pupils prior to COVID-19.
To start with, the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Fong (2022), has had a
significant impact on students' learning, well-being, and academic motivation. As a result
of the pandemic, students' perceptions, values, goals, and behaviors are likely to be
influenced by shifts to remote/hybrid learning, physical distancing, and concerns about
health and financial prospects. Given the state of the educational system, the presence of
a pandemic must have a direct impact on students' interests. As the learning takes place
in an online platform, it has been difficult for other students to adapt. As stated by Wargo
et al., (2020), through the barrier of a screen, many students have trouble concentrating
during Zoom lessons, and it is tougher for both teachers and students to interact
throughout class which resulted to claims that some may not see themselves as successful
in their field, given that the virtual setting is lacking in many ways. This must have been a
challenge to the tourism students since they need practical skills to be developed which is
not easily acquired in an online platform.
In addition to that, the learnings acquired of the students have reflected on their
competencies. Tourism students’ competencies is one of the major considerations when

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employers are hiring their employees. Employers value graduates' competencies in the
areas of preparation
"Hospitality" and "Tourism," including theoretical knowledge and practical skills
in organizing and implementing practical activities, as shown in a study conducted by
Zaitseva et al., (2017). This demonstrates how important it is for students to have a
developed set of skills and competence for them to perform better in their career, but this
pandemic is giving tourism students the impression that they are incapable to perform at
their best. Thus, the performance of the professors must also come into place in order to
develop these necessary competencies. In fact, findings show the importance of early
school experiences in inspiring interests based on their teaching, to explore growing career
interests of the students as stated by Smith (2022).
But, this is not the only motivation that tourism student has when choosing their careers.
Over the years, scholars have enthusiastically theorized on the tourism nature as a growing
industry, associated with a complex socio-economic background. Students often select
tourism degrees to get a rapid job opportunity to position themselves better in the labour
marketplace as stated by Korstanje (2022). This showed how the current state of tourism
influence their decisions in choosing the field, it also implies the expectation that they have
for the industry which is believed that will give them a beter labour marketplace.
To summarize, previous research has shown that academic ability/skills of tourism
students play a significant role in their career interests pertaining to their competencies,
but researchers does not only focus on this but also to the other factors mentioned as;
academic ability, economic stability, and expectations affecting their continued or

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disrupted interest in the careers of tourism students. The researchers would like to find
out if these underlying facotos has an effect with the career choices of tourism students
before and during pandemic.
Academic Ability
Academic ability refers to the set of skills that each individual acquires in order to
perform in a single field. This has been one of the major factor when students are to work
on with their chosen field. However due to the challenges faced by the educational system,
there must have been lapses with the skills and learning acquired.
Many students choose their major based on their academic ability, according to
Beggs et al., (2018). However, some students lack the ability or work habits to succeed in
certain majors that may necessitate more study than other fields of study. Furthermore,
these students may be better suited to a less labor-intensive major with fewer difficult
classes. This has an impact on the career paths of these students. Other students can
handle majors with heavier workloads, and 8 choose a career path that will lead to a job
that requires more education. Veterinarians, doctors, and lawyers are examples of people
who fall into this category. Students need more than one degree for jobs like these. On the
other hand, some students have the motivation to work in labor-intensive fields but lack
the intelligence to perform the tasks required for their chosen field. When taking exams
and doing homework, these students frequently receive assistance from tutors, special
education teachers, and special exceptions. This demonstrated that students are given
every opportunity to excel and work in their field, but only if they have acquired the
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necessary motivation, knowledge, and skills. These skills may be difficult to acquire,
particularly given the impact of the global pandemic on educational systems, particularly
for students who require practical skills, such as the tourism students who that has been
the focus of this paper.
According to Zhang (2022), educational systems around the world are facing
unprecedented challenges as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of the
pandemic, many higher education institutions suspended face-to-face classes and
transitioned to distance teaching and learning. This study demonstrated the challenges
that higher education institutions faced during the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the
importance of implementing virtual learning communities and the use of Web 2.0
technologies in teaching and learning, including the limited learnings on virtual screens.
Furthermore, as Eather et al., (2022) state, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a
significant impact on students' learning, well-being, and academic motivation. Shifts to
remote/hybrid learning, physical distancing, and concerns about health and financial
prospects are all likely influencing students' perceptions, values, goals, and behaviors as a
result of the pandemic. This can influence perceptions in a variety of ways, calling into
question their competencies and ability to continue on the job.
To close the gap in industry expectations regarding student employability,
transitioning to an online platform necessitates effective tools and curriculum
modifications. Although online teaching has enormous potential, it cannot be generalized
and requires subject-specific attention and feedback. To meet student expectations, online
education must evolve alongside modern classroom teaching. According to Chandra et al.,
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(2022), online teaching can supplement traditional classroom instruction but cannot
completely replace lab sessions with instructor feedback in tourism-related courses. This
demonstrated that there must have been a lapse in educational teaching to tourism-related
courses in the Philippine context.
Nonetheless, despite the alleged negative effects of online learning on students'
developing skills, the focus of this study is primarily on tourism students. According to the
majority of studies, self-regulated learning has assisted students in becoming more
competent and developing their cognitive skills. Self-regulated learning improves
academic performance; self-regulated learning improves study habits through resource
selection; blended learning promotes student motivation and autonomy; and the cognitive
apprenticeship approach promotes self-regulated learning, according to the findings of the
Ballouk et al., (2022) study. In this regard, May et al., (2022) state that online
interventions promoting cognitive ability have a lot of appeal due to their potential positive
impact in social, employment, and educational domains. There is no evidence that
cognitive training programs improve performance on general cognitive aptitude tests.
According to the studies mentioned, there are skills and abilities acquired despite
the challenges faced during the pandemic. It also revealed how important it is to have the
right skills and abilities, and how this affects performance and choice of the field in which
students wish to work. It is irreversible that a lack of ability could foster and encourage
most people to doubt their importance in their chosen field.
Thus, academic ability was deemed to be an important factor in the students'
perceptions of their self-proclaimed ability during the pandemic. This have assisted the
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researchers in their examined data of whether tourism students' abilities and skills have
been properly acquired and what this means for their future.
Economic stability
Economic stability has been one of the major goals of most employees and students
working towards their goals. According to Wildman et al., (2021), many students believe
that in order to live comfortably, they must be financially stable. When these students are
considering a major or a career path, they look for higher-paying jobs or majors with the
most job security. High earning potential, benefits, and opportunities for advancement are
among the 11 financial aspects that students consider. In addition to that, many students
believe that in order to advance in society, they must obtain a high-paying job. Along with
career stability, some students may be considering retirement. Students want to ensure
their financial security for the rest of their lives, so they may look into careers that offer
benefits.
Compensation is an important consideration for students when deciding on a
career. Compensation, according to Slater et al., (2022), is a remuneration that employees
receive for their accomplishments and contributions at work. The findings revealed that
gratuity plays a significant and positive role in employee engagement and motivation, and
it is recommended by all interviewees as a tool for improving performance and sustaining
competitiveness, particularly in terms of coronavirus disease 2019. Furthermore,
pay satisfaction is a predictor of organizational commitment. So far, literature has
identified low compensation levels as a major source of employee dissatisfaction and

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subsequent intention to quit. This is due to the use of temporary and low-skilled workers
to meet the volatile and seasonal demands of the hospitality industry. In most tourism
businesses, like HRM practices in certain internal fit as a set of ideal practices that identify
three variables: Supervision, job training, and payroll practices are believed to
influence job satisfaction and disobedient employee, as are some of the high-performance
work system practices by previous HRM researchers such as Sinaga et al., (2022). A fair
salary is commonplace in all regions, because with a decent salary, the needs of every
family can be met.
It is no secret that students in the airline industry expect high pay and the
opportunity to travel around the world. According to Hoelzen et al., (2021), the average
yearly salary in this field ranges from 175,000 USD2020 for each flight crew member to
85,000 USD2020 for each flight attendant. This is a substantial sum of money, which
explains why the majority of tourism students aspire to work in this field. This clearly
demonstrated how travel and tourism, without a doubt, provides better opportunities for
women's workforce participation, women's entrepreneurship, and women's leadership
than other sectors of the economy. Aside from providing a diverse range of income
generation opportunities in both formal and informal settings.
Regardless of the flight attendant's high pay, social influencers frequently capture in a
single image a lifestyle of cosmopolitan opulence that is typically only attainable through
a photograph. A real life lived at that level is only available to a select few, flight attendants
include pristine surroundings, the pinnacle of personal grooming, and the consumption of
high-end commodities. However, due to the commodities that flight attendants must
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purchase in conjunction with their travel, as stated by Jarzyna (2021), these things are not
affordable on a flight attendant's salary.
This demonstrated that there are other external factors unrevealed to the public in
terms of choosing this career in terms of its economic stability. According to the study,
receiving a high salary instills a high level of spending on international travel.
On the other hand, In the Philippine setting, when it comes to the income level, the
increasing GDP per capita and the transitioning of the Philippine economy has been
situation from the lower-middle-income to the upper middle-income based from the study
of Zafra (2021). This is where they examine the national statistical data on tourism and
economic development in the Philippines over the last several years. This howed the
progress of the Tourism industry over time, and how it managed to still provide reputable
income to the economy and people working in the industry. But, this should not be
bringing so much focus since it is noticeable to most study that there are retrenchment
programs appearing to most airlines in the Philippines such as Philippine Airline, Air Asia
and Cebu Pacific.
The economic stability potential of one's field can be identified by how an
individual obtained the range of salary preferences that they believe would provide them
with a stable life. As a result, researchers must summarize findings in terms of tourism
students' economic stability perspectives and whether this influences their decision to
pursue careers in the tourism industry. This also wants to know if they are aware of the
numbers and other factors that go into salary, as well as what their thoughts are on it.
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Expectations
According to Mannaaa et al., (2020), choosing a career is a process in which
students organize, select, and interpret their interests in order to develop a meaningful
career choice in the future; it also involves the students' positive perception. They also
discuss how some tourism students are pleased to have chosen a tourism career path and
intend to work in the industry after graduation because they believe that their ability to
choose the right direction is based on their core skills that will suit the corporate world
they will face in the future. This demonstrated how important skills are in working in the
tourism industry, with awareness and expectation of workloads and responsibilities.
Expectations of the students is believed to be one of the common factors why the
students have chosen to enroll in the Tourism and Hospitality field. The Tourism Industry
widely offers numerous opportunities during the pre-pandemic season. According to
Maurya et al., (2016), tourism does offer a variety of activities in which women can
participate, as well as opportunities for entrepreneurship development. According to
global data on the number of women and men working in tourism-related professions, the
organized tourism sector is especially important, with 46% of the workforce being women
(in general, 30- 40% of the workforce is female). Moreover, according to Salama et. al
(2021), the benefits and resources are available to women in the hospitality sector and to
achieve women's social and economic participation. This could have been one of the
reasons why the majority of the enrollees by observation are female candidates competing
towards the same goals.

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In addition to that, some of the expectations of enrollees in Tourism field might
have been broke down of how working tourism increases the morale. Furthermore, some
of the expectations of Tourism enrollees may have been broken down of how working
tourism increases morale. According to Green et al., (2018), creative tourism increases the
visibility of local communities' brands and, as a result, the brand equity of small
communities. More advantages include job creation, which can provide work for artists
and craftspeople. This is a good indication that the industry not only prospers in terms of
economic growth, but also in terms of meeting long-term goals such as promoting local
communities. On the other hand, despite all of the positive aspects of working in the travel
and tourism industry, there are some drawbacks to consider. which is believed to be some
of the factors relating to the interests of the students when we talk about expectations.
As stated by Rahim et al., (2021), tourism is one of the hardest hit sectors during
Covid-19, affecting both demand and supply in various ways. In addition to having direct
short-term effects on the economy, Pandemic also creates an atmosphere of uncertainty
among consumers. In the early stages of COVID-19, there was a great deal of uncertainty
about the disease's nature, lethality, infectiousness, and ways to control its spread. To
make matters worse, as discussed by Gupta et al., (2021), a ban on air travel resulted in
volatile employment status, eventually resulting in significant job losses in most
industries, including tourism.
Furthermore, between February 2020 and February 2021, 2,041 employees in the
hospitality industry were laid off, 9,773 were placed on unpaid leave, and another 5,054
were forced to accept pay cuts, according to Tourism Malaysia (2020). The number has
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risen throughout May because of travel restrictions and the cancellation of group
packages. The Coronavirus pandemic has also damaged the airline industry. According to
the International Air Transport Association (2020), airlines may lose up to $250 billion in
passenger revenue worldwide. Passenger revenue for Asian airlines is expected to be
reduced by a similar percentage.
Given the current situation and decline to most opportunities, the negative aspects
of the tourism industry may have set the expectations of students. This must have had a
negative impact on them, as the industry may have to cease operations in the future. All of
this poses a risk in determining students' career interests today based on their prior
knowledge and expectations for the future.
However, despite these negative impacts the industry has continued to operate and
provide solutions to the declining operations. Based on the study of Kelly (2021), the
aftermath of the pandemic crisis, significant actions have been made to encourage people
back to travel by shifting the advertising of tourist attractions via virtual tourism. It can be
helpful in attracting and navigating travelers to the desired places. Some of the most
exciting advancements in technology aim to maximize the travel quality by providing
valuable information to travelers before the places of interest are reached and businesses
will have incredible marketing tools by promoting interactive marketing experience.
The birth of the technology to the industry has brought positive impacts continuing
to cope with the current situation. But, with this data and the rise of virtual tours, this also
has a negative impact on the aspirants, specifically tourism students enrolled in this field,
limiting the amount of manpower which means a decline in opportunity. Truly, studies
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have shown most of the possible expectations each student might acquire which has been
further examined together with its impacts to their career interests in this paper.
From the gathered studies, students’ interest and passion for their desired course
could give them the benefit of the doubt to the point that they cannot perform well not
only to their academic responsibility but also to their personal wellbeing due to the
mentioned factors rooting from the state of pandemic and tourism industry. But not all of
them, as according to Raymond et al., (2021) most students have remained committed to
their initially chosen career field, hoping for a more progressive, innovative, and
sustainable approach to tourism despite the issues faced by the industry and the tourism
students,
Thus, through these studies, researchers sought to identify factors influencing the
career interests of third- and fourth-year tourism students at the Lyceum of the
Philippines Laguna during the pandemic era if their competencies and the current state of
the tourism industry really plays a major impact or shift with their career choices as of
today.
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Theoretical Framework
Figure 1 The Theoretical Framework of the Study
Underpinning theory is the theory that was used to help us in this research. This is
a methodology that covers three models of career development such as development of
academic and professional interests, how individuals make choice of career and education,
career achievement and stability in education. It enables to distinguished whether and
how family influence, personal interest and economic considerations affected the career
choices of students. This theory exhibited appropriate interpretation and evaluation of
how individual interest dominated their own skills and ability to perform effectively.
Individual interests are required in the career decision process because of logical
unconstrained to the individual (e.g., social convictions, get less of support, social burden).
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This theory proposed that the career objectives are a function of career-related beliefs,
potential result, and interests (Arévalo Avalos & Flores, 2016).
In correspondence with the present study, underpinning theory has a significant
correlation with regards to the interest and competencies of the students may it be for
short term, mid-term, and long term professional goals. It provided underlying reasons to
give comfort and advantage to their decision making process and choices. Moreover, the
appropriate profession decision is critical in the life of a student. Particularly, up to senior
secondary education. All students are dependent on the knowledge and exposure provided
by the school or authority, but after school education, many students feel directionless,
and the majority of students in a backward state like Rajasthan failed to achieve their goals
and expectations. Every student's life has changed at this point. We can't dodge the time,
money, and drive that they'll need at this stage of their careers. Knowledge, new
technology developments, opportunities accessible in the market, passionate goals, clarity
about career choice, information about work chances, and so on are all internal and
extrinsic variables that has been considered. Jainani (2018). Some important factors that
influenced the career choices of students according to Jainani (2018), are academic
performance, personal interests, personality and attitude, future opportunities, influential
people, financial expenditure, social prestige, career flexibility and job security. With these
factors students have found the entry to the tourism industry hard as it hinders their
capability to perform adequately in the field.
Failure to follow and understand the study has been avoided, thus realization of
the research become clear and unambiguous. In order to have a comprehensive

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illustration of how this study have achieve the desired explication for the students to have
clear career interest, it applied the underpinning theory and used it in fulfilling and realize
the research that has been conducted. The factors lead to another set of factors and the
outcomes lead to another set of outcomes because of its relationship with one another and
then realization of the students and then its relationship to their career interests in the
field. The consummation and realization of this research gives better comprehension of
how core competencies of students affected their career interest in pursuing their career
after graduating and then entering the field of tourism industry. Moreover, this also
revealed how in most areas are individuals impacted by their own preferences in viewing
the industry; some may or may not consider the status of the economy as something that
could give social positivity or burden for them. With all its correlation one cannot survive
alone and without the existence of one the higher the possibility for the framework to fail.
This theory served as a guide to help researchers determined the causal links between the
main variables claimed on this research and arrived at justifiable reasoning about the
career interests of the chosen respondents.

