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Grey Kangaroo

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Solutions

These are polished solutions and do not illustrate the process of failed ideas and rough work by
which candidates may arrive at their own solutions.
It is not intended that these solutions should be thought of as the ‘best’ possible solutions and
the ideas of readers may be equally meritorious.

Enquiries about the Grey Kangaroo should be sent to:

UK Mathematics Trust, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT
T 0113 365 1121 [email protected] www.ukmt.org.uk

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
B C E D B A D A E C B E B B C D C B D C B A A E B
Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

1. Beate rearranges the five numbered pieces shown to display the smallest possible
nine-digit number. Which piece does she place at the right-hand end?
A 4 B 8 C 31 D 59 E 107

Solution B
The smallest nine-digit number is obtained by Beate choosing a piece for the left-hand end
whose first digit is as small as possible and then repeating this process. Therefore the pieces
are arranged in the order

107 31 4 59 8
and hence she places the piece with 8 on it at the right-hand end.

2. Kanga likes jumping on the number line. She always

makes two large jumps of length 3, followed by three
small jumps of length 1, as shown, and then repeats
this over and over again. She starts jumping at 0. 0 3 6 789
Which of these numbers will Kanga land on?
A 82 B 83 C 84 D 85 E 86

Solution C
Each time she completes a set of five jumps, Kanga moves forward 9 places on the number line.
Since she started at 0, this means she will eventually land on 9 × 9 = 81. Her next set of jumps
will take her to 84, 87, 88, 89 and 90. Therefore, of the numbers given, the only one Kanga
will land on is 84.

3. The front number plate of Max’s car fell off. He put it back upside down but luckily
this didn’t make any difference. Which of the following could be Max’s number plate?
A 04 NSN 40 B 80 BNB 08 C 03 HNH 30 D 08 XBX 80
E 60 HOH 09

Solution E
Neither a “4” nor a “3” will look the same when turned upside down. The same is true about
the letter “B”. However, the letters "H" and "O" and the number "0" do look the same. The
number "6" looks like a "9" when turned upside down and vice versa. Therefore the only
number plate shown which would look the same if fitted upside down is 60 HOH 09 .

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

4. In the equation on the right there are five

6 9 12 15 18 21 = 45
empty squares. Sanja wants to fill four of
them with plus signs and one with a minus
sign so that the equation is correct.
Where should she place the minus sign?
A Between 6 and 9 B Between 9 and 12 C Between 12 and 15
D Between 15 and 18 E Between 18 and 21

Solution D
The value of 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 21 is 81. Now 81 − 45 = 36 = 2 × 18. Therefore, Sanja needs
to subtract rather than add 18 and hence the minus sign should be placed between 15 and 18.

5. There are five big trees and three paths in a park. It has been
decided to plant a sixth tree so that there are the same number B C
of trees on either side of each path. A E
In which region of the park should the sixth tree be planted?
D
A B C D E

Solution B
The path running from the top of the park to the bottom has two trees to the left of it and three
trees to the right of it on the diagram. Hence the sixth tree should be planted to the left of this
path. The path running from the top left of the park to the bottom right has two trees above it
and three trees below it on the diagram. Hence the sixth tree should be planted above this path.
When we combine these observations, we can see that the sixth tree should be planted in the
region labelled B. Note: this would also mean that there were the same number of trees on
either side of the third path.

6. How many positive integers between 100 and 300 have only odd digits?
A 25 B 50 C 75 D 100 E 150

Solution A
For each digit to be odd, the first digit has to be 1, the second digit can be any one of 1, 3, 5, 7
or 9 and so can the third digit. Hence the number of positive integers between 100 and 300
with only odd digits is 1 × 5 × 5 = 25.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

7. On a standard dice, the sum of the numbers of pips

on opposite faces is always 7. Four standard dice
are glued together as shown. What is the minimum
number of pips that could lie on the whole surface?
A 52 B 54 C 56 D 58 E 60

Solution D
Since the sum of the numbers of the pips on opposite faces is 7, the sum of the numbers of
pips on the top and bottom faces of each dice is 7 as is the sum of the numbers of pips on the
front and the back faces of each dice. To obtain the minimum number of pips on the surface,
the dice should be arranged so that there is a 1 showing on both the left- and right-hand ends
of the shape. Therefore the minimum number of pips that could lie on the whole surface is
4 × 7 + 4 × 7 + 1 + 1 = 58.

