Ministry of higher education and scientific research

AlSafwa University College

Department of Computer Techniques Engineering

:Report Title
FET Characteristic

Prepared by: Zahraa Ali Abdalabbas

Supervised by: Anwar hamza

1443 ‫هـ‬ 2022 ‫م‬

Introduction:

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical

and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm
animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the
driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be
assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more

efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve
decision-making and increase the value of the business.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems,
such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on
data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they
collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to
the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate
with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The
devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact
with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-
enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in
making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.
Why is IoT important?
The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete
control over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is
essential to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their
systems really work, delivering insights into everything from the performance of
machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down
on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and
deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will
continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices
to keep them competitive.
What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?
The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are
industry-specific, and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the
common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience (CX);

 save time and money;

 enhance employee productivity;

 integrate and adapt business models;

 make better business decisions; and

 generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives
them the tools to improve their business strategies.

Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility

organizations, making use of sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has also found
use cases for organizations within the agriculture, infrastructure and home automation
industries, leading some organizations toward digital transformation.

IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect
data on rainfall, humidity, temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that
would help automate farming techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT can
help with. Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within
structural buildings, bridges and other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such
as cost saving, saved time, quality-of-life workflow changes and paperless workflow.
A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and manipulate mechanical and
electrical systems in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce
waste and energy consumption.

IoT touches every industry, including businesses within healthcare, finance, retail and
manufacturing.

IoT standards and frameworks

There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:

 IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an

open standard defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The
6LoWPAN standard enables any low-power radio to communicate to the
internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Z-Wave (for
home automation).

 ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in

industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee Alliance created
Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables smart objects to work
securely on any network and understand each other.

 LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks.

LiteOS supports smartphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing
applications, smart homes and the internet of vehicles (IoV). The OS also
serves as a smart device development platform.

 OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be embedded in

software and hardware to connect devices. The global standardization body,
OneM2M, was created to develop reusable standards to enable IoT
applications across different verticals to communicate.

 Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management

Group (OMG) and is an IoT standard for real-time, scalable and high-
performance M2M communication.
  Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published
standard for asynchronous messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and
interoperable messaging between organizations and applications. The protocol
is used in client-server messaging and in IoT device management.

 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the

IETF that specifies how low-power, compute-constrained devices can operate
in the internet of things.

 Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs

designed to support huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-
power devices.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from
consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT (IIoT). IoT
applications span numerous verticals, including automotive, telecom and energy.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart
thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can
be controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending
messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives
easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for
example, improving first responders' response times during emergencies by providing
optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital
signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more
closely using an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems to
complete tasks such as inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical
instruments.
Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce energy costs using sensors that detect how
many occupants are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically -- for example,
turning the air conditioner on if sensors detect a conference room is full or turning the
heat down if everyone in the office has gone home.

In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light,

temperature, humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is
also instrumental in automating irrigation systems.

In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart streetlights and smart
meters, can help alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address environmental
concerns, and improve sanitation.

IoT security and privacy issues

The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of
billions of data points, all of which need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack
surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as major concerns.

In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet that infiltrated
domain name server provider Dyn and took down many websites for an extended period
of time in one of the biggest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen.
Attackers gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one
vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that
don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to
cybercriminals.

Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal information,
including names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts --
information that's invaluable to hackers.
Hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern
for IoT users. For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices
could use those devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.

Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including

electricity, transportation and inancial services.

What is the history of IoT?

Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology (MIT), first mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to
Procter &Gamble (P&G) in 1999. Wanting to bring radio frequency ID (RFID) to the
attention of P&G's senior management, Ashton called his presentation "Internet of
Things" to incorporate the cool new trend of 1999: the internet. MIT professor Neil
Gershenfeld's book, When Things Start to Think, also appeared in 1999. It didn't use the
exact term but provided a clear vision of where IoT was headed.

IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies,

microelectromechanical systems (MEMSes), microservices and the internet. The
convergence has helped tear down the silos between operational technology (OT) and
information technology (IT), enabling unstructured machine-generated data to be
analyzed for insights to drive improvements.

Although Ashton's was the first mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected
devices has been around since the 1970s, under the monikers embedded
internet and pervasive computing.

The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon
University in the early 1980s. Using the web, programmers could check the status of the
machine and determine whether there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they
decide to make the trip to the machine.
IoT evolved from M2M communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a
network without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud,
managing it and collecting data.

Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that
connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its
foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT.

The internet of things is also a natural extension of supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA), a category of software application programs for process control,
the gathering of data in real time from remote locations to control equipment and
conditions. SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware
gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA software installed, where it is
then processed and presented in a timely manner. The evolution of SCADA is such that
late-generation SCADA systems developed into first-generation IoT systems.

The concept of the IoT ecosystem, however, didn't really come into its own until the
middle of 2010 when, in part, the government of China said it would make IoT a
strategic priority in its five-year plan.

References

1. Verbeek, Peter-Paul (2011). Moralizing Technology: Understanding and

Designing the Morality of Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press. ISBN 978-0-22685-291-1.
2. Cardwell, Diane (18 February 2014). "At Newark Airport, the Lights Are On,
and They're Watching You". The New York Times.
3. Hardy, Quentin (4 February 2015). "Tim O'Reilly Explains the Internet of
Things". The New York Times.
4. Webb, Geoff (5 February 2015). "Say Goodbye to Privacy". WIRED.
Retrieved 15 February 2015.
5. Crump, Catherine; Harwood, Matthew (25 March 2014). "The Net Closes
Around Us". TomDispatch.
6. Brown, Ian (12 February 2013). "Britain's Smart Meter Programme: A Case
Study in Privacy by Design". International Review of Law, Computers &
Technology.
7. ump up to:a b "The Societal Impact of the Internet of Things" (PDF). British
Computer Society. 14 February 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2016.