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Conceptual Framework
Figure 2. The Conceptual Framework of the Study
The framework above is the researcher's summary of how the respondents' current career
interests have been determined. The researchers based it on Dos Santos's (2020) research,
in which he used the Social Cognitive Framework to determine nursing human resource
shortages and how the COVID-19 pandemic would influence the experiences, sense of
belonging, and career decision-making process of nursing students in South Korea. Social
Cognitive Career Theory is a new theory that aims to explain three interconnected aspects
of career development: (1) how basic academic and career interests develop, (2) how
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educational and career choices are made, and (3) how academic and career success is
achieved. The theory incorporates a number of concepts including interests, abilities,
values, and environmental factors that have been found to influence career development
in previous career theories. Moreover, this model emphasizes the significance of self-
efficacy as a psychographic factor, the outcome expectations in career involvement, and
personal goals referred to as the choice goals and the performance goals in examining
students' interests and development in their career.
By the means of the (1) psychographic profile of the respondents the researchers
were able to arrive at a result that has been assessed in terms of: lifestyle, interest,
opinions, attitudes, and beliefs of the respondents. Individuality exists in different people,
including students, despite the knowledge and set of activities assigned to them on a daily
basis. Their lifestyles may differ from one another, with some engaging in physical
activities and others not. Their interests may differ, as may their opinions, attitudes, and
beliefs, given that students may have a distinct approach to the situation that they are in.
The aforementioned factors showed that the psychographic profile has been a key element
in knowing the respondents and have helped this research to determine if it had a causal
links with other variables in this research such as the competencies and major career
interest of the respondents. Admittedly, one of the most important considerations for
students when deciding on a career is their (2) competencies. Students who do not believe
in their abilities to succeed in their careers may be suffering from low self-esteem. There
are numerous opportunities for students to advance in their careers, particularly in the
tourism industry. A variety of internships are available to them, which is an important

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consideration for developing skilled individuals. Furthermore, self-efficacy or confidence
is a trait that an individual should have, especially in the tourism and hospitality
industries, which require a lot of practical and interpersonal interactions. Also, having
high-quality teaching methods can aid in the development of competent individuals who
have the necessary knowledge and skills to work in their field. As this framework suggested
that academic ability is a factor influencing students' (3) career interests, it is critical to
pay close attention to their competencies as a major variable. However, not only does this
affect tourism students' career interests, but it is also influenced by their economic stability
and expectations for their field. Furthermore, given the current global situation: pandemic
strike; assessing the (4) status of the tourism industry in which respondents wish to work
is an important consideration for this research. The current status of the industry could
have a moderating effect to the aforementioned major variables; and this could be assessed
in terms of; Economic Contribution, Preferences, and Restriction imposed. Overall, the
success of determining tourism students' career interests was ascertained by
psychographic factors, competency level, and the effect to their well-being and choices of
the current state of the environment they wish to enter which is the Tourism Industry.
This study has aimed to discover the career interests of tourism students in Lyceum
of the Philippines University Laguna as the researchers sees that the said results are
helpful when they have created solutions and recommendations. Furthermore, this study
has identified: (5) the significant relationship on the factors influencing the respondent’s
competencies during pandemic when respondents are grouped according to the
psychographic profile, (6) the significant relationship on the factors influencing the career
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interests during pandemic when respondents are grouped according to the psychographic
profile, and (7) the moderating effect of current situation of tourism as a major variable.
The content of this research has provided quantifiable results about the students'
career interests; these results then have helped the researchers in their conceptualized
informed decisions and recommendations to the threats and points of interest that are
discovered. This has allowed researchers to develop a sense of responsibility and initiative
to assist respondents in this study in better understand themselves and the industry. This
also assisted the institution in identifying areas for improvement in order to provide
students with learning strategies that works for them in the situation. Finally, the current
study has aimed to assist future researchers in developing a mindset about how important
it is to pay close attention to the interests of students in their careers, as this may be
deemed a threat if not addressed beforehand. Overall, with the help of this framework,
researchers have been properly guided and arrived at a concrete conclusion that has been
useful for the pertinent parameters.
Objectives of the Study
The study has investigated the factors influencing the career interests of third-and fourth-
year tourism students at LPU Laguna during the pandemic, as well as how this is affected
by their competencies and the current state of the tourism industry.
Furthermore, it has determined the psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of
their Lifestyle, Interest, Opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. Additionally, the study has
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examined the factors influencing the respondent’s competencies during the pandemic in
terms of their Internship, Confidence, and the Teaching methods. The research has also
investigated the factors affecting the respondent’s career interests during the pandemic in
relation to their Academic Ability, Economic stability, and Expectations. And has further
determined the level of observance on factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the
pandemic in terms of its Economic Contribution, Preferences, and Restrictions.
Aside from the aforementioned variables that has been determined through various
factors, the study also determined the significant relationship on the factors influencing
the respondent’s competencies during the pandemic and their psychographic profile.
Moreover, determined the significant relationship on the factors influencing the career
interests during the pandemic and their psychographic profile. And finally, has
determined the possible moderating effect of the status of Tourism industry as a major
variable
Chapter 2
METHODS
Research Design
This research took a causal comparative approach and uses quantitative research
methods. In this study, it is used to look for relationships between the independent and
dependent variables. Causal-comparative research is a form of study that investigates the
origins of observed differences across groups. Furthermore, this design does not alter an
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independent variable; rather, it measures the independent variable's impact on the
dependent variable (Peggy,2021). In this study, the independent variable used is the
psychographic profile and its impact to the dependent variables which are the
competencies and career interests.
Furthermore, primary purpose of applying the causal comparative method is to obtain
realistic statistical data that has been used to draw a conclusion and confronted the
researchers' prompt major concern. Therefore, this method can also be used to investigate
the moderating role of a dependent variable and its possible effect to other variables.
Hence, researchers claimed that this design has helped to find out the moderating role of
the status of tourism industry to the major dependent variables such as the competencies
and career interest. This approach focused on establishing cause-and-effect relationships
between the variables and aid in determining whether one variable has a direct influence
on the other and why. In addition, this method has been helpful to ascertain the causes of
specific occurrences or non- occurrences in this study (Harappa,2021).
Respondents of the Study
The data was gathered and obtained from the study's main respondents, who are 3rd and
4th year tourism students at the Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna, with a total
population of 189, and was sought with the assistance of the Program Chair of
International Travel and Tourism Management on March 03,2022.

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Tourism students are one of the major groups affected by the current pandemic, which
leads to many considerations such as their perceptions of their chosen career. According
to Abel (2021), the Philippine higher education institutions abruptly shifted to emergency
remote teaching (ERT) in response to the call for continued education despite the global
health threat. Tourism students, primarily third and fourth year students, were chosen as
respondents of the study because they have been capable of providing honest opinions that
is well-suited for the research. They had the knowledge which was evident to their answer
to all of the information required in the study preferably because they have the experiences
that this study aims to obtain.
Through the respondents, this study revealed how tourism students’ perceptions can
suffice the underlying concern that the researchers fulfilled. Thus, this research has come
up with better comprehension of how the career interest and competencies of the
respondents affected their future in the industry with the support of the respondents who
have provided a concrete and unbiased understanding of their opinions with regards to
the factors affecting their decisions in being part of the tourism industry. Furthermore, the
causal-comparative approach has been the instrument used that resulted to specific and
concrete answers that has been relevant for the researchers. This study did not utilize
nonprobability sampling since it is directed at all of the respondents that is readily
available. Researchers has gotten the total population of 189 in conducting the study even
though the minimum respondents as advised by the statistician is only between 90-100
respondents.
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Data Gathering Tool
Self-made survey questionnaires are used in data gathering for this research. The
researcher sought the primary author's approval before modifying the questionnaire. The
objectives of the study are included in the survey questionnaires, and the respondents'
actual experiences and opinions were interpreted and explored. Determinants presented
to respondents measured the variables and sub variables, it came from the established
review of related literature; some parts of the questionnaire were established by the own
interpretation of the researchers and aided by sufficient literature. The questionnaire was
validated by the adviser, statistician, and was also approved by an industry professional in
the airline industry. Moreover, the questionnaire underwent Cronbach analysis which is
the most widely used measure of scale reliability to validate if the questionnaire is aligned
with the objectives of the study. This has been done through the process of disseminating
the questionnaires to 30 respondents who are under the program of Travel and Tourism
management in any institution, 3rd year and 4th year students who voluntary answered the
questionnaire. And the results portrayed a value of 0.93383 which has a good
interpretation. Therefore, the questionnaire was reliable and valid.
The survey questionnaire of this study is divided into two sections. The first section
contains an informed consent letter which asks the residents to be part of the study. This
section also outlines the researcher's responsibilities for ensuring the respondents'
privacy. The second part of the survey form consisted of verifying questions including the
sets of key variables. The psychographic profile 15 item determinants are also included in
this section mainly answerable in terms of their lifestyle, interest, opinions, attitudes and
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beliefs. Moreover, here are determinants on variables for 15 items in terms of
competencies, 15 items pertaining to the career interests, and 15 items with tourism
industry, which were the important variables to be addressed in this study.
The measuring scale that was used for the survey is four-point ordinal scaling using Likert
Scale. The researchers firmly believed that four-point has been the best option to easily
gather results from the respondents and arrived at the most accurate solution for the
study. Moreover, it was also advised by the statistician that it is the most suitable and
appropriate measuring scale to avoid confusion with gathering results. As according to a
study using 4 point Likert scale is helpful to avoid neutral choices (Afkinson, 2017). Using
this scale, the researchers identified the rank of the variables from highest to lowest. 4 as
the highest which is strongly agree, 3 as agree, 2 as disagree and 1 as the lowest, equivalent
to strongly disagree. In analyzing the gathered data, the researchers used frequency,
percentage, and mean through the use of tables. The data from the quantitative questions
were organized in tables using Microsoft excel
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondents of the study have carried out the survey questionnaire on their own. The
data that gained in this study was collected by the researchers who conducted the study
and is also part of the tourism community of Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna.
However, with the given limited time, the researchers only utilized the social media
platforms like Messenger and Facebook in disseminating the survey questionnaires to the
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respective respondents of the study. With that, they have been informed in the letter as
part of the questionnaire that their involvement in responding to the questionnaires is
fully voluntary and in accordance with their free time.
Furthermore, the respondents have been given instructions that there are no wrong
answers to all questions for it is based on their personal opinions. Another is that they are
well informed and guaranteed that their answers are confidential and anonymously, thus
their personal information that are asked are not required. Also, the respondents had
enough time to review and submit the questionnaire to the researchers since they are given
ample time to answer it.
Ethical Consideration
The study followed the ethical responsibility that recognized and protected the rights of
the research respondents. The research protected the credibility of the respondents,
considering the Purdue’s Human Research Protection Program, researchers aimed at
protecting respondent’s privacy, keeping information confidential, and allowing the
participant to remain anonymous (Roberts, 2019). Researchers also followed the code of
ethics that included the following protections for subjects: (1) Protected from physical or
psychological harm (including loss of dignity, loss of autonomy, and loss of self-esteem),
(2) Protection against unjustifiable deception, and (3) the subject gave voluntary informed
consent to participate in research. Furthermore, the conducted surveys of this study
showed no harm to the respondents and to its environment. The questions given were
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formal and not offensive. The researchers did not force the respondents to answer the set
of questions but rather allowed them to give their full and honest answer. The information
gathered by the researchers were applicable, reasonable, and valid (Siegle,2016).
Nonetheless, researchers prioritized the protection of research respondents, guided by the
ethical considerations. After implementing the concepts of privacy, confidentiality, and
anonymity in research, researchers considered not only what is best for their research, but
also what is best for the respondents chosen on this research.
Data Analysis
The data collected are consolidated and calculated by the used of various statistical
measures. It is encoded and summarized using tables and have used descriptive and
inferential data analysis. Tables are also used that showed the frequency, percentage, and
mean. The data are analyzed using the following statistical tools:
Weighted Mean and Ranking. The data are used to calculate the average scores of the
set of variables, which include competencies, tourism sector, and career interest for 3rd
and 4th year tourism students at Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna. The
variables are also evaluated using a Likert Scale with predefined responses. Respondents
have rated the determinants of competencies, understanding for the tourism industry, and
career interest during the pandemic on a scale of 4 (strongly agree), 3 (agree), 2 (disagree),
and 1 (strongly disagree). This analysis has been used among the variables of
psychographic profile, competencies, career interest and status of tourism industry.

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Pearson Correlation. Statistics Solutions (2021), defined the test statistic Pearson's
correlation coefficient that assessed the statistical link, or association, between two
continuous variables. Because it is based on the method of covariance, it is known as the
best method for quantifying the relationship between variables of interest. It provides
information on the magnitude and direction of the relationship's link, or correlation.
Therefore, it helped the study to reveal significant relationships among the major variables
on the factors influencing the respondent’s competencies during pandemic and their
psychographic profile. Further, determined the significant relationship on the factors
influencing the career interests during pandemic and their psychographic profile.
Moderation Analysis. Moderation Analysis occurred when the relationship between
two variables depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the
moderator variable or simply the moderator. The effect of a moderating variable is
characterized statistically as an interaction; that is, a categorical (e.g., sex, race, class) or
quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the
relation between dependent and independent variables. In this study, moderation analysis
is used for the major variable pertaining to Status of Tourism Industry and was performed
in IBM SPSS using the Hayes Process to examine the interaction effect for the identified
continuous and scalar variable, the current state of the tourism industry, in the link
between student competencies and career interest.