8. Tony the gardener planted tulips and daisies in a 4m

square flowerbed of side-length 12 m, arranged as shown.
4m
What is the total area, in m2 , of the regions in which he
planted daisies?
A 48 B 46 C 44 D 40 E 36 4m
4m

Solution A
First consider the intersection point of the lines forming the bound- 4m
aries of the regions containing daisies. Since the arrangement of
the regions is symmetric, these lines intersect at the mid-point 4m
of the flowerbed. Therefore, the diagonal passes through the
intersection point. It divides the daisy beds into four congruent
triangles, each of base 4 m and height 6 m as shown. Hence the 4m
total area of the regions in which daisies are grown is, in m2 , equal 4m
to 4 × 21 × 4 × 6 = 48.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

9. Three sisters, whose average age is 10, all have different ages. The average age of one
pair of the sisters is 11, while the average age of a different pair is 12. What is the age
of the eldest sister?
A 10 B 11 C 12 D 14 E 16

Solution E
Since the average age of the three sisters is 10, their total age is 3 × 10 = 30.
Since the average age of one pair of the sisters is 11, their total age is 2 × 11 = 22 and hence the
age of the sister not included in that pairing is 30 − 22 = 8. Similarly, since the average age of a
different pair of sisters is 12, their total age is 2 × 12 = 24 and hence the age of the sister not
included in that pairing is 30 − 24 = 6. Therefore the age of the eldest sister is 30 − 8 − 6 = 16.

10. In my office there are two digital 24-hour clocks. One clock gains one minute every
hour and the other loses two minutes every hour. Yesterday I set both of them to the
same time but when I looked at them today, I saw that the time shown on one was
11:00 and the time on the other was 12:00.
What time was it when I set the two clocks?
A 23:00 B 19:40 C 15:40 D 14:00 E 11:20

Solution C
Since one clock gains one minute each hour and the other clock loses two minutes each hour,
for each hour that passes the difference between the times shown by the two clocks increases by
three minutes. Therefore the amount of time in hours that has passed since the clocks were set
is 60 ÷ 3 = 20. In 20 hours, the clock that gains time will have gained 20 minutes. Hence the
time at which the clocks were set is 20 hours and 20 minutes before 12:00 and so is 15:40.

11. Werner wrote a list of numbers with sum 22 on a piece of paper. Ria then subtracted
each of Werner’s numbers from 7 and wrote down her answers. The sum of Ria’s
numbers was 34.
How many numbers did Werner write down?
A 7 B 8 C 9 D 10 E 11

Solution B
For each number 𝑛 that Werner wrote down, Ria wrote 7 − 𝑛. Therefore, the sum of one of
Werner’s numbers and Ria’s corresponding number is 7. Since the total of all Werner’s numbers
and all of Ria’s numbers is 22 + 34 = 56, the number of numbers that Werner wrote down is
56 ÷ 7 = 8.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

12. The numbers 1 to 8 are to be placed, one per circle, in the 30

circles shown. The number next to each arrow shows what
the product of the numbers in the circles on that straight line
should be.
What will be the sum of the numbers in the three circles at 48 105 28 144
the bottom of the diagram?
A 11 B 12 C 15 D 16 E 17

Solution E
Let the numbers in each of the circles be 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤, p q r 30
as shown in the diagram. Since the only two lines of numbers
with products divisible by 5 meet at the circle containing letter s t
𝑟, we have 𝑟 = 5. Similarly, since the only two lines of numbers
with products divisible by 7 meet at the circle containing letter u v w
𝑣, we have 𝑣 = 7. Now consider the line of numbers with
product 28. Since we know 𝑣 = 7, we have 𝑝 × 𝑠 = 4 and, since 48 105 28 144
the numbers are all different, 𝑝 and 𝑠 are some combination of
1 and 4.
Now note that 4 is not a factor of 30 and so 𝑝 cannot be 4 and hence 𝑝 = 1 and 𝑠 = 4. It is now
easy to see that the only way to complete the diagram is to put 𝑞 = 6, 𝑡 = 3, 𝑢 = 2 and 𝑤 = 8.
Therefore the sum of the numbers in the bottom three circles is 2 + 7 + 8 = 17.

