Cell Cycle and

Cell Division:
Mitosis
by Louise Jonalyn L. Atienza
OBJECTIVES:

This lesson examines the phases of cell cycle and

cell division. The students should be able to:
1. Characterize the phases of cell cycle and
cell division
2. Understand how cancer cells are created
in the body
3. Explain the stages of mitosis
“The dream of every cell
is to become two cells”

—Francois Jacob
 INTRODUCTION
● All organisms, even the largest, start their life from a single
cell
● Cell division enables a single cell to single to produce many
cells allowing the organism to grow and develop. Cell
Division also occurs to repair or replace worn-out or
defective cells in tissues.
● This is where our genes inside the nucleus of the cell comes
in, they signal the cell to turn on or off the process of cell
division
Cancer may develop when regulatory mechanisms in process of
cell division malfunction. Mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins
can lead to unregulated growth, resulting in tumor formation and ultimately, invasion
of cancerous cells to other organs
 MOTIVATION

Directions: Describe and explain the picture. Identify what are the different parts
of the cell that you can see.
 Cell cycle represents all phases in the life of the cell or it is
Cell Cycle ●
the life cycle of a cell.
● Cell Division-It is the regulated sequence of events by which the cell duplicates its genome (complete
set of DNAs), synthesizes the other constituents of the cell and divides into two daughter cells
● What is remarkable is the DNA passed along has no dilution or error, from one generation of cell to
the next.
● In order to make sure everything goes right, there are checkpoints in the cycle

01 02 03

Check point Mitosis Meiosis

a critical point in the cell ● process by which new identical process by which
cycle where ‘stop’ and cells are generated; karyokinesis gametes (sex cells) or
‘start’ signals regulate (division of nucleus) also occurs haploid (1 complete set
the cell cycle ● mitosis creates diploid (2 complete of chromosomes, n) are
sets of chromosomes from each generated for
parent, 2n) daughter cells reproduction
 01

CHECK POINTS
It has another name as INTERPHASE. It has 3
stages or check points: G1, S and G2
 Phases of the CELL CYCLE

Apoptosis- CELL
DEATH
 ● G1 Stage- Restriction Point, ensures the cell is
large in size and the nutrients are enough to
divide into the resulting daughter cells

Interphase ● S Stage-DNA synthesis or replication occurs

most of the cell cycle is spent in the ● G2 Stage-ensures the DNA replication in S
interphase; cell performs its usual phase has been successful; cell synthesizes
functions depending on its location in protein to assist in cell division
the body, the time also changes
depending upon its type of cell ● *G0 Stage- if the cell does not receive signal to
divide; most cells are under this phase
 02
Mitosis
stage where mitosis and cytokinesis occur; remember:
PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
for mitosis
 MITOSIS chromosomes Anaphase
become arranged
Prophase so that the initiated by separation of sister chromatids
preparatory stage, centromeres at the centromere, giving rise to two
centrioles move toward become aligned daughter chromosomes. The daughter
opposite sides of the halfway between chromosomes then move towards the poles
nucleus the 2 spindle
poles

01 02 03 04
chromosomes start to
become visible, by late
prophase the Metaphase Telophase
chromosomes become Metaphase plate is what we when the daughter chromosomes migrated
compacted and the call the plane of alignment to the opposite poles, chromosomes uncoil,
nucleolus becomes less where the chromosomes are nuclear membrane starts to form and
distinct aligned. cleavage furrow appears
 G2 Interphase Prophase Late Prophase Metaphase
centrosomes Early spindle 2 sister chromatids of
fibers one chromosomes microtubules

Spindle fibers
nucleus

Metaphase
plate

chromatin

Prophase Metaphase
• The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing
• The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell
into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope.
• The chromosomes have all arrived at the metaphase plate,
• The nucleoli disappear
a plane that is equidistant between the spindle’s two poles.
• Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister
• The chromosomes’ centromeres lie at the metaphase plate.
chromatids joined at their centromeres
• For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister
• The mitotic spindle (named for its shape) begins to form. It is
chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules coming
composed of the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend
from opposite poles.
from them. The radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend
from the centrosomes are called asters (“stars”)
• The centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly
by the lengthening microtubules between them.
 Daughter
Metaphase chromosomes Anaphase Telophase
Nucleolus forming

Cleavage furrow

Metaphase
plate

Anaphase Telophase
• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane starts to form
• Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, often lasting only a • The chromosomes becomes less dense
few minutes • The remaining microtubules disintegrates
• two sister chromatids of each pair to part in the middle, thus
becoming full-fledged chromosome Cytokinesis
• Each daughter chromosomes move towards their poles as the • cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage furrow, which
microtubules shorten pinches the cell in two
• By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have • It is the division of cytoplasm into two that usually happens by
equivalent—and complete— collections of chromosomes late telophase
LET’S TRY!
LET’S
TRY!
LET’S
TRY!
ACTIVITY 1 This diagram shows six cells in various phases of the
cell cycle. Note that the cells are not arranged in the
order in which mitosis occurs and one of the phases
occurs twice (2). Use the diagram to answer the
questions in posted in your google classroom.
 Directions:
Enhance your creativity and critical
thinking skills by making your own
ASSIGNMENT illustration of the phases of mitosis,
make sure to write appropriate
descriptions for each phase.
 Thanks
Do you have any questions?
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 References
● https://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/
● https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-
biology/mitosis/e/mitosis-questions
● Mader, S.S. (2011). Biology 10th Ed. McGraw Hill Education, USA.
● Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, & Jackson RB (2010).
Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA)
Resources ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-ldPgEfAHI
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