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CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data gathered in tabular presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of findings based on the results of the statistical treatment applied. The data
are organized sequentially, based on the specific objectives posed at the beginning of the
study.
Psychographic Profile of 3rd year & 4th year LPU Laguna Tourism Students
Table 1
Psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of Lifestyle.
Lifestyle Weighted Mean Interpretation
My thoughts, ideas and 3.92 Strongly Agree

attitude has a huge
influence on my personal
and professional life.
Engaging in physical 3.62 Strongly Agree

exercise can help me to be
motivated and avoid
anxiety and sadness.
Before the pandemic, I do 3.44 Agree

have a very healthy lifestyle
and routine.
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My relationship with my 3.51 Strongly Agree

instructors have guided me
from performing well in the
class because of the new
learning procedure.
The situation that I am in 3.33 Agree

right now is stress free and
anxiety free that helps me
to prevent having mental
health issues.
Composite Mean 3.56 Strongly Agree
3.50- 4.00 = Strongly Agree (SA); 2.50 – 3.49 = Agree (A); 1.50– 2.49 = Disagree (D);
1.00 – 1.49 = Strongly Disagree (SD)
Table 1 presents the psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of their
Lifestyle during the pandemic with a composite mean of 3.56 which value is strongly agree.
This showed that lots of students strongly agreed that they have been greatly affected by
the pandemic when it comes to improving their lifestyle in excelling well in the online
approach. As claimed by Dragun et al., (2020), aside from the notoriously difficult life
stage of entering adulthood, the COVID-19 pandemic also has fundamentally altered
students' lifestyles and educational environments, with far-reaching effects. In this
setting, those respondents who were equipped to handle more effectively with the shifting
situations of the pandemic also indicated better mental health. Furthermore, the World
Health Organization (WHO), states that individuals with life skills such as abilities for
interactive and pleasant behavior, are more likely to better cope with the stresses and
challenges life even in stressful situation. That being said, majority of the respondents
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believed that the pandemic has attained some positive impacts to the rapid changes in
their lifestyle and environment.
Evidently, most areas of questions with regards to lifestyle resulted in a strongly
agree, to be more specific, majority of the respondents answered that their thoughts, ideas,
and attitude has a huge influence on their personal and professional life with a weighted
mean of 3.96 and an interpretation of strongly agree. This indicates that their personal
knowledge does contribute to how they handle situations in life. In fact, according to the
findings of Lau et al., (2022), attitudes have an impact on career guidance as a potential
moderator of the association between self-concept and job preparation. Same year study
by Svenningsson et al., (2022), stated that researchers regularly use student insights to
measure students' learning and motivation to begin a profession by mastering a subject of
study in school, such as technology. This demonstrates how probable a student's attitude,
thoughts and ideas are to assist them follow their job in the future, which the majority of
respondents also believed in.
Moreover, next to the highest determinant that the students concluded is that
engaging in physical exercise can help them to be motivated and avoid anxiety and sadness
with a weighted mean of 3.62. Next to it is that their relationship with their instructors
have guided them from performing well in the class because of the new learning procedure
with 3.51 weighted mean. Both the 2nd and 3rd highest determinants falls under the
interpretation of strongly agree. Followed by it is the indicator that says that before the
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pandemic, they do have a very healthy lifestyle and routine with a 3.44 weighted and an
interpretation of agree.
Lastly, With the least data among the determinants has a weighted mean of 3.33
and an interpretation of agree which demonstrates that the situation that they are in right
now is stress free and anxiety free that helps them to prevent having mental health issues.
It has been the least since the majority of the students are somehow experiencing stress
and anxiety when there are loads of tasks to do, also this pandemic could be the reason
why they sometimes feel stress and that they could have adapt health issues if not
addressed beforehand. As stated by Panayiotou & Karekla (2022), stress, anxiety, and
depression all have negative consequences on people and society. They may result in
detrimental effects like reduced capacity for routine functioning, burnout, and health
issues. Another study by Yang et al., (2021) reported that,multiple COVID-19 prevention
and control strategies aimed at college students may cause them to experience varying
levels of stress and health issues. According to previous research, the most stressful
aspects of college life are managing intimate relationships, addressing financial concerns,
and performing tasks and functions. Moreover, academic workload, being away from
school, and fear of spreading an infection were specifically recognized as three significant
stresses among college students. It was then investigated the mechanisms behind these
stressors has links to physical and mental health. With that being concluded majority of
the respondents may deem that stress and anxiety could give a lot of problems to their
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coping mechanism and how they handle things on their own by this time of pandemic
which may affect their lifestyle drastically.
Table 2
Psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of Interest.
Interest Weighted Mean Interpretation
My personal interests 3.65 Strongly Agree

affect my way of learning
new things.
School is the best place to 3.50 Strongly Agree

develop my interests.
Due to the current 3.53 Strongly Agree

situation, my perceptions
of quality of life, as well as
general pleasure and well-
being have shifted as a
result.
This pandemic has brought 3.49 Agree

new interests that bring
opportunities to me as a
student.
Online learning became 3.50 Strongly Agree

one of the reasons why my
interests as a student were
neglected.
Composite Mean 3.53 Strongly Agree

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Table 2 shows the psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of Interest
with a composite mean of 3.53 and an interpretation of strongly agree. This indicates that
students' interest in online approach has been greatly impacted by the pandemic as it leads
them to create new interests in life. Learning requires a great deal of interest. This
enthusiasm for the subject inspires learning motivation and can enhance academic
performance. The teacher employed a variety of techniques to improve students' interest
in learning, including making learning materials engaging, concise, and clear, using
straightforward and engaging media, and conducting regular and ongoing evaluations.
However, students who learn online gain something enjoyable but lack socialization with
their friends as stated by Sutarto et al., (2020). Truly students' interest may come in
various ways but for them to be motivated the role models like instructors should inspire
them before others. With that, online approach has also negative impact to the student’s
interest. According to the study of Khan et al., (2021), the students believed that using
mobile devices to access online classes was distracting them from their work because they
wanted to browse social media sites, experienced screen issues, and checked their
messages, which made them less interested in current virtual classes. This may imply why
majority of the respondents strongly felt that their interests to some things have shifted in
some negative ways that is evident on the results of this variable.
In addition, we may see on the illustration that the respondents strongly agree in
majority of areas in the variables, the indicator at peak refers to their personal interests
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may affect their way of learning new things. It has a weighted mean of 3.65 that falls under
strongly agree. This means that students' interest could really affect how they pursue and
acquire new things and knowledge in their career despite being in an online approach to
education. According to French et al., (2018), activities involving student participation
and career knowledge have to be at their peak during this time. Moreover, there are other
reasons on how to learn new things based on their personal interest such as increased
family time, personal growth, and new hobbies that surfaced in relation to positive
elements or changes that student experienced as stated by Aguilera-Hermida (2020). This
indicates that the pandemic has provided ways for students to have self-space and discover
new things. But because the majority of respondents strongly believed that their interests
had an impact on their ability to learn new things, external motivators and their
environment had a serious and crucial influence on how interested they remained in their
careers.
Furthermore, second to the highest determinant suggest that due to the current
situation, their perceptions of quality of life, as well as general pleasure and well-being
have shifted as a result with a weighted mean of 3.53. Next to it are the determinants that
have both a weighted mean of 3.50 and these variables says that: School is the best place
to develop their interests and Online learning became one of the reasons why their
interests as a student were neglected and all of these indicators are interpreted as strongly
agree.
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At last, the least determinant shown in the table with a weighted mean of 3.49 and
interpreted as agree says that this pandemic has brought new interests that bring
opportunities to them as a student. For some reason some students may not see pandemic
as helpful for them in developing new interests since pandemic hinders them from
grabbing opportunities due to lack of motivation. As reported by Avila et al., (2020), since
the advent of free online resources for learning in prospects for further personalization of
instruction in the classroom employing readily available and reasonably priced
instructional resources platforms have the potential to influence and sustain instruction
despite the pandemic problems, however some students could lack the will to seize career-
related chances because of a lack of engagement, which decreases their interests and
motivation. Additionally, some students see mobility as an opportunity to advance their
employment-related knowledge and talents, possibly through an international internship
or the acquisition of a foreign license, but not all of them possess the enduring desire as
claimed by Wu et al., (2022). In this regard, majority of the respondents simply agreed
rather than strongly agreed that the pandemic give them as students new interests and
chances, mainly because the opportunities are limited to online conferences, which would
make some of them less eager to explore and interact.
Table 3
Psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of opinions, attitudes,

and beliefs.
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Opinions, attitudes, Weighted Mean Interpretation

and beliefs
My opinions, attitudes and 3.82 Strongly Agree

beliefs are major
contributors on how I act
towards other people and
to the situation I am in.
As a student I am at the 3.51 Strongly Agree

verge of mental breakdown
since Covid-19 greatly
affected the way I decide
for the things I want.
Online settings can provoke 3.34 Agree

my negative attitude to
develop habits like cheating
and dishonesty when
instructors are not around.
My mentality towards 3.53 Strongly Agree

online platform features
and functions will play a
major role in my
educational strategy
planning in the future.
Online education is difficult 3.43 Agree

and has a negative impact
on my health and social
life.
Composite Mean 3.46 Agree
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Table 3 stipulates the psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of
opinions, attitudes, and beliefs of the students during the new normal education with a
composite mean of 3.46 and agree as an interpretation. This specifies that the opinions,
attitudes and beliefs of the students does affect their way of acknowledging online
learning. According to Li et al., (2022), regarding beliefs, students thought that the post-
pandemic period required a hybrid model that integrates both classroom and internet
forms. A number of enhancements are investigated and recommended in order to
increase the viability of online courses in the post-pandemic age. Aside from that in the
study of Bozic et al., (2021), according to the students, distant learning is ideal for time
management, financial savings, and for students who are unable to attend classes for
various reasons (employment, health, etc.). However, online learning also has negative
impacts to the opinions, attitudes and beliefs of the students. But as the majority of
respondents only agreed to this variable, the study's findings seem to counter the idea
that online education has caused pupils to develop and acquire undesirable behaviors.
To begin, the majority of the students indicates that their opinions, attitudes and
beliefs are major contributors on how they act towards other people and to the situation
they are in with a weighted mean of 3.82 and interpreted as strongly agree. In the study
of Baczek et al., (2021), many students in upper-level courses have been able to develop
these abilities more fully and also have a more fully formed passion for the subjects they
are learning, so they may be more successful with taking classes online, even with the
subject matter becoming more difficult. With that being said if students were able to
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develop more abilities, then they can easily provide actions in every situation they are in.
Moreover, the main issues that affect and have an impact on online English as Foreign
Languange during COVID-19 are determined to be connected to technological, academic,
and communication difficulties. The study's findings indicate that the majority of English
as Foreign Language students are dissatisfied with online learning since they have not
made the anticipated gains in language proficiency as stated by Mahyoob (2020). This
demonstrated that the majority of students may have strongly felt that favorable and
unfavorable situations that they are in are influenced by their opinions, attitudes, and
beliefs, which has caused them to act and perform accordingly.
Besides the highest determinant, the determinant that follows to it has a
weighted mean of 3.53 and interpreted as strongly agree which portrays that their
mentality towards online platform features and functions played a major role in their
educational strategy planning in the future. Next to it with a weighted mean of 3.51 and
an interpretation of strongly agree, as a student they are at the verge of mental
breakdown since Covid-19 greatly affected the way they decide for the things they want.
Followed by the determinant: online education is difficult and has a negative impact on
their health and social life with a weighted mean of 3.34 and an interpretation of agree.
Eventually, with a 3.43 weighted mean and agree as interpretation is the least
determinant in which online education is difficult and has a negative impact on their
health and social life. Some students do not see online education as a threat to their
health and social life since online education for them can allot them to have more time
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with friends and family. According to faculty, online learning helped assure distant
learning, was manageable, and provided students with easy access to instructors and
learning resources. Additionally, it cut down on additional costs and the usage of
resources for travel Sethi et al., (2020). These benefits serve to decrease dangers in daily
life, promote digital literacy, and optimize the study load. Other benefits of online
education for relatives of students include the ability to tailor the children's educational
path, cost savings for the family's health and finances, and the opportunity to increase
the number of extracurricular activities Proshkova (2020). This showcase the belief of
most respondents that online education is not totally difficult even though it has minimal
negative impact to their social life.
Competencies of 3rd year & 4th year LPU Laguna Tourism Students
Table 4
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Internship.
Internship Weighted Mean Interpretation
The importance of 3.76 Very High Influence

internship amidst
pandemic is that it allows
me to strengthen and
perform my skills in
preparation for my future
career.
In the tourism industry the 3.61 Very High Influence

significance of internship is
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crucial for me to succeed in

the field.
Social competencies such 3.67 Very High Influence

as social skills,
communication skills and
interpersonal
communication is deemed
to be an important ability
that I as a tourism student
must acquire.
Competencies are major 3.59 Very High Influence

factors that will lead me to
a better understanding of
the skills I need in my
future profession.
Having sufficient 3.65 Very High Influence

knowledge is one of the
ways for me to be
considered as fully
competent and ready for
the field.
Composite Mean 3.65 Very High Influence
3.50- 4.00 = Very High Influence (VHI); 2.50 – 3.49 = High Influence (HI); 1.50– 2.49
= Low Influence (LI); 1.00 – 1.49 = Very Low Influence (VLI)
Table 4 presents Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of
Internship with a composite mean of 3.65 and an interpretation of very high influence.
This indicates that internship has a very high influence for the students to be competent
in their career. According to Yap et al., student competence are the collection of abilities,
strategies, attitudes, and behaviors that students employ to interpret their surroundings.
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Therefore, student competencies can be acquired on the programs and environment where
they settle which internship could be part of that influences how they present themselves.
As claimed by Azman et al., (2020), when it comes to a professional curriculum like social
work, e-learning has its limitations, a required component of the curriculum is field
experience, which evaluates students' talents or competencies to enable them to become
qualified social workers. This showed that field experience like internship is helpful for the
students to deem themselves as competent in the field. With that, it can be seen as
desirable for the students to pursue education even on the online approach which could
be the reason why most of them see internship having a very high influence.
Apart from knowing the variable discussed, the students give recognition to the
highest determinant with a weighted mean of 3.76 and an interpretation of very high
influence: the importance of internship amidst pandemic is that it has a high influence to
develop the student’s competencies as well as it allows them to strengthen and perform
their skills in preparation for their future career. According to pre-pandemic survey
findings, students who had at least one internship been more likely to join a real time
company sooner, attend more meetings each semester, finish their professional
development sooner, and anticipate full-time work "before graduation." which is stated on
the study of Blau et al., (2021). Moreover, another study from Park et al., (2021),
demonstrates that overall, well-planned, and organized virtual internships, like traditional
fieldwork, could be an inspiring learning opportunity that enables students to draw on
their practical skills while applying what they learn in the classroom to real-world
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managerial problems. This entails that internship is as important as the student’s
competencies in obtaining a job in their chosen field for it helps them to be professional
ready when time comes which could be the reason why students believed that internship
has a high influence in preparation for their career.
Furthermore, followed by the highest determinant with a weighted mean of 3.67 is
the social competencies such as social skills, communication skills and interpersonal
communication is deemed to be an important ability that they as a tourism student must
acquire. Next to it with a weighted mean of 3.65 is having sufficient knowledge is one of
the ways for them to be considered as fully competent and ready for the field. Then, the
other one is in the tourism industry the significance of internship is crucial for me to
succeed in the field with a weighted mean of 3.61 and all the stated determinants fall under
the interpretation of very high influence.
Finally, among the gathered data of the determinants is that competencies are one
of the major factors that has led them to a better understanding of the skills they need in
their future profession with a weighted mean of 3.59 and interpreted as very high influence
in the table. This might be the lowest data because internship may not be the only factor
to consider in order to acquire the skills that the students’ needs in their future profession.
As reported by Morrison et al., (2020), some skills that students had to learn aside from
competencies is how to deal with unforeseen circumstances and various technical
platforms that they could have to employ in the near future. Moreover, a study from Kapur
(2018), stated that numerous factors both within and outside of the classroom have an
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impact on student’s academic success. These factors affecting students' academic
performance may include, educational achievement and large class sizes, parental and
related factors related to educational achievement, school factors' contributions to
students' academic performance, the impact of poverty on students' academic
achievement, and other causes of educational performance. With that being said personal
and professional life of respondents are driven by a lot of factors to consider and not only
limited to their competencies relating to internship. However, since it garnered a very high
influence students still agreed that internship has an impact for them to fully develop
themselves preofessionally.
Table 5
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Confidence.
Confidence Weighted Mean Interpretation
Self-Confidence is the 3.77 Very High Influence