13. The area of the intersection of a triangle and a circle is 45% of

the total area of the diagram. The area of the triangle outside the
circle is 40% of the total area of the diagram. What percentage
of the circle lies outside the triangle?
A 20% B 25% C 30% D 33 13 % E 35%

Solution B
The area of the circle inside the triangle is 45% of the total area of the diagram. The area of
the circle outside the triangle is (100 − 40 − 45)% = 15% of the total area of the diagram.
15
Therefore, the percentage of the circle that lies outside the triangle is × 100 = 25%.
15 + 45

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

14. Jenny decided to enter numbers into the cells of a 3 × 3 table so that
2 4
the sum of the numbers in all four possible 2 × 2 cells will be the same.
The numbers in three of the corner cells have already been written, as
shown. ? 3
Which number should she write in the fourth corner cell?
A 0 B 1 C 4 D 5 E 6

Solution B
Let the numbers in the centre left cell and the centre right cell be 𝑥 and 𝑦 and
2 4
let the number in the lower left corner be 𝑧, as shown in the diagram. Since
x y
the sum of the numbers in all four possible 2 × 2 cells should be the same, by
z 3
considering the top left 2 × 2 cell and the top right 2 × 2 cell, since the top
two cells in the central column are common, we have 2 + 𝑥 = 4 + 𝑦 and hence
𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2.

Similarly by considering the bottom left 2 × 2 cell and the bottom right 2 × 2 cell where the lower
two cells in the central column are common, we have 𝑧 + 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 3 and hence 𝑧 + 𝑦 + 2 = 𝑦 + 3,
which has solution 𝑧 = 1. Therefore the value of the number in the fourth corner cell is 1.

15. The villages 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅 and 𝑆 are situated, not necessarily in that order, on a long straight
road. The distance from 𝑃 to 𝑅 is 75 km, the distance from 𝑄 to 𝑆 is 45 km and the
distance from 𝑄 to 𝑅 is 20 km. Which of the following could not be the distance, in
km, from 𝑃 to 𝑆?
A 10 B 50 C 80 D 100 E 140

Solution C
Since the distance from 𝑃 to 𝑅 is 75 km and the distance of 𝑄 from 𝑅 is 20 km, there are two
possible distances of 𝑄 from 𝑃, (75 + 20) km = 95 km and (75 − 20) km = 55 km. For each of
the possible positions of 𝑄, there are two possible positions of 𝑆, each 45 km from 𝑄, as shown
in the diagrams below.

75
25 20 45
P S12 R Q1 S11
75
45 20 25
P S22 Q2 R S21
Therefore the possible distances, in km, of 𝑆 from 𝑃 are 95 + 45 = 140, 95 − 45 = 50,
55 + 45 = 100 and 55 − 45 = 10. Therefore, of the options given, the one which is not a possible
distance in km of 𝑆 from 𝑃 is 80.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

16. The large rectangle 𝑊 𝑋𝑌 𝑍 is divided into seven identical rect- W X

angles, as shown.
What is the ratio 𝑊 𝑋 : 𝑋𝑌 ?
A 3:2 B 4:3 C 8:5 D 12 : 7 E 7:3 Z Y

Solution D
Let the longer side of each of the small rectangles be 𝑝 and let the shorter side be 𝑞. From
the diagram, it can be seen that 3𝑝 = 4𝑞 and hence 𝑞 = 34 𝑝. It can also be seen that the ratio
𝑊 𝑋 : 𝑋𝑌 = 3𝑝 : 𝑝 + 𝑞. This is equal to 3𝑝 : 𝑝 + 43 𝑝 = 3𝑝 : 74 𝑝 = 12𝑝 : 7𝑝 = 12 : 7.

17. You can choose four positive integers 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍 and 𝑊. What is the maximum number
of odd numbers you can obtain from the six sums 𝑋 + 𝑌 , 𝑋 + 𝑍, 𝑋 + 𝑊, 𝑌 + 𝑍, 𝑌 + 𝑊
and 𝑍 + 𝑊?
A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5 E 6

Solution C
The sum of any two even integers is even and the sum of any two odd integers is also even. To
obtain an odd number when adding two integers, one must be odd and one must be even. In
a set of four integers, if one is odd and three are even there would be three possible sums of
two integers that gave an odd number. Similarly, if one is even and three are odd there would
also be three possible sums of two integers that gave an odd number. Also, if two of the four
integers are odd and two are even, there would be 2 × 2 = 4 possible pairings that gave an odd
answer. However, if all four integers are odd or if all four integers are even, there would be no
possible sums of two integers that gave an odd answer. Hence the maximum number of odd
numbers that could be obtained is 4.