ability to plan and execute
the necessary steps I need
in achieving my goals.
Self-esteem difficulties 3.60 Very High Influence

may be a part of resolving
my poor confidence or
attachment in the online
classroom
I must be able to put my 3.70 Very High Influence

talents into practice to
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build my confidence in my
chosen profession.
Developing my confidence 3.60 Very High Influence

in speaking English for job
advancement in the
tourism industry may be a
challenge.
Anxiety and fear of 3.63 Very High Influence

receiving negative
evaluations are some
reasons that cause my lack
of confidence to participate
in the class.
Table 5 overall results shows that the confidence of the students has a very high
influence on their competencies during online learning garnering a weighted mean score
of 3.66. This signifies that the confidence plays a critical role in improving and
strengthening student’s competencies. It is claimed that confidence can be used to judge
one's aptitude to study in a field, particularly in a university setting, the efficacy of the
College of Education, according to Bitwum (2022), is judged by the level of academic
success of pupils. Furthermore, important aspect of achieving competency is the self-
confidence and learning ability. Apart from the training environment, the students’
attitude, and self-confidence in handling a specific procedure are crucial for the final
outcome of the learning process(Alkhalaf,2022). This signifies that majority of the

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respondents believed that their self-confidence would help them in establishing
competencies aligned to their career plans because it allows them to perform better and
somehow share and perform their skills.
To begin, the determinant that has the highest data gathered with a weighted
mean of 3.77 and interpreted as very high influence is the self-confidence is the ability to
plan and execute the necessary steps that the students need in achieving their goals. It is
visible and understandable that self-confidence has an influence and serves as the basis
of all the things to consider when aiming to do something that will help students to be
professional ready in the field. As claimed by the study of Blanco et al., (2020), it is
advised that schools implement measures to boost students' levels of self-efficacy and
confidence in order to ensure the best learning outcomes regardless of the environment.
Moreover, students' self-confidence had an influence on their learning in terms of
engagement, goal-setting, developing an interest in the material, reducing anxiety, being
at ease with teachers and classmates, and also in terms of sharing their thoughts on the
material in class as according to Akbari et al., (2020). This specifies that self-confidence
can also be a way to lessen or avoid the stress that the online approach can cause to the
students which would help the students to easily focus on their academic goals.
Despite the discussion of the highest determinant, the following determinants
have also been in accordance with the self-confidence of the students, second on the
ranking with a weighted mean of 3.70 students must be able to put their talents into
practice to build their confidence in their chosen profession. Followed by the next
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determinant with a weighted mean of 3.63, anxiety and fear of receiving negative
evaluations are some reasons that cause the students lack of confidence to participate in
the class. Both determinants are under the interpretation of very high influence.
At last, both with a total weighted mean of 3.60 surveyed by the students and
considered as the least determinants are, self-esteem difficulties may be a part of
resolving the student’s poor confidence or attachment in the online classroom and
developing their confidence in speaking English for job advancement in the tourism
industry may be a challenge. Both are interpreted as very high influence. In the study of
Khampirat (2020), this implies that having high self-esteem can help pupils become
more resilient and develop an optimistic outlook on the future, both of which contribute
to having higher levels of career aspiration. Truly, speaking English fluently is one of the
basic skills that a student must have since it is the major factor to consider in having or
wanting to have a good communication with other people. As reported by Tridinanti
(2018), psychological factors like anxiety and self-confidence might have an impact on
one's ability to speak a foreign language. In foreign language classes, pupils who exhibit
high levels of anxiety, worry, fear, and low levels of self-confidence may struggle to
improve their speaking skills. This exhibits that respondents may believe that self-esteem
has a very high influence on improving the poor confidence of students in online
classroom and resolving hindrances in improving it like increased anxiety due to
longevity of lockdown and demotivation must be resolved. Moreover, most respondents
may also see that learning English is not a challenge since they could be satisfied with the
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teaching methods of their instructors. However, the data still had a very high influence
which showed how English speaking language and self-esteem is considered to improve
competence to some of the students.
Table 6
Factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms of Teaching

Methods.
Teaching Methods Weighted Mean Interpretation
The pandemic does not 3.51 Very High Influence

only affect the teaching
methods of the educators
but also how technologies
take part in it.
Technical difficulties and 3.51 Very High Influence

insufficient technical
support can make my
online learning and
teaching frustrating.
Theory lectures are less 3.46 High Influence

interesting because I want
to gain practical skills.
The goal of this online 3.51 Very High Influence

learning is to help me
participate actively with the
provided lessons from my
instructor.
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Educator’s style and 3.62 Very High Influence

approach to teaching can
have a significant impact
on my performance and
motivation.
Table 6 demonstrates the factors influencing respondent’s competencies in terms
of Teaching Methods. It has a composite mean of 3.52 that is equivalent to very high
influence. This means that majority of the respondents view the teaching methods of
instructors and institution has a very high influence on their competencies. Further,
teaching methods could be one of the factors to boost and influence their individual
competencies to their career. According to Rahmatullah (2016), the level of teaching
competence and teaching performance could create an impact to learning effectiveness
disseminated to the students. Moreover, as stated by Long et al., (2017), dissatisfied
students on the efforts provided by instructors may also affect their academic
performance. In order to increase student satisfaction and increase their competency,
clear presentations, engagement with students, creative teaching methods, clarification of
learning objectives, class activities, and lecture notes all play a key role. This demonstrated
how teaching plays a significant role in developing highly competent students.
Nevertheless, the findings for this variable reveal that respondents strongly concur that
the instructor's techniques of instruction played a key influence in the impending

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pandemic catastrophe. This might also imply that online teaching techniques are
considerable for them to perform well amid online barriers.
Aside from the suggestions from the overall results, when looking at individual
weighted mean, the one that gained the highest with 3.62 refers to their belief that
educator’s style and approach to teaching can have a significant impact on their
performance and motivation, this is on the range of very high influence. This has an
implication that respondent’s experiences on the teaching methods of their instructors has
played different level of impacts with their performance and motivation during virtual
learning. It is evident on the study of Kew & Tasir (2022) that learning interventions is
useful as it helps students to enhance their motivation, academic achievement, cognitive
engagement and cognitive retention in e-learning. Also, another study conducted by Lei et
al., (2021), suggest that technical difficulties and insufficient technical support can make
online learning and teaching frustrating most especially to those delivering practical
courses that involve hands-on instruction and activities online, for example, can be
challenging; and learners may find theory lectures less interesting because they want to
gain practical skills. Whilst, the respondents are 4th year and 3rd year Tourism Students,
practitioners on this field would need double effort to showcase skills and knowledge on
their screens which may be insufficient sometimes due to limited resources. Hence, the
respondents overlooked the importance of having effective educator in order to bring out
the best in them.

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On the other hand, the highest weighted mean was followed by 3.51 which is also
equivalent to very high influence. Three of the determinants was in this range, these are:
The pandemic does not only affect the teaching methods of the educators but also how
technologies take part in it, technical difficulties and insufficient technical support can
make my online learning and teaching frustrating, and the goal of this online learning is
to help me participate actively with the provided lessons from my instructor.
While all data evidently showed range of very high influence, least indicator
suggest that students that theory lectures are less interesting because they want to gain
practical skills as a high influence to their competencies with a weighted mean of 3.46.
Agyeiwaah et al., (2022) state that some students experience satisfaction that refers to
their emotional evaluation of their online learning experience and claims that is has
intrinsically positive outcome that meets their expectations. In addition, most students
continue to see the benefits of online learning due to the assistance of effective teachers
and readily available resources. In addition, theoretical learnings on tourism students
have helped them on their internship to turn this knowledge to a professional experience
in which they are able to experience real work environment after the pandemic strike
(Suastini et al., 2022). With this, it can be interpreted that the majority of respondents
believe that practical skills like has a huge influence on their competencies, however they
may also think that as tourism students, learning theories are helpful for them to adapt on
limited practical skills acquired. Additionally, it may also refer that some of the students
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are using this circumstance to prepare themselves in the workplace by acquiring theories
taught in their course.
Career Interests of 3rd year & 4th year LPU Laguna Tourism Students
Table 7
Factors affecting the respondent’s career interests during the pandemic in

relation to Academic Ability.
Academic Ability Weighted Mean Interpretation
I can handle major subjects 3.41 Interested

with heavier workloads.
The COVID-19 pandemic 2.37 Not So Interested

had no significant impact
on my learning, wellbeing,
and academic motivation
I have the intelligence to 3.50 Highly Interested

perform the tasks required
for my chosen field.
Self-regulated learning 3.43 Interested

improves my academic
ability and study habits.
Online Intervention helped 3.38 Interested

me to develop my cognitive
ability and other skills.
Composite Mean 3.22 Interested

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3.50- 4.00 = Highly Interested (HI); 2.50 – 3.49 = Interested (I); 1.50– 2.49 = Not so
Interested (NSI); 1.00 – 1.49 = Not Interested (NI)
Table 7 shows the factors examining the respondent’s career interests during the
pandemic in relation to their Academic Ability. This demonstrated that the majority of
respondents believed that their academic abilities played a role in establishing their career
interests, as seen in the totality with a composite mean of 3.22, which is equivalent to
interested. This also demonstrated that most of the students has interest in working in the
field concerning to their academic ability. According to Choi & Eom (2022), students with
low academic ability struggle to focus on their chosen career. Furthermore, as stated by
Bargmann et al., (2022), when students choose a career and study, their academic
motivation and ability are expected to be high, because students who are dissatisfied with
their study conditions are likely to reduce their career choices and take the first step
toward dropping out. Therefore, results on this study showed that academic ability may
have an influence on choosing, planning, and continuing careers of the respondents.
Despite the fact that the areas of determinants have been interpreted as the
majority to “interested”, the highest and most unique point has a weighted mean of 3.50
and an interpretation of "high interested." It says that the respondents have the
intelligence to perform the tasks required for their chosen field. This indicates that the
majority of them believed they had acquired the knowledge required to perform and excel
in the hospitality field and the tourism courses in which they were enrolled. According to
Benaraba et al., (2022), each individual has a varied discernment in choosing a vocation
based on their abilities, expertise, interests, and course alignment. Furthermore, Saragih
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et al., (2022), state that the ability of students in tourism courses is judged by their
linguistic abilities and knowledge, specifically speaking, and writing English. This suggests
that the majority of students believe they have the following qualities, which are useful in
succeeding with tourism expertise.
On the other hand, it is demonstrated on the table that next to the highest is the
determinant that says self-regulated learning improves my academic ability and study
habits. It has a weighted mean of 3.43 with an interpretation of “interested”. Followed by
the respondent's belief that they can handle major subjects with heavier workloads which
has a weighted mean of 3.41 falls on “interested”. Next to it is a weighted mean of 3.38
which says that Online Intervention helped me to develop my cognitive ability and other
skills that also has an interpretation of “interested”.
Finally, the determinant which garnered the lowest weighted mean of 2.37 in this
variable is the strong belief of the students that the COVID-19 pandemic had no significant
impact on their learning, wellbeing, and academic motivation which has an interpretation
of not so interested. Results on this determinant indicate that the pandemic had an impact
on students learning and motivation to continue with their tourism and hospitality
careers. The findings of Iskin et al., (2022), emphasized that distant learning amid the
pandemic has negative consequences such as reducing the sense of responsibility and
inability to carry out the applied courses in the field of tourism. Moreover, the pandemic
diseases affect career anxiety in students, who are the future workforce of the tourism
sector (Üngüren, 2022). In a nutshell, students believed that the COVID-19 pandemic had
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an effect on their ability to learn which may be caused by the career anxiety and reduced
sense of responsibility that they had at this time of the pandemic. This could be a major
hindrance in honing students as future tourism practitioners. Therefore, the results on
this determinant suggest that having low academic ability due to circumstances may lead
students to be less interested in their career.
Table 8

relation to Economic Stability.
Economic Stability Weighted Mean Interpretation
I chose this career path as 3.66 Highly Interested

working as this career
covers some of the highest
paying jobs (cabin crew
etc.)
This career path would give 3.65 Highly Interested

me financial
security/stability and a
good retirement plan.
A good compensation 3.59 Highly Interested

would motivate me to
accomplish more and eager
me to work in this field.
The Tourism Sector in the 3.54 Highly Interested

Philippines would give me
an upper-middle income.
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A fair salary would give me 3.61 Highly Interested

the satisfaction to continue
working in this field.
Composite Mean 3.61 Highly Interested
Table 8 illustrated the factors affecting the respondent’s career interests during
the pandemic in relation to Economic Stability with a composite mean of 3.61 which is
highly interested. This suggests that financial concerns of the industry are a big
consideration for the students to be highly interested with their career. According to
Ahmed et al., (2022), financial freedom and circumstances influence students' major
academic selections and career options. Furthermore, occupations in tourist practices
such as travel agencies can provide financial freedom, particularly for companies that use
various channels of distribution to sell and advertise their products and services in order
to generate profit and financial goals that are shared with their employees (Arceta,2022).
With that, results showed that the respondent’s possible future financial stability may
prompt them to be highly interested with their career.
To start with, leading on the determinants is the belief of the respondents that
they are interested to choose this career path as working in this career covers some of the
highest paying jobs (cabin crew, etc.). It has a weighted mean of 3.66 which is equivalent
to highly interested. Based on a study conducted by Lee et al., (2022), cabin crew
employees have sufficient high annual salary, security, and social reputation for the job
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compared to other expertise. Additionally, airline industries are flexible in wage rises,
such as Zambia Airports Corporation Limited, whose management provides competitive,
market-reflective compensation to staff (Banda, 2022). Per the recent studies, the reason
why the results on this determinant were highly interested is that despite the pandemic,
some airlines and companies continued to provide positive impressions to aspirants by
demonstrating their ability to provide financial security and compensation while
traveling. Moreover, the eagerness of the respondents to establish stability in their
professional life was deemed to be a great factor to choose tourism sector, Therefore, job
financial security in terms of salary and benefits highly influence the respondent’s
interest.
On the other hand, second to the highest among all of the determinants in this
variable is their perception that this career path would give them financial
security/stability and a good retirement plan with a weighted mean of 3.65 which is
interpreted as highly interested. Next to it is a weighted mean of 3.61 that says a fair
salary would give me the satisfaction to continue working in this field that is interpreted
as highly interested. Similar to the determinant of a good compensation would motivate
me to accomplish more and eager me to work in this field which has a weighted mean of
3.59.
However, it is noticeable that the lowest area in Table 8 is the determinant that
says: Tourism Sector in the Philippines would give me an upper-middle income.
Respondents responded with a weighted mean of 3.54, indicating that they are highly
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interested. One of the likely causes for the low data collection is the current state of the
tourism industry in the Philippines. The advent and advancement of digital technologies
have had an impact on the environment in which businesses function. It has been
demonstrated by various tourist attractions in Quezon that have used digital marketing
and tours in farm tourism sites (Orias et al., 2022). This indicates that some of the
students may have seen less manpower needed in the industry, which would possibly
result in fewer possibilities and a lower wage for them. Recent studies by Sun et al.,
(2022), however, emphasized that the Philippine tourism industry has continued to flip
back and hire employees to the aviation job market and startups, which may be the best
time for aspirants to re-energize their motivation in seeking opportunities in the midst of
a pandemic situation. This study might be seen as one of the reasons why respondents
continue to be highly interested that the tourism sector in the Philippines would provide
them with an upper-middle income despite of the repercussions because the field has
continued to operate and prosper.
Table 9

relation to Expectations.
Expectations Weighted Mean Interpretation
Offers a variety of activities 3.70 Highly Interested

in which women can
participate, as well as
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opportunities for
entrepreneurship
development.
Prosper in terms of 3.65 Highly Interested

economic growth and long-
term goals.
Increases morale of 3.60 Highly Interested

employees by the nature of
community involvement.
Uses advancements in 3.66 Highly Interested

technology aim to continue
operations amidst
pandemic.
Is one of the hardest-hit 3.55 Highly Interested

sectors during Covid-19, but
only has short-term effects
on the economy.
Composite Mean 3.63 Highly Interested
Table 9 demonstrated the factors affecting the respondent’s career interests during
the pandemic in relation to Expectations. The depicts that majority of the respondents are
highly interested in working to tourism sector if this are able to meet their expectations
with a composite mean of 3.63. An empirical study by Chen et al., (2022), reiterated that
expectations significantly influence and motivate career choices. In addition, career self-
management and decision-making must include self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and

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exploration goals (Lent et al., 2022). Both studies assist the transition gap to get to the
conclusion that it is critical to gain a greater understanding of student career expectations
and perspectives before making a career decision.
To begin, the indicator that says the tourism industry offers a variety of activities
in which women can participate, as well as opportunities for entrepreneurship
development is the highest compared to all which has a weighted mean of 3.70 as highly
interested. Tourism and agritourism, in which tourists play an important role, generate
major economic opportunities for rural women (Abadi & Khakzand, 2022). Furthermore,
Singh et al., (2022), addressed how the aviation business has a large proportion of working
women as society begins to close gender gaps in employment participation. This meant
that women had a huge role and chances to be more creative, innovative, and engaged in
the tourism industries in which they work. It's clear to see why the majority of respondents
are highly interested because there are various chances, not just limited for women but
mostly for them, in this sector.
Nevertheless, after which is the indicator Tourism Industry uses advancements in
technology aim to continue operations amidst pandemic with a weighted mean of 3.66 as
highly interested. Followed by, their perception that the Tourism Industry prospers in
terms of economic growth and long-term goals with a weighted mean of 3.65 as highly
interested. The same with, their belief that the Tourism Industry increases the morale of
employees by the nature of community involvement with a weighted mean of 3.60.

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However, the table exhibits the lowest collected data in the indicator with a
weighted mean of 3.55 says Tourism Industry is one of the hardest-hit sectors during
Covid-19, but only has short-term effects on the economy which could be interpreted as
highly interested. The outbreak has harmed travelers' trust in air travel, which is expected
to have a long-term detrimental influence on the aviation industry's recovery cycle which
is stated by Akhter et al., (2022). As a result of this new cycle, many airlines have been
forced into bankruptcy, mergers, or takeovers. It's possible that new business models that
are better adapted to current trends could develop, while those who stick to their old ways
will suffer. Furthermore, according to Kenny & Dutt, 2022, hotel facilities in the event of
a pandemic would require long-term recovery and resolution in order to rebuild commerce
infrastructures. Having said that, respondents also anticipated that it would take some
time for the tourism industry to recover and resume normal operations. However, some
of the respondents may believe that they are still highly interested to their career since the
aviation and hospitality industry are slowly coping.
The Status of Tourism Industry
Table 10
The level of observation to the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in

terms of Economic Contribution.
Economic Contribution Weighted Mean Interpretation

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The tourism industry is the 3.63 Highly Observed

main economic driver and
economic pillar.
The tourism industry is 3.61 Highly Observed

performing well by the year
2019 before the pandemic
has started.
. In the Philippines, 3.58 Highly Observed

Tourism has emerged a
significant role in
generating economic
growth and development.
The tourism industry 3.57 Highly Observed

contributed a lot to Gross
Domestic Product all over
the world providing travel
and job opportunities.
Philippine and 3.60 Highly Observed

International Tourism is
performing well in terms of
economic conditions amid
the pandemic.
Composite Mean 3.60 Highly Observed
3.50- 4.00 = Highly Observed (HO); 2.50 – 3.49 = Observed (O); 1.50– 2.49 =
Somewhat Observed (SO); 1.00 – 1.49 = Not Observed (NO)
Table 10 pictures the factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic
in terms of Economic Contribution. It has a composite mean of 3.60 which means that the
majority of respondents highly observed the economic contribution of Tourism sector

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during pandemic, this pictures that their observation could influence their career interest
at this time. Evidently, the tourism and hospitality industry are one of the major
contributors to the Philippine economy, ranking 75th globally as the sector adds to the
country's growth and competitiveness (Benaraba et al., 2022). Additionally, governments
in tourist locations have a wide range of policies in place to hasten tourism recovery, even
in the face of a pandemic disaster, as attested by Wong & Lai (2022), COVID-19 had a
significant impact on the tourism economy, such as transportation and lodging, which
continues to contribute to the economy's pillars. This showed that the opportunities in
tourism industry in contributing to economy amid pandemic still prospers in some areas
and this is highly observed by the students, therefore, it could influence how they choose
to continue on their career path and how they view the possibilities of employment in
tourism sector.
The numbers showed that despite the current condition it is highly observed that
the tourism industry is the main economic driver and economic pillar with a weighted
mean of 3.63. To support this, based on the study of Wan & Diokno (2022), during the
pandemic government all around the world established isolation measures, hygiene
requirements, and ongoing support to tourism businesses. And this prompted most
businesses like Cebu Pacific and Philippine Airlines to continue operating again,
considering the perceived risk of crowding and low tourist density destinations (Marques
et al., 2022). Their ongoing operations have helped to cover their losses and bridge their
support to the economy, which may explain why respondents continue to highly observed
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that the tourism industry is still the primary economic driver today. Although the loss was
shown all over the media, recovery has been the highest priority of the country in response
to the crisis.
Furthermore, the data shown above shows that the majority of respondents
likewise highly observed that the tourism industry is performing well by the year 2019
before the pandemic started with a weighted mean of 3.61. Moreover, it is also highly
observed that the Philippine and International Tourism is performing well in terms of
economic conditions amid the pandemic with a weighted mean of 3.60. Further, the
indicator that states: In the Philippines, Tourism has emerged a significant role in
generating economic growth and development was also highly observed and has a
weighted mean of 3.58.
All in all, most of the indicators gained the interpretation of “highly observed”, but
the lowest data garnered from which is 3.57, it says that tourism industry contributed a lot
to Gross Domestic Product all over the world by providing travel and job opportunities.
Although this is still seen as highly observed, it may be the lowest data due to respondents'
awareness of layoff programs and lower mobility of demand for people in the Tourism and
Hospitality business. According to the research, during the outbreak, 75 percent of
employees in the service sector in countries such as Canada lost their jobs, and many
countries had major unemployment difficulties in the tourism business (Sun et al., 2022).
There is no doubt that the hotel and tourism industries have been severely impacted by
the epidemic. Furthermore, as believed by Zargham & Naghavi (2022), health initiatives
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for COVID-19 have halted travel and tourism activities all over the world, resulting in an
undeniable drop in foreign travel. However, as the data imply, the industry has still given
a considerable economic contribution via recoveries and an increase in domestic travel, as
seen by the overall results which is certainly and highly observed by the respondents.
Table 11

terms of Preferences.
Preferences Weighted Mean Interpretation
Have close relatives, superb 3.65 Highly Observed

accommodation services,
and self-catered experience,
when I travel.
Have an all-inclusive 3.61 Highly Observed

tourism package when
visiting popular sites.
Plan destinations with 3.66 Highly Observed

superb accessibility and
affordability meeting
cleanliness requirements.
Watch reviews from travel 3.61 Highly Observed

vloggers first before going
to my desired destination.
Assess the service quality 3.65 Highly Observed

before traveling and
acquiring services.
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The factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in terms of
Preferences are presented in Table 11. In totality, it has a composite mean of 3.64 that is
interpreted as highly observed. This showed that the respondents highly observed the
preferences on Travel and Tourism Industry during the pandemic period. According to
Orden et al., (2022), expectations about a destination influence the tourist experience
throughout the stages of the travel process, and during the pandemic, it is critical to know
visitors' preferences before traveling. This showed how preferences could deem to be an
important factor when travelers are acquiring services from travel and tourism industry
which is highly observed by the students. Furthermore, the results on this variable
determined that students highly observed that the tourist preferences have evolved,
becoming more concerned with safety rather than convenience (Ongsakul et al., 2022).
With that, it can be said that the majority of the respondents are well aware of the shift in
and significance of preferences to the status of the tourism industry which could be an
advantage in a way that they see how the Tourism adapt to the situation, and a
disadvantage since there are changes with the trends when traveling.
Moreover, the results indicate that the majority of the respondents highly observed
that travelers plan destinations with superb accessibility and affordability meeting
cleanliness requirements which has a weighted mean of 3.66. This showed that they highly
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observed that cleanliness is now a major part when planning trips to specific destinations
during pandemic. In recent studies by Gaur et al., (2022), they discuss that cleanliness in
terms of sanitation, healthcare, and wellness, are some of the major trends when selecting
tours and travels. It may be because most of the travelers believed that crowded and less
sanitated areas are harmful and not pleasant by this time which is the respondents is fully
aware of. Furthermore, it is claimed that the COVID-19 pandemic has had enormous
effects on people's travel behavior and that while demand for public transportation has
decreased due to passengers' inability to maintain physical distance within this mode,
demand for private automobile and active transportation modes has increased like
walking and biking (Zafri et al., 2021). This has a tendency that the respondents observed
that other tourists, are searching for accessibility and cost when they travel. Additionally,
suggest that they are aware of the current situation.
Further, the data presented certainly displayed other indicators that also got the
interpretation of “highly observed”. Second, in line with a weighted mean of 3.65 says “I’d
like to assess the service quality before traveling and acquiring services”, and, “I’d like to
have close relatives, superb accommodation services, and self-catered experience when I
travel.” Both determinants has gained the same weighted mean after the highest indicator.
Finally, the table shows that respondents highly observed that traveler like to have
an all-inclusive tourism package when visiting popular sites and to first watch travel
vlogger reviews before going to desired destination with a weighted mean of 3.66.
Although both have good interpretations of strongly agree it is obvious why this collected
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the least answer coming from the respondents. At some point, not all tourists would like
to have an inclusive tour as it is costly and would be needing a whole lot of requirements.
Traveling on package tour exist but its disadvantage is because they are priced per person
basis and each person pays the same high selling price (Plog, 2017). On the other hand,
not all consumers are looking at social media when planning to travel. Besides, a study
from Mukweli et al., (2021), stated that social media influencers might be less effective in
attracting the attention of general consumers. This totally showed that travelers are not
initially looking at these things (tour packages & influencers) when planning their trips.
Hence, despite of this the respondents highly observed that some might consider these
things when traveling but these are not their first areas of evaluation.
Table 12

terms of Restrictions.
Restrictions Weighted Mean Interpretation
Restrictions are necessary 3.74 Highly Observed

to monitor the pace of
pandemic transmission
between geographical
areas.
Travel Restrictions 3.58 Highly Observed

dramatically reduced the
number of confirmed cases.
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Restrictions are one of my 3.56 Highly Observed

considerations when
traveling to a single place.
Staying in a quarantine 3.45 Observed

facility before leaving and
upon arrival for two weeks
is just fine.
I will still travel despite the 3.51 Highly Observed

constraints that stopped
some of the operations of
the Airline industry.
Table 12 unveils the factors affecting the Tourism Industry during the pandemic in
terms of Restriction it has a composite mean of 3.57 with an interpretation of highly
observed. This indicated that the majority of respondents highly observed constraints to
be one of the most serious consideration when traveling during the pandemic. Evidently,
international air travel limitations may create a minor but significant delay in the spread
of a pandemic, particularly if other disease management measures are implemented
during the period available (Chinazzi, 2020). This showed how beneficial restrictions are
when imposed which some of the respondents may be aware of. However, although
according to Buckley (2021), most have viewed restrictions imposed by the COVID-19
pandemic as a worldwide natural experiment with negative consequences, particularly for

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wealthier developed nations, there is no doubt that restrictions allowed the travel and
tourism industry to operate slowly. That may explain that the respondents highly observed
how restriction also created slow operations for the travel and tourism management amid
pandemic.
The figures above introduce determinants that clearly obtained the highest data of
weighted mean: 3.74 that says the respondent’s highly observed that restrictions are
necessary to monitor the pace of pandemic transmission between geographical areas.
Indeed, according to a study conducted by Adeniyi et al., (2022), local and international
governments have evaluated the efficiency of travel restrictions that have been found to be
useful in forecasting possible hotspots of the disease. Moreover, Anzai et al., (2020),
estimated that 226 exported cases (95 percent confidence interval: 86,449) were averted
in mainland China, equating to a 70.4 percent reduction in incidence compared to the
counterfactual scenario when restrictions were applied. This obviously demonstrated how
successful beneficial travel restrictions are to monitor transmission and lessen the cases
amid pandemic, and respondents may see the importance of this as well to slowly cope
with the situation.
Additionally, the data supplied undoubtedly showed other indicators that were
likewise interpreted as "highly observed." With a weighted mean of 3.58 on the
determinant saying that respondents believe that travel Restrictions dramatically reduced
the number of confirmed cases. Followed by a weighted mean of 3.56 which says that
respondents observed that restrictions are one of considerations when traveling to a single
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place. Next to it is that they strongly observed and believed that travelers will still travel
despite the constraints that stopped some of the operations of the Airline Industry, with a
weighted mean of 3.51. Whilst all three have been equivalent to highly observed.
While all were discovered at the height of highly observed, the data placed at the
bottom is the indicator says respondents observed that staying in a quarantine facility
before leaving and upon arrival for two weeks is just fine with a weighted mean of 3.45.
During the COVID-19 outbreak, many travelers were required to quarantine upon arrival
at their destination, frequently at designated hotels and usually for two weeks, however
quarantine, like any type of isolation, may be emotionally draining. Furthermore,
according to Wong and Yang (2020), being forced to stay in a quarantined hotel following
an international flight might be stressful and cause anxiety. Moreover, it must cause the
inconvenience of staying in quarantine facilities, testing, and the difficulties of meeting
their families who live in various areas of the country. It can withstand prolonged
separation (Tamang et al., 2021). Having said that, most respondents only observed with
this indicator, more likely because remaining in quarantine facilities has a lot of downsides
in terms of difficulty, worry, and cost. And some of them might not see that staying in a
quarantine facility prior to traveling is just fine. As a result, all of the indicators show that
respondents highly observed with the vitality and repercussions of travel restrictions on
the tourism industry.