18. Marc always cycles at the same speed and he always walks at the same speed. He can
cover the round trip from his home to school and back again in 20 minutes when he
cycles and in 60 minutes when he walks. Yesterday Marc started cycling to school but
stopped and left his bike at Eva’s house on the way before finishing his journey on foot.
On the way back, he walked to Eva’s house, collected his bike and then cycled the rest
of the way home. His total travel time was 52 minutes.
What fraction of his journey did Marc make by bike?
1 1 1 1 1
A 6 B 5 C 4 D 3 E 2

Solution B
Let the fraction of his journey that Marc cycles be 𝑘. Therefore, the time he spends cycling is
20𝑘 and the time he spends walking is 60(1 − 𝑘). Since the total time he takes is 52 minutes,
we have 52 = 20𝑘 + 60(1 − 𝑘) and hence 52 = 20𝑘 + 60 − 60𝑘. This simplifies to 8 = 40𝑘
which has solution 𝑘 = 15 .

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

19. A builder has two identical bricks. She places them side
by side in three different ways, as shown. The surface
areas of the three shapes obtained are 72, 96 and 102.
What is the surface area of the original brick?
A 36 B 48 C 52 D 54 E 60

Solution D
Let the areas of the front, the side and the top of the bricks be
𝑋, 𝑌 and 𝑍, as shown in the diagram. From the question, we see
that 4𝑋 + 4𝑌 + 2𝑍 = 72, 4𝑋 + 2𝑌 + 4𝑍 = 96 and 2𝑋 + 4𝑌 + 4𝑍 = X Y
102. When you add these three equations together you obtain
10𝑋 + 10𝑌 + 10𝑍 = 270 and hence the surface area of the brick is
2𝑋 + 2𝑌 + 2𝑍 = 270 ÷ 5 = 54.

20. Carl wrote a list of 10 distinct positive integers on a board. Each integer in the list,
apart from the first, is a multiple of the previous integer. The last of the 10 integers is
between 600 and 1000. What is this last integer?
A 640 B 729 C 768 D 840 E 990

Solution C
The sequence of integers will have the form 𝑞, 𝑞𝑟, 𝑞𝑟 𝑠, ..., 𝑞𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑣𝑤𝑥𝑦𝑧 with the first integer 𝑞
being successively multiplied by integers 𝑟, 𝑠, ..., 𝑧. The 10th integer in Carl’s sequence, 𝐹,
is then given by the product 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑣𝑤𝑥𝑦𝑧. Since the 10 integers are all distinct, none of
𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, ..., 𝑧 is 1. Since 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, ..., 𝑧 are integers, they are all at least 2 and hence 𝐹 ≥ 29 = 512.
Therefore 𝑞 = 1 or we would have 𝐹 ≥ 210 = 1024 > 1000. All of 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, ..., 𝑧 cannot be 2
since this would give 𝐹 = 29 = 512 < 600. However, only one of 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, ..., 𝑧 can be greater
than 2 as otherwise we would have 𝐹 ≥ 27 × 32 = 1152 > 1000. Hence 𝑞 = 1, eight of the
nine integers 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, ..., 𝑧 are 2 and only one of them is greater than 2. That integer must be 3
since otherwise 𝐹 ≥ 1 × 28 × 4 = 1024 > 1000. Therefore the last integer in Carl’s sequence is
1 × 28 × 3 = 256 × 3 = 768.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

21. What is the smallest number of cells that need to be coloured in a 5 × 5

square grid so that every 1 × 4 or 4 × 1 rectangle in the grid has at least
one coloured cell?
A 5 B 6 C 7 D 8 E 9

Solution B
For every 1 × 4 or 4 × 1 rectangle in the grid to have at least one coloured
cell, there must be at least one coloured cell in every row and in every column.
However, only one coloured cell in each row and column would not be sufficient
as, for example, a coloured cell in the far right column and no other coloured
cell in the same row as that cell would leave a 4 × 1 rectangle consisting of the
other four cells in that row without a coloured cell in it.
Hence, any row or column in which an end cell is coloured must have at least one more coloured
cell in it. Therefore at least six cells must be coloured and the diagram shows that such an
arrangement is possible.
Note —many other arrangements of coloured cells also exist.