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The relationship between the competencies and psychographic profile
Table 13
Internship, Confidence, Teaching methods and psychographic profile
pertaining to Lifestyle.
Variables Rho-value p-value Interpretation
Internship vs .102 .161 Not Significant

Lifestyle
Confidence vs .169 .020 Significant

Lifestyle
Teaching Methods .249 .001 Significant

vs Lifestyle
Note: If the p-value is <.05, Significant. If the p-value is >.05, Not Significant.
Table 13 presents the results of the significant relationship between the
competencies and psychographic profile of the 3rd and 4th year tourism students of
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna. Findings revealed that there is no
significant relationship on the Internship vs Lifestyle to the competencies and
psychographic profile of the students with a rho-value of .102 and p-value of .161. While
other variables such as Confidence vs Lifestyle and Teaching Method vs Lifestyle has a
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significant relationship as an interpretation on the students competencies and
psychographic profile. Confidence vs Lifestyle has a .169 rho-value and .020 p-value while
Teaching Method vs Lifestyle has a .249 rho-value and p-value of .001. With that majority
of the data presented in this table has a significant relationship with the students
competencies and psychographic profile.
To tackle, the results on the Internship vs Lifestyle showed that there is no
significant relationship between student’s competencies and psychographic profile in
terms of the Internship and Lifestyle. This could mean that the students are not relying
their competencies in terms of internship on their lifestyle despite having an online
approach method of education, and also further stipulate that their lifestyle has nothing
to do with how they view and do their internship, it also denotes that students do not take
lifestyle as a means to improve in their internship performance since they are on the new
normal approach and do not much to interact. To support this claim a study by Shibly et
al., (2021) was conducted stating that by lowering the learner's perception level and
boosting motivation for each task, optimization is achieved by choosing the optimum
strategy from the various ways for each individual student when conducting internship
programs. This showed that the Internship experience of the students does not necessarily
has connection with their lifestyle, however there are various factors that affects the
experiences of the students like effective facilitation and optimization of the institution to
equip strategies.
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On the other hand, the results on the Confidence vs Lifestyle and Teaching Method
vs Lifestyle has a contradictory results having a significant relationship between the
competencies and psychographic profile of the students. This indicates that if the has good
Confidence and good Lifestyle then students are most likely to do well and be competent
in the online approach. As claimed by the study of Martin et al., (2020) Compared to
communication skills, online students' time management, technical, and other traits were
given higher priority ratings. Compared to time management and communication,
students felt more confident about their technical competencies and online student
qualities. This showed that students who has good qualities associated with his habits and
lifestyle then student is more likely to have the confidence to perform it in online setting.
On the other hand, Teaching Method vs Lifestyle as a result of having a significant
relationship with the students psychographic profile means that ways of instructor
teaching plays a vital role in engaging the students to perform effectively in the class. As
stated by Ferdig et al., (2020), another significant finding from the evaluation of earlier
studies was that, while assessing online modes of education, the perspective of the student
to their teachers needs to be given priority to achieve effective learning and teaching. With
all that, table 13 only showed that there is a significant relationship between the stated
variables since majority has been interpreted to be significantly related.
Table 14
pertaining to Interest.
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Internship vs .192 .008 Significant

Interest

Interest
Teaching Methods .278 .000 Significant

vs Interest
Table 14 displays the results of the significant relationship between the
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna. It was discovered that there is a significant
relationship on all the main variables relating to the students competencies and
psychographic profile. As shown in the table, Internship vs Interest has a rho-value of .192
and a p-value of .008, Confidence vs interest with a rho-value of .289 and a p-value of .000
while Teaching Methods vs Interest has a rho-value of .278 and .000 of p-value. All data
on this section has resulted in having a significant relationship with the students'
competencies and psychographic profile.
Going on, as all the variables displayed on the table arrived at being significantly
related to one another means that the role of these variables has an impact on the factors
affecting the students competencies and psychographic profile. This could also mean that
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Internship, Confidence and Teaching Method vs Interest are important aspect in building
competencies since internship could build up the students skills in showcasing their
abilities in their chosen field of expertise. Internship as one of the variables plays an
important role in the interest of the tourism students in a way that if the students are well
engaged in the practices done in the internship, then it is most likely that their interest in
their chosen profession prospers. Confidence as significantly related to the interest of the
students can be of help for them to socially interact with others despite the online setting.
While the Teaching Method is based from their instructor on how they deliver lessons and
make the students be interested and motivated to learn effectively and efficiently. With
such interpretation of variables a study conducted by Misra et al., (2021) stated that the
study's findings demonstrate how student self-confidence is impacted by lecturer-student
interaction and the capacity for self-directed learning that suggested the value of
communication and the capacity for confidence in independent learning aside from
learning from professors directly.
Moreover, the results presented were all interpreted as significantly related to
interest that is why it is therefore concluded that students' competencies and
psychographic profile are in accordance with the main variables. This also signifies that if
there is a connection between the variables and the students then the factors influencing
their competencies and psychographic profile are proportionally linked to one another in
order for the students to be industry ready. According to Azman et al., (2020), Fieldwork
is required of all social work students at the undergraduate and graduate levels in order to
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advance their professional skills, core competences enhanced through internships are
necessary for practicing interest in social work professionally. This showed that the stated
variables are well needed in order for the students to build their courage and dedication
in entering the field. Considering everything that has been mentioned, the results on Table
2 showed that there is a significant relationship on the main variables.
Table 15
Internship vs .096 .190 Not Significant

Opinions, Attitudes
& Beliefs

Opinions, Attitudes
& Beliefs
Teaching Method vs .237 .001 Significant

Opinions, Attitudes
& Beliefs
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Table 15 portrays the results of the significant relationship between the
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna. Findings showed that there is no significant
relationship on Internship vs Opinions, Attitudes & Beliefs of the students with regard to
their competencies and psychographic profile with a rho-value of .096 and p-value of .190.
While other variables has a corresponding interpretations showing that there is a
significant relationship between the Confidence vs Opinions, Attitudes & Beliefs, Teaching
Method vs Opinion, Attitudes & Beliefs and competencies and psychographic profile of the
students. Confidence vs Opinions, Attitudes & Beliefs has a rho-value of .245 and a p-
value of .001, while Teaching Method vs Opinion, Attitudes & Beliefs gets a rho-value of
.237 and .001 p-value. At that point, figures on these sections has resulted to majority
having a significant relationship with the students' competencies and psychographic
profile.
Moving forward, the outcomes on the variable Internship vs Opinions, Attitudes &
Beliefs appeared that there is no significant relationship between the two. This could only
mean that the students may not see the importance or the need to connect their opinions,
attitudes and beliefs to their competencies in experiencing Internship since they are into
online learning methods. It can also indicate that the more the students are engaged in the
online approach internship tasks then their competencies prospers either if the experience
is good or bad, it is a little chance for them to create negative opinions and attitudes
regarding the situation. This revealed that the students' willingness to learn despite the
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online setting does not necessarily need to be hindered by their personal behavior and way
of thinking. To support this claim a study by Tang et al., (2021) stated that, students'
preparation for live online learning has a significant impact on both their willingness to
participate in class and the effectiveness of live online internships. Therefore, investigating
the key elements influencing students' preparation for live online internships falls on their
interest and willingness.
On top of that, the results on the Confidence vs Opinions, Attitudes & Beliefs and
Teaching Method vs Opinion, Attitudes & Beliefs have a contrasting result having a
significant relationship with students competencies and psychographic profile. This
depicts that if the confidence of the students are beyond its limits when attending virtual
class then it is agreeable that their opinions, attitudes and beliefs from the experience can
enhance their competence a lot more. Supporting this claim a study by Donnir et al.,
(2021) reported that study shows an improvement in students' perceptions of and
confidence in taking online education. Therefore, online education are conceivable
through evaluation of the student's overall competency. This could mean that it is
necessary for the students to build up their confidence more especially that they are into
online settings. Moreover, the result on the Teaching Method vs Opinion, Attitudes &
Beliefs also displays that it has a significant relationship, this could mean that the teaching
method of the professors are one of the major contributor for the students to engage in the
class effectively despite the online situation. On the study conducted by Yao et al., (2020),
teachers should play multiple roles during the online teaching process, including those of
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"leader" and "accompanier" through good direction and communication. This only showed
that Teaching Methods regardless of the situation and availability of online platforms
plays prominent importance to the competencies of the students and how they perceived
the experience. All things considered, the majority of the results on Table 15 showed that
there is significant relationship on the stated variables.
Relationship between the career interest and psychographic profile.
Table 16
pertaining to Lifestyle.
Academic Ability vs .521 .000 Significant

Lifestyle
Economic Stability .278 .000 Significant

vs Lifestyle
Expectations vs .119 .103 Not Significant

Lifestyle
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Table 16 exhibits the results relating to the relationship between the career interest and
psychographic profile pertaining to lifestyle of the respondents. Findings showed that
there is a significant relationship between the economic stability and lifestyle with a rho
value of .521 and p-value of .000. While, also showing a significant relationship between
academic ability and lifestyle which has gotten a rho-value of .521 and a p-value of .000.
On the other hand, it also presents that there is no significant relationship between
expectations and lifestyle with a rho value of .119 and p-value of .103.
The results on this table showed that the majority of the respondents agree, whereas that
there is a significant relationship between career interest and psychographic profile of the
respondents in terms of their lifestyle. To begin with, the respondents believe that there is
a significant relationship between their academic ability and lifestyle. This could interpret
that majority of the students believe that their lifestyle either good or bad has an effect to
their academic ability to perform at their course. As social media has been an integral part
of education and lifestyle of most people during the pandemic and engaging to this could
have impacts to their ability to learn and perform in their chosen career. According to Bou
(2020), excessive social media use, smoking, and romantic relationships were all strongly
associated with a reduced capacity to focus and be interested in one's profession. Stea
(2014), on the other hand, noted that physical activity and cognition have determined that
physical activity positively improves cognitive functioning and, as a result, an academic
score and ability to succeed in their chosen vocation. This shown that having a negative
lifestyle can have an impact on academic achievement, especially if they are largely
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distracted online, whereas those who focus on real-time and physical activities had good
academic success. This could imply that the majority of respondents must have
experienced a shift in their academic abilities when engaging in either online intervention
or physical exercise prior to the current setup. Respondents, on the other hand, show that
there is a considerable relationship between economic stability and lifestyle. It shows that
respondents believed that choosing their career route will provide them with a better
lifestyle of financial independence and a suitable financial retirement plan. The average
yearly wage in this area, according to Hoelzen et al., (2021), ranges from 175,000
USD2020 for each flight crew member to 85,000 USD2020 for each flight attendant. This
is a significant number of money, which explains why the majority of tourism students
want to work in this industry. This clearly indicated how, without a doubt, travel and
tourism provide greater prospects and a diverse variety of income production
opportunities for aspirants, which could be one of the reasons why the majority of
respondents believe that working in this industry will enhance their lives, since based on
the study of Sinaga et al., (2022), a respectable pay allows every family's needs to be
addressed and have a nice lifestyle to be built.
On the other hand, the results on the table also showed that there is no significant
relationship between the expectation and lifestyle. This could imply that the respondents'
expectations in their field are unrelated to their lifestyle. Tourism, according to Rahim et
al., (2021), is one of the hardest damaged sectors during Covid-19, hurting both demand
and supply in a variety of ways. Given the current state of affairs and the decrease of most
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opportunities, the negative characteristics of the tourism industry may have influenced
students' expectations. This may have caused them anxiety, tension, and uncertainty, as
the industry may have to halt operations in the future (Kelly,2021). However, the result on
this study implicates that the expectation of the students to their career has nothing to do
with the development of their anxiety by this time and habits to their lifestyle.
Furthermore, it could imply that they tend to focus on their talents to perform rather than
the prospects and expectations for other elements of the field because they mainly agree
on their academic competence and its relationship with lifestyle.
Table 17

Interest

vs Interest
Expectations vs .203 .005 Significant

Interest
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The results on this table showed the relationship between career interest and
psychographic profile pertaining to interest of the respondents. This exhibits that majority
of them agrees with the significant relationship between the variables. It showed that
Academic Ability and Interest has a rho-value of .290 and a p-value of .000 which is
equivalent to significant. While the relationship between economic stability and interest
has a rho-value of .330 and a p-value of .000 which is also significant. Lastly, the
expectations and interest with a rho-value of .203 and p-value of .005 which is also
interpreted as significant.
The result on this table portrays that career interest has a relationship with the
psychographic profile of the respondents in terms of their lifestyle. To start with, it is
exhibited that Academic Ability and Interest has a significant relationship which imply
that they believe having sets of interest in this field could either help them gain or lose
their ability to learn at this time. School, according to Bergin (2016), is the ideal place for
pupils to learn new things. Students can obtain the knowledge and skills required for their
field through school assistance, allowing them to perform better. However, alterations to
this configuration may result in a shift in their learning and capacity. According to
Greaviana et al., (2020), one of the reasons why students' interests were neglected is
because of online learning. This could imply that students' interests are directly affected
by how and in what methods they learn to obtain the superior academic aptitude required
in their sector. It could imply that respondents perceive their interest in continuing and
not continuing to apply abilities on their academic success as highly related. However, the
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findings also revealed that there is a considerable association between economic stability
and interest. This could imply that the respondents' interest in the sector was influenced
by the financial independence that this vocation could provide. According to Benaraba et
al., (2022), the hospitality and tourist industries offer higher pay and advancement
opportunities. Respondents believe that working in this sector provides economic and
financial stability, which may be why they continue to grow their interest despite the
pandemic. However, this could also mean that respondents notice the impact of COVID19
on the industry's sustainability, which could cause them to disregard their focus to their
career. This was supported by Zafra (2021), that states that the tourism business in the
Philippines has largely resulted in a negative due to turnovers and retrenchment programs
in the following years.
Additionally, the results on the table also showed the significant relationship between
expectations and interest. According to Luo et al., (2018), wellness tourism activities can
have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, "resulting in improvements in
coping with challenges at work, promoting family harmony, and engaging in social life"
(Luo et al., 2018). As a result, the majority of respondents could envision the tourism
industry's positive influence on individual and collective goals as an ambition. It also
shows that these expectations may lead to them expressing their interest and creating
more opportunity for them to advance in their careers. Furthermore, as mentioned by
Tambunan et al., (2022), aspirants believe that a profession in tourism offers a better
family environment and salary expectations, which influences students' enthusiasm.