22. Mowgli asked a snake and a tiger what day it was. The snake always lies on Monday,
Tuesday and Wednesday but tells the truth otherwise. The tiger always lies on Thursday,
Friday and Saturday but tells the truth otherwise. The snake said “Yesterday was one
of my lying days”. The tiger also said “Yesterday was one of my lying days”. What
day of the week was it?
A Thursday B Friday C Saturday D Sunday E Monday

Solution A
The snake would only say “Yesterday was one of my lying days” on Monday, when it would be a
lie and on Thursday, when it would be the truth. Similarly, the tiger would only say “Yesterday
was one of my lying days” on Thursday, when it would be a lie, and on Sunday, when it would
be the truth. Hence, since both said this, it was Thursday.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

23. Several points were marked on a line. Renard then marked another point between each
pair of adjacent points on the line. He performed this process a total of four times.
There were then 225 points marked on the line. How many points were marked on the
line initially?
A 15 B 16 C 20 D 25 E 30

Solution A
Let the original number of points be 𝑛. Marking an extra point between each pair of adjacent
points would add an extra 𝑛 − 1 points, giving 2𝑛 − 1 points in total after applying the process
once. When this process is repeated, there would be 2(2𝑛 − 1) − 1 = 4𝑛 − 3 points marked
after the second application, 2(4𝑛 − 3) − 1 = 8𝑛 − 7 points after the third application and
2(8𝑛 − 7) − 1 = 16𝑛 − 15 points after the fourth application. The question tells us that there
were 225 points after the fourth application of the process and hence 16𝑛 − 15 = 225, which
has solution 𝑛 = 15. Therefore there were 15 points marked on the line initially.

24. An isosceles triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅, in which 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅, is split into three P

separate isosceles triangles, as shown, so that 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑆𝑄, 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑆
and 𝑄𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇.
What is the size, in degrees, of angle 𝑄𝑃𝑅? T S
A 24 B 28 C 30 D 35 E 36
Q R

Solution E
Let the size, in degrees, of angle 𝑄𝑃𝑅 be 𝑥. Since triangle 𝑃𝑆𝑄 is isosceles, angle 𝑃𝑄𝑆 = 𝑥
and, using the external angle theorem, angle 𝑅𝑆𝑇 = 2𝑥. Since triangle 𝑆𝑇 𝑅 is isosceles, angle
𝑆𝑇 𝑅 = 2𝑥 and, since angles on a straight line add to 180◦ , angle 𝑄𝑇 𝑅 = 180−2𝑥. Since triangle
𝑄𝑇 𝑅 is isosceles and angles in a triangle add to 180◦ , angle 𝑇𝑄𝑅 = (180 − (180 − 2𝑥))/2 = 𝑥.
Therefore angle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and, since triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅 is also isosceles, angle 𝑃𝑅𝑄 = 2𝑥.
Therefore, in triangle 𝑃𝑄𝑅, we have 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 180, since angles in a triangle add to 180◦ .
Hence 𝑥 = 36 and so the size, in degrees, of angle 𝑄𝑃𝑅 is 36.

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Grey Kangaroo 2022 Solutions

25. There are 2022 kangaroos and some koalas living across seven parks. In each park, the
number of kangaroos is equal to the total number of koalas in all the other parks.
How many koalas live in the seven parks in total?
A 288 B 337 C 576 D 674 E 2022

Solution B
Let the number of kangaroos in each of the seven parks be 𝑃, 𝑄, 𝑅, 𝑆, 𝑇, 𝑈 and 𝑉 with the
corresponding number of koalas being 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, 𝑢 and 𝑣. The question tells us that the
number of kangaroos in any park is equal to the sum of the numbers of koalas in the other six
parks. Therefore we have

𝑃 = 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣,
𝑄 = 𝑝 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣,
𝑅 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣,
𝑆 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣,
𝑇 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑢 + 𝑣,
𝑈 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑣,
𝑉 = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢.

Adding these equations, we obtain

𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 + 𝑆 + 𝑇 + 𝑈 + 𝑉 = 6( 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣).

The total number of kangaroos in the seven parks is 2022. Hence

𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 + 𝑆 + 𝑇 + 𝑈 + 𝑉 = 2022.

Therefore
2022 = 6( 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣)
and hence the total number of koalas in the seven parks is

𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 + 𝑡 + 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 2022 ÷ 6 = 337.

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