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Furthermore, students who feel and experience a sense of purpose in their chosen sector
are more likely to match their field with their interests, values, and abilities, to be
thoughtful about those traits in themselves, and to be given realistic job expectations. This
demonstrated that respondents were aware of the possibilities for following this path
because they knew their personal interests and how this field could impact and meet their
expectations.
Table 18
pertaining to Opinions, attitudes & beliefs.

Opinions, attitudes
& beliefs

vs Opinions,
attitudes & beliefs
Expectations vs .133 .068 Not Significant

Opinions, attitudes
& beliefs
Note: If the p- value is <.05, Significant. If the p-value is >.05, Not Significant.
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Table 18 showed the significant relationship between career interest and psychographic
profile in terms of the opinions, and attitudes and beliefs of the respondents. This exhibits
that there is a significant relationship between the academic ability and opinions, attitudes
and beliefs with a rho-value of .286 and p-value of .000. While also exhibits that there is
a significant relationship between the economic stability and opinions attitudes and beliefs
with a rho-value of .325 and a p-value of .000. And lastly, the results present that there is
no significant relationship between the expectations and the opinions, attitudes, and
beliefs of the respondents.
Overall results showed that academic ability has a significant relationship with opinions,
attitudes, and beliefs. This could be seen that respondent’s opinions, attitude and beliefs
could have an impact to their academic ability. Perhaps students' perceptions of web-
based discussions in teaching and learning, as well as their potential, can be leveraged to
improve students' performance (Iyamuremye et al., 2022). Students' opinions, attitudes,
and beliefs may vary as a result of the new learning that has formed through online contact,
which may impair their capacity to learn academically. Some students may consider web-
based learning as an opportunity to search for extra information, openly communicate
ideas, share knowledge and experiences, and therefore enhance their performance. While
others may see this as a challenge, Das (2022) sees it as a challenge for both students and
teachers to adopt and sustain the education system through new systems (online learning)
by addressing the infrastructural gap. Given this difficulty, a few students may have
negative opinions about their course as well as their profession, negatively affecting their
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learning abilities. On the other hand, the findings revealed a substantial relationship
between economic stability and respondents' opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. This
demonstrates that the current state of how this industry can meet the aspirants' financial
aspirations can be used to conceive their opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about their career.
Thus, according to Deng and Zhou (2022), tourism companies have shareholder
governance, board governance, executive compensation incentives, social responsibility
governance, reputation themes, and corporate governance provisions that can motivate
most aspirants to have a belief, opinion, and positive belief to continue on their path in the
face of a pandemic. Furthermore, according to the Trinh & Seetaram (2022) study, leisure
services has remained one of the top managements on compensation, with a decreased
chance of bankruptcy. Since economic stability has been achieved, most respondents'
opinions, attitudes, and beliefs must have been influenced by this positively.
While both determinants on significant relationship obtained both outcomes, the table
revealed that there is no significant relationship identified in the areas of expectations and
opinions, attitudes and beliefs. This demonstrated that the respondents' expectations have
nothing to do with their opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. This is most likely because
respondent actions prompted by their ideas, attitudes, and beliefs have little to do with
their expectations regarding the current stage of the epidemic. According to a study
conducted by Yasmin et al., (2022), students' attitudes toward online learning have led to
them engaging in cheating in order to better their marks. This could imply that whether
or not a student cheats as a means of gaining an advantage has nothing to do with their
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negative or positive expectations for their career position. Furthermore, while media
coverage has highlighted job losses across tourism organizations worldwide
(Roberts,2022), the findings of this study could imply that respondents' opinions and
beliefs about their academic life and personal goals are unrelated to the challenges they
face and have remained unchanged. It is more likely because students acquired a healthy
pattern to adhere to their aim regardless of future expectations. This was further
supported by the study of Chu (2022), which found that students continuously attend
virtual classes because they have the purpose to succeed and a growth mindset to feel that
they can persevere in any situation.
Possible moderating Role of the Status of the Tourism Industry as a major

variable.
Table 19
Moderating Role of the Status of the Tourism Industry
Test(s) of highest order unconditional interaction(s):
R2-chng F df1 df2 p
X*W .0218 5.4016 1.0000 185.0000 .0212
Y : Career Interest, X : Competencies, W : Status of Tourism Industry
Table 19 shows the significant interaction between the two major variables including
student competencies and career interest represented as X and Y. As realized in the test of
higher order the P values is below .05. Thus, it is safe to conclude that current status of
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tourism industry (identified moderating variable) represented as W is a moderating
variable, with a P value of .0212.
To begin, the implication of the results on Table 19 exhibits that the status of tourism
industry strengthens and weakens the relationship between respondents' competencies
and career interest. To discuss, some tourism students intend to study in their course
because they believe in their abilities, as seen in the results of this study on Table 7, in
which students believe they have the intelligence to execute the tasks required for their
chosen field. Career competencies, according to Presti et al., (2022), are a significant
resource that graduates can use throughout and after their school-to-work transition,
which increases their interest in their unique career ambitions. However, this study has
also identified that students have seen the negative impacts and sober reality of the
pandemic to their competencies in terms of confidence in speaking English for job
advancement as a challenge and some have developed anxiety and fear in receiving
negative evaluations which has hinders their ability to perform which is shown on Table
5. Thus, the study reveals that the career interest of the students is related to their
individual abilities, however, the Status of Tourism Industry has further influence on it.
The individual expectation of tourism students to the condition of Tourism Industry has a
role in their interest with their career and to progress on being more competent. According
to Aristovnik et al., (2020), most tourism students are anxious about their future
professional positions because of the lockdown, and some tourism-related enterprises
declared bankruptcy, laid off employees, and stopped hiring industry professionals. This
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uncertainty may influence then by how students execute and acquire programs like
internship and teaching methods established by the institution for their academic
improvement. As a result, the standing and observation of the respondents to the tourism
industry in terms of constraints, preferences, and economic contribution deems to play an
important role in extending students' career interests and strengthening their
competitiveness through the opportunities available to them. This could interpret that
students have the motivation to attend internship programs, listen to their instructors and
believed that these are crucial because they somehow see that tourism industry still offers
opportunities for them amid the restriction and change in preferences of travelers.
Moreover, it may indicate that students are academically able to perform and interested
because they see how theories can help them to advance themselves in continuing
operations of tourism and job employment it has despite of the observed drop in economic
contribution.
With all that being said, table 19 exhibits possibilities that if the Status of Tourism Industry
was highly observed of the respondents positively, then some students may find the
importance of strengthening their career interest and improving their competencies to be
qualified in the field. As stated by Grobelna et al., (2019), students who believe that
seasonality has many positive aspects, such as increased interest in economic
opportunities being also a source of employees' creativity and innovative solutions, are
more likely to pursue tourism jobs after graduation. Having this said, if the tourism
industry could offer job opportunities for the students in this time of epidemic, then this
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can help students to be interested with their career and further participate in enhancing
their competencies. Moreover, as shown on previous discussion on Table 9, the industry
can still prosper in terms of economic growth and long-term goals, this could potentially
influence interest of the students in pursuing their chosen career since they still observed
that the industry can provide them financial independence. Further, despite growing
worries about the detrimental economic effects of tourism on host communities, the
industry was able to cope through tourism economic sustainability construct like
economic positive, development control, and individual welfare as claimed in the study of
Qiu et al., (2019). This showed that even if though the tourism sector is one of the hardest-
hit sectors during Covid-19, it only has short-term effects on the economy and still can
operate no matter what the situation is. Explicitly, it was evident from the results that
some students still see the opportunities that this industry can offer, however, we cannot
fully guarantee since some of students are aware with the downside of the sector relating
constraints, and students might be concerned about what is taught in colleges and how
equipped students are to meet difficulties and seize opportunities on this crisis situation
(Desbiolles, 2020). All in all, results on moderating effect showed that Tourism industry
strengthens the career interest and competencies of Tourism industry on positive areas
like their observed economic contribution and adaptation to the crisis. However, could
potentially weaken the relationship of career interest and competencies on most areas
where they see that the preferences of the travelers have changed already, and the slow
operations of industry due to restrictions amid pandemic situations.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions
Based on the summary and findings, some inclusions were drawn, and these are
follows:
1. In general, this study thus reveals that the psychographic profile of the respondents
during pandemic was influenced by their Lifestyle, Interest, and Opinions,
Attitudes & Beliefs.
2. All in all, the research showed that majority of the respondents agreed that their
competencies are honed through hands on internship, their confidence in
presenting themselves, and teaching methods of the instructor.
3. In brief, the study illustrated that the vast majority of the respondents strongly
agreed that their career interest is associated and influenced by their Academic
Ability, Economic Stability, and Expectations.
4. Ultimately, the study indicated that students are aware with the Status of the
Tourism Industry in positive and negative implications based on its Economic
Contribution in providing opportunities, Restrictions imposed, and Preferences
set amid pandemic.

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5. Overall, findings on this research showed that there is a relationship between
competencies of the respondents and their psychographic profile, and no
significant relationship on areas of internship and lifestyle as well as opinions,
attitudes, and beliefs.
6. Thus, study indicate that the career interest of the respondents has a relationship
with their psychographic profile, and no significant relationship on areas of
expectations and lifestyle as well as opinions, attitudes, and beliefs.
7. Lastly, results signifies that the current status of the tourism industry greatly
moderates the relationship between the competencies and career interest of the
students.
Recommendations
Based on the research findings and conclusions, the following recommendations
are hereby presented.
1. For the educational policymakers and administrators at the Lyceum of the
Philippines University Laguna, to further assist tourism students with their alleged mental
health challenges to conquer their stress and anxiety by collaborating with public health
specialists to find psychological services and programs to give mental health support in
order to reduce the strain on health systems. Moreover, public health officials and
education policymakers must consider these factors to provide geographically- and
culturally-relevant mental health support for college students living in rural areas.
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Additionally, performance tasks and assessments should be highly encouraged to take in
school premises to avoid cases of cheating.
2. For the institution, they may explore offering a blended internship in which 3 rd year
and 4th year tourism students do academic work online while practicing their internship
at a host firm, students record their reflection and logs within the school's LMS, while the
host organization is responsible for on-site orientation, training, and supervision. This
program may include a post-internship seminar where they will evaluate the hospitality
organization as well as the experience, and to share their thoughts and experiences with
fellow and future students. They may also take into consideration the possibility of
bringing back International Internships to broaden the horizons, experience other
cultures, improve their probability doing an internship in the labour market and improve
the student’s English language skills which will help them broaden their confidence.
3. For the higher education, this research suggests for them to improve the study habits
of third and fourth year tourism students by promoting to conduct cohort courses, boot
camps, and seminars every month, as well as providing cognitive engagement as a means
of developing study habits in blended learning environments. Intelligence and cognitive
engagement content so that these two characteristics can help tourism students in
developing their study habits, well-being, and academic motivation to their chosen career
of interest.
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4. For the Tourism practitioners and travel agencies, this study suggest that they must
ensure that demands of the travelers are met when assisting and creating itineraries. They
must guarantee that the hotel design as a quarantine facility is suitable to host quarantined
visitors without rampant detrimental mental affects. They may consider having hotels
(quarantine facility) included in the tour package to be spacious, provide an opportunity
for fresh air, provide entertainment, and exercise options, and allow them to feel leisure
even though in a quarantine confined room.
5. For other departmental organization like League of Tourism Students, to create
programs that has wider selection of topics which would enhance confidence of the
students like, acting, singing, digital writing, drawing, dancing, speech, and so on.
Additionally, teaching strategies of the professors must be improved in terms of
transitioning the approach from teacher to coach and mentor, and for majority of the
professors to do it smaller size of class must be proposed to have better monitoring.
6. For the Commission on Higher Education, to have an opportunity to examine and
revised the curriculum or course syllabus to look into alternate plans for the students'
missed experiential learning activities like additional skill-based internship courses and
field trips or tours to ensure that students can still gain the knowledge and abilities they
believe they have not fully obtained due to the pandemic's influence on the educational
system.
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7. For the LPU-Laguna-CITHM to see the opportunity of having focused programs offering
Tourism Management programs to provide clear direction to students, particularly on
their job chances in the business in the midst of the pandemic. The hope-centered strategy
should be investigated further in order to influence academic programs' engagement and
student success efforts in the future. The institution must have a clear list of job sites,
personal counseling about career perception, have broader partnerships, and present a list
of job opportunities and expand the connections with other organizations for the
convenience of the students after graduation as a motivation to continuing interest and in
performing well.
8. Lastly, for the future researchers, to use this study as a guide to a similar study and to
further examine other factors that affect career interest of tourism students to change like
family influence etc., to avoid any possible risks to Tourism Industry and CITHM
education.
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Appendices:
Appendix A: LETTERS OF REQUEST
Appendix B: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Part 1. Letter to the Respondent
Dear respondent,
PA
We students of _____________________
from_________________, and we are currently conducting a study
examining the_______________________.
The result of this study shall provide insights that would help further
the_________________. The study may
provide__________________. The implications of the study will also be
helpful for________________.
As a researcher, we believe that in order for the study to gain a good
grasp on the chosen variables, your establishment,
__________________, was chosen and fit to be one of the subjects of the
said study.
We want to augment that your participation will be voluntary and all
efforts to protect your identity by keeping all the information confidential
shall be taken into great consideration.
We have enclosed a consent form for your review. Please read the form
and feel free to contact me if you have any questions about the study. If you
choose to participate, please sign, initial and date the consent information
form and return it along with the completed questionnaire in the envelope.
PAG
We look forward to learning about your experiences and knowledge. Your
participation will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely,
_______________
*Before agreeing to participate in this research study, it is important that you
read and understand the following explanation of the proposed procedures. It
describes the objectives and your right to withdraw from the study at any time.
Part 1. Informed Consent. Before agreeing to participate in this research
study, it is important that you read and understand the following explanation of
the proposed procedures. It describes the objectives and your right to withdraw
from the study at any time.
Objectives of the study: This research sought to investigate
___________________.
Confidentiality of Research Records:

PA
● Only the researcher has access to information and responses
● Your name will never be asked. However, if you feel free to include at least
your initials, you may do so. Your responses will be recorded on a form that
contains a code number created by the researcher.
● After administering the questionnaire and you found out that you want to
decline to participate, the researcher will take a black marker and cross
through your name and information. At the end of the study, the contact
sheet will be shredded, leaving no possible way to match code
numbers/responses with you
● Your personal/individual responses will not be given to anybody in any
position
● During the study, all data will be kept in a locked, secure, filing cabinet
● By using code numbers, in the event that the results were subpoenaed, your
individual responses could not be singled out.
Voluntariness & Withdrawal from Study:
Your participation in this study is strictly voluntary and will not affect your
current legal situation or result in adverse reactions from any court. Neither
nobody will know who has or has not participated in the study.
PAG
We have read the material above, and any questions I asked have been
answered to my satisfaction. We understand a copy of this form will be made
available to me for the relevant information and phone numbers. We realize
that I may withdraw without prejudice at any time.”
___________________ ___________________
Respondents signature Date
Part 2A. Psychographic Profile. The questionnaire contains statements on
indicators identifying the Psychographic Profile of your students from 3rd year and
4th year in Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna. Please answer the
questions reflectively and carefully. This is not a test of ability. Kindly check the
column that indicates your answer based on the following scale:
Scale: 4-Strongly Agree, 3-Agree, 2-Disagree, 1-Strongly disagree
Lifestyle 4 3 2 1
PA
I believe that…
1. My thoughts, ideas, and
attitude have a huge
influence on my personal
and professional life.
(Young et al., 2018)
2. Engaging in physical
exercise can help me to be
motivated and avoid
anxiety and sadness.
(Blanco et al., 2020)
3. Before the pandemic, I do
have a very healthy

PAG
lifestyle and routine.
(Goncalves et al., 2021)
4. My relationship with my
instructors has guided me
in performing well in the
class because of the new
learning procedure.
(Khan et al., 2021)
5. The situation that I am in
right now is stress-free
and anxious free which
helps me to prevent
having mental health
issues. (Michigan et al.,
2021)
PA
Interest 4 3 2 1
I think that…
1. My interests affect my
way of learning new
things. (Hidi et al., 2019)
2. School is the best place to
develop my interests.
(Bergin, 2016)
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3. Due to the current
situation, my perceptions
of quality of life, as well as
general pleasure and
well-being have shifted as
a result. (Kralik et al.,
2021)
4. This pandemic has
brought new interests
that bring opportunities
to me as a student.
(Farida et al., 2021)
5. Online learning became
one of the reasons why
my interests as a student
PA
were neglected. (Greviana
et al., 2020)
Opinions, attitudes, and 4 3 2 1
beliefs
I am aware that…
1. My opinions, attitudes,
and beliefs are major
contributors to how I act
towards other people and
to the situation I am in.
Sharker et al., (2021)

PAG
2. As a student I am on the
verge of mental
breakdown since Covid-
19 greatly affected the
way I decide on the things
I want. (Arora et al., 2021)
3. Online settings can
provoke my negative
attitude to develop habits
like cheating and
dishonesty when
instructors are not
around. (Oducado, 2020)

PA
4. My mentality towards
online platform features
and functions will play a
major role in my
educational strategy
planning in the future.
(Ismaili, 2021)
5. Online education is
difficult and hurts my
health and social life.
(Arora et al., 2021)
Part 2B. Competencies. The questionnaire contains statements on indicators
identifying the competencies of your students from 3rd year and 4th year in
Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna. Please answer the questions

PAG
reflectively and carefully. This is not a test of ability. Kindly check the column that
indicates your answer based on the following scale:
Internship 4 3 2 1
I believe that…
1. The importance of an internship
amidst a pandemic is that it allows
me to strengthen and perform my
skills in preparation for my future
career. (Ufer, 2018)

PA
2. In the tourism industry the
significance of an internship is
crucial for me to succeed in the
field. (Nghia et al., 2018)
3. Social competencies such as social
skills, communication skills, and
interpersonal communication is deemed
to be important ability that I as a tourism
student must acquire. Lupicka (2017)
4. Competencies are major factors that
will lead me to a better understanding of
the skills I need in my future profession.
Bustreo et al., (2018)

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5. Having sufficient knowledge is
one of the ways for me to be
considered fully competent and ready
for the field. Bare et al., (2021)
Confidence 4 3 2 1
I am aware that…
1. Self-Confidence is the ability
to plan and execute the
necessary steps I need in
achieving my goals. Otache
(2020)
PA
2. Self-esteem difficulties may
be a part of resolving my poor
confidence or attachment in
the online classroom. Bitwum
(2022)
3. I must be able to put my
talents into practice to build
my confidence in my chosen
profession. Burry (2017)
4. Developing my confidence in
speaking English for job
advancement in the tourism
industry may be a challenge.
(Indrianty, 2017)
PAG
5. Anxiety and fear of receiving
negative evaluations are some
reasons that cause my lack of
confidence to participate in
the class. (Indiantry., 2017)
Teaching Methods 4 3 2 1
I think that…
1. The pandemic does not only
affect the teaching methods of
the educators but also how
technologies take part in it.
Tiwari et al., (2021)

PA
2. Technical difficulties and
insufficient technical support
can make my online learning
and teaching frustrating. Lei
et al., (2021)
3. Theory lectures are less
interesting because I want to
gain practical skills. So et al.,
(2021)
4. The goal of this online
learning is to help me
participate actively with the
provided lessons from my
instructor. Lei et al., (2021)

PAG
5. Educator’s style and approach
to teaching can have a
significant impact on my
performance and motivation.
Lei et al., (2021)
Part 2C.Career Interest. The questionnaire contains statements on indicators
identifying the career interests of your students from 3rd year and 4th year in
Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna. Please answer the questions
reflectively and carefully. This is not a test of ability. Kindly check the column that
indicates your answer based on the following scale:
Academic Ability 4 3 2 1
I believe that…
PA
1. I can handle major subjects with
heavier workloads. (Beggs et al.,
2018)
2. The COVID-19 pandemic had no
significant impact on my learning,
well-being, and academic motivation.
(Eather et al., 2022)
3. I have the intelligence to perform the
tasks required for my chosen field.
(Beggs et al., 2018)
4. Self-regulated learning improves my
academic ability and study habits.
(Ballouk et al., 2022)

PAG
5. Online Intervention helped me to
develop my cognitive ability and
other skills. (May et al., 2022)
Economic Stability 4 3 2 1
I am confident that…
1. I chose this career path as working
as this career covers some of the
highest-paying jobs (cabin crew etc.).
(Hoelzen et al., 2021)
2. This career path would give me
financial security/stability and a

PA
good retirement plan. (Wildman et
al., 2021)
3. A good compensation would
motivate me to accomplish more and
eager me to work in this field. (Slater
et al., 2022)
4. The Tourism Sector in the
Philippines would give me an upper
middle income. (Zafra, 2021)
5. A fair salary would give me the
satisfaction to continue working in
this field. (Sinaga et al., 2022)

PAG
Expectations 4 3 2 1
I can see that the Tourism industry….
1. Offers a variety of activities in which
women can participate, as well as
opportunities for entrepreneurship
development. (Maurya et al., 2016)
2. Prosper in terms of economic growth
and long-term goals. (Green et al.,
2018)
3. Increases morale of employees by
the nature of community
involvement. (Salama et al., 2021)

PA
4. Uses advancements in technology
aim to continue operations amidst
pandemics. (Kelly, 2021)
5. Is one of the hardest-hit sectors
during Covid-19, but only has short-
term effects on the economy. (Rahim
et al., 2021)
Part 2D.Tourism Industry. The questionnaire contains statements on
indicators identifying the Tourism Industry during a pandemic based on your view
of it. Please answer the questions honestly and carefully. This is not a test of ability.
Kindly check the column that indicates your answer based on the following scale:

PAG
Economic Contribution 4 3 2 1
I am convinced that…
1. The tourism industry is the main
economic driver and economic pillar.
(PSA, 2018)
2. The tourism industry is performing
well by the year 2019 before the
pandemic has started. (Adam, 2019)
3. In the Philippines, Tourism has
emerged a significant role in
generating economic growth and
development. (Serrona et al., 2022)

PA
4. The tourism industry contributed a
lot to Gross Domestic Product all
over the world providing travel and
job opportunities. (Department of
Tourism, 2017)
5. Philippine and International
Tourism is performing well in terms
of economic conditions amid the
pandemic. (Xiang et al., 2021)
Preferences 4 3 2 1
I’d like to …
PAG
1. Have close relatives, superb
accommodation services, and self-
catered experience, when I travel.
(Bire et al., 2022).
2. Have an all-inclusive tourism
package when visiting popular sites.
(Rahman, 2021)
3. Plan destinations with superb
accessibility, and affordability
meeting cleanliness requirements.
(Narmadha et al., 2022)

PA
4. Watch reviews from travel vloggers
first before going to my desired
destination. (Sizan et al., 2022),
5. Assess the service quality before
traveling and acquiring services.
(Zbarskaya et al., 2022)
Restrictions 4 3 2 1
I believe that…………
1. Restrictions are necessary to
monitor the pace of pandemic
transmission between geographical
areas. (Refaat et al., 2020)

PAG
2. Travel Restrictions dramatically
reduced the number of confirmed
cases. (Abou, 2022)
3. Restrictions are one of my
considerations when traveling to a
single place. (Gössling et al., 2020),
4. Staying in a quarantine facility
before leaving and upon arrival for
two weeks is just fine. (Lim, 2020)
5. I will still travel despite the
constraints that stopped some of the
operations of the Airline industry.
(World Health Organization, 2020).

PA
Appendix C: CRONBACH ALPHA RESULT
Appendix D: STATISTICAL OUTPUT
Appendix E: SPSS OUTPUT

PAG
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
L .409 189 .000 .641 189 .000
I .402 189 .000 .633 189 .000
OAB .402 189 .000 .660 189 .000
Intern .450 189 .000 .566 189 .000
Confi .453 189 .000 .562 189 .000
TM .376 189 .000 .668 189 .000
AA .333 189 .000 .747 189 .000
ES .427 189 .000 .616 189 .000
Exp .434 189 .000 .586 189 .000
EC .414 189 .000 .631 189 .000
Pref .424 189 .000 .619 189 .000

PA
Res .386 189 .000 .625 189 .000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
APPENDIX F: NON PARAMETIC CORRELATIONS
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
L I OAB Intern Confi TM
Spearman' L Correlation 1.000 .506** .440** .102 .169* .249**

s rho Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 .161 .020 .001
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
I Correlation .506** 1.000 .488** .192** .289** .278**

Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000 .008 .000 .000
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
OA Correlation .440** .488** 1.000 .096 .245** .237**

B Coefficient
PAG
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 . .190 .001 .001
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
Inte Correlation .102 .192** .096 1.000 .231** .300**

rn Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .161 .008 .190 . .001 .000
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
Co Correlation .169* .289** .245** .231** 1.000 .242**

nfi Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .020 .000 .001 .001 . .001
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
TM Correlation .249** .278** .237** .300** .242** 1.000

Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .000 .001 .000 .001 .
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

PA
Nonparametric Correlations
Correlations
L I OAB AA ES Exp
Spearman' L Correlation 1.000 .506** .440** .521** .278** .119

s rho Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 .000 .000 .103
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
I Correlation .506** 1.000 .488** .290** .330** .203**

Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000 .000 .000 .005
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
OA Correlation .440** .488** 1.000 .286** .325** .133

B Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 . .000 .000 .068
N 189 189 189 189 189 189

PAG
AA Correlation .521** .290** .286** 1.000 .068 .104

Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 . .355 .155
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
ES Correlation .278** .330** .325** .068 1.000 .282**

Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .355 . .000
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
Ex Correlation .119 .203** .133 .104 .282** 1.000

p Coefficient
Sig. (2-tailed) .103 .005 .068 .155 .000 .
N 189 189 189 189 189 189
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Matrix
Run MATRIX procedure:
***************** PROCESS Procedure for SPSS Version 4.0

*****************
PA
Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
************************************************************************
**
Model : 1
Y : Career
X : Comp
W : Status
Sample
Size: 189
************************************************************************
**
OUTCOME VARIABLE:
Career
Model Summary
R R-sq MSE F df1 df2

p
.5027 .2527 .1916 20.8491 3.0000 185.0000

.0000
PAG
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant 2.6941 .3051 8.8310 .0000 2.0922

3.2960
Comp .2494 .0804 3.1002 .0022 .0907

.4081
Status 1.5432 .5251 2.9387 .0037 .5072

2.5792
Int_1 -.3394 .1460 -2.3241 .0212 -.6275 -

.0513
Product terms key:
Int_1 : Comp x Status
Test(s) of highest order unconditional interaction(s):
R2-chng F df1 df2 p
X*W .0218 5.4016 1.0000 185.0000 .0212
----------
Focal predict: Comp (X)
Mod var: Status (W)
Conditional effects of the focal predictor at values of the

moderator(s):
PA
Status Effect se t p LLCI

ULCI
-.4782 .4117 .0938 4.3883 .0000 .2266

.5968
.0000 .2494 .0804 3.1002 .0022 .0907

.4081
.4782 .1506 .0991 1.5194 .1304 -.0449

.3462
*********************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS

************************
Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output:
95.0000
W values in conditional tables are 1 SD below the mean, the mean, and
the maximum.
NOTE: One SD above the mean is above the maximum observed in the data
for W,
so the maximum measurement for W is used for conditioning instead.
NOTE: The following variables were mean centered prior to analysis:
Status
PAG
------ END MATRIX -----
Appendix G: PROOF OF SURVEY
Appendix H: PLAGIARISM TEST RESULT
Appendix I: GRAMMARIAN ENDORSEMENT LETTER
Appendix J: PROOF OF PANEL APPROVAL

PA
Appendix K: OTHER LETTERS

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STUDENT COMPETENCIES AND CAREER INTEREST:

ROLE OF THE CURRENT

A Thesis Presented to the

College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in International Travel and Tourism Management

Your Program and Specialization (if applicable)

Andrea Collin T. Villapando

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

This research paper, entitled: Student Competencies and Career Interest:

Role of the Current Pandemic Situation in Tourism Sector , prepared and

submitted by Joyce M. Orioste and Andrea Collin T. Villapando, in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science in International Travel

approval for Oral Defense.

Mr. Troy Tuzon

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination:

Mr. Dane Corpuz

Dr. Delon Ching

Dr. Ryan Gamoso

Online approvals are reflected in Appendix H.

Chef Abram Emmanuel R. Peralta, MIHM, WCCE, CGSP, SFPM,

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Industry Status on these variables. Underpinning theory was utilized by researchers to

reveals a significant relationship between respondents' career interests and psychographic

researchers to create student career development programs to better understand themselves

strengthen their interest despite the Status of Tourism Industry.

Keywords: Status of Tourism Industry, competencies, career interest, psychographic profile

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

hardworking people of our community Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna,

particularly in the department of College of International Tourism and Hospitality

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................................1

APPROVAL SHEET ..............................................................................................2

TABLE OF CONTENTS. ......................................................................................5

LIST OF TABLES. ..............................................................................................8

LIST OF FIGURES. ............................................................................................8

Review of Related Literature ........................................................... 15

Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 69

Objectives of the Study .................................................................... 72

Research Design .............................................................................73

Respondents of the Study ...............................................................74

Data Gathering Tool ........................................................................ 75

Data Gathering Procedure .............................................................77

Ethical Consideration ............................................................................ 78

COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Data Analysis ....................................................................... 79

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................ 80

4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................... 142

Conclusions ............................................................................... 144

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 150

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 169

Appendix A: LETTERS OF REQUEST ...............................................................

Appendix B: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ........................................................ 169

Appendix C: CRONBACH ALPHA RESULT .....................................................197

Appendix D: SPSS OUTPUT .............................................................................198

Appendix E: PROOF OF SURVEY...................................................................... 206

Appendix F: PLAGIARISM TEST RESULT .......................................................

Appendix G: GRAMMARIAN ENDORSEMENT LETTER ................................