Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements For
Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements For
Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements For
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Width, mm Thickness, mm
Alloy, Produced by Twin-Roll Casting Process All WidthsA 0.7 to 6.0, excl
A1073/A1073M Practice for Using Hand Micrometers to
A
Measure the Thickness of Uncoated Steel Sheet and Hot-rolled sheet in coils and cut lengths less than 300 mm. in width must have
cut edges. Hot-rolled material with mill edges 300 mm and less in width is
Nonmetallic and Metallic-Coated Steel Sheet considered hot-rolled strip.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves (2) Hot-rolled high-strength low-alloy steel sheet is com-
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to monly classified by size as follows:
Determine Conformance with Specifications Coils and Cut Lengths
E59 Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination Width, in. Thickness, in.
All WidthsA 0.031 to 0.230, excl
of Chemical Composition (Withdrawn 1996)3
E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductil- A
Hot-rolled sheet in coils and cut lengths less than 12 in. in width must have cut
ity edges. Hot-rolled material with mill edges 12 in. and less in width is considered
2.2 Military Standards:4 hot-rolled strip.
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage Coils and Cut Lengths
2.3 Federal Standards:4 Width, in.
All WidthsA
Thickness, mm
0.8 to 6.0, excl
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipments (Civil Agencies)
A
Hot-rolled sheet in coils and cut lengths less than 300 mm in width must have cut
3. Terminology edges. Hot-rolled material with mill edges 300 mm and less in width is considered
hot-rolled strip.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Steel Types: NOTE 2—The changes in width limits with the publication of A568/
3.1.2 carbon steel, n—designation for steel when no mini- A568M – 06a result in a change in tensile testing direction for material
mum content is specified or required for aluminum, chromium, from 0.180 in. [4.5 mm] to 0.230 in. exclusive [6.0 mm exclusive] over
48 in. [1200 mm] wide. Material formerly tested in the transverse
cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, direction will be tested in the longitudinal direction. This is expected to
vanadium, zirconium, or any element added to obtain a desired result in some changes in reported properties. The purchaser is advised to
alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does discuss this change with the supplier.
not exceed 0.40 %; or when the maximum content specified for 3.1.6 cold-rolled sheet, n—manufactured from hot-rolled
any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages descaled coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness,
noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, or copper 0.60. generally followed by annealing to recrystallize the grain
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In all carbon steels small quantities of structure. If the sheet is not annealed after cold reduction it is
certain residual elements unavoidably retained from raw ma- known as full hard with a hardness of 84 HRB minimum and
terials are sometimes found which are not specified or required, can be used for certain applications where ductility and flatness
such as copper, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, and so forth. are not required.
These elements are considered as incidental and are not (1) Cold-rolled carbon sheet is commonly classified by size
normally determined or reported. as follows:
3.1.3 high-strength, low-alloy steel, n—specific group of Width, in. Thickness, in.
steels in which higher strength, and in some cases additional
All WidthsA,B Through 0.142
Width, mm Thickness, mm
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on All WidthsA,B Through 4.0
www.astm.org.
4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, A
Cold-rolled sheet coils and cut lengths, slit from wider coils with cut edge (only)
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:// and in thicknesses through 0.142 in. [4.0 mm] carbon 0.25 % maximum by cast
www.dodssp.daps.mil. analysis.
Major imperfections:
Cut lengths Mill rejects Mill rejects
Coils Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published
standards (policy) standards (policy)
Minor imperfections:
Cut lengths Mill rejections repetitive imperfections. May contain Purchaser accepts all minor imperfections
random imperfections which the purchaser accepts within
the manufacturer’s published standards (policy)
Coils Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published Purchaser accepts all minor imperfections
standards (policy)
Flatness tolerance:
Standard Will be met Will be met (temper rolled) Not guaranteed—normally
within twice standard (annealed last)
Coil wraps Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published Purchaser accepts all
standards (policy)
Coil welds Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published Purchaser accepts within the manufacturer’s published
standards (policy) standards (policy)
4.5.1 Unless otherwise specified, cold-rolled sheet for ex- 5.2 Cast or Heat Analysis:
posed applications shall be temper rolled and is usually 5.2.1 An analysis of each cast or heat of steel shall be made
specified and furnished in the strain free condition as shipped by the steel manufacturer to determine the percentage of
(see Appendix X1). elements specified or restricted by the applicable specification.
4.5.2 Cold-rolled sheet for unexposed applications may be 5.2.2 When requested, cast or heat analysis for elements
specified and furnished “annealed last” or “temper rolled.” listed or required shall be reported to the purchaser or to his
“Annealed last” is normally produced without temper rolling representative. The steel manufacturer, or the hot roll
but may be lightly temper rolled during oiling or rewinding. manufacturer, cold roll manufacturer, or processor, if different
Unexposed temper-rolled material may be specified strain-free from the steel manufacturer, is responsible for providing this
or nonfluting. Where specific hardness range or limit or a information to the purchaser or his representative as requested.
specified surface texture is required, the application is consid- 5.3 Product, Check, or Verification Analysis:
ered as exposed.
5.3.1 Non-killed steels such as capped or rimmed steels are
NOTE 3—Skin-passed sheet is subject to an aging phenomenon (see not technologically suited to product analysis due to the
Appendix X1). Unless special killed (nonaging) steel is specified, it is to nonuniform character of their chemical composition; therefore,
the user’s interest to fabricate the sheet as soon as possible, for optimum the tolerances in Table 2 do not apply. Product analysis is
performance.
appropriate on these types of steel only when misapplication is
5. Chemical Composition apparent or for copper when copper steel is specified.
5.1 Limits: 5.3.2 For steels other than non-killed (capped or rimmed),
5.1.1 The chemical composition shall be in accordance with product analysis may be made by the purchaser. The chemical
the applicable product specification. However, if other compo- analysis shall not vary from the limits specified by more than
sitions are required for carbon steel, they shall be prepared in the amounts in Table 2. The several determinations of any
accordance with Appendix X2. element in a cast shall not vary both above and below the
5.1.2 Where the material is used for fabrication by welding, specified range.
care must be exercised in selection of chemical composition or 5.4 Sampling for Product Analysis:
mechanical properties to assure compatibility with the welding 5.4.1 To indicate adequately the representative composition
process and its effect on altering the properties. of a cast by product analysis, it is general practice to select
A
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been with the rounding off method given in Practice E29.
defined.
B
If the minimum of the range is 0.01 %, the under tolerance is 0.005 %. 6.6 Structural sheet steels are commonly fabricated by cold
C
If the minimum of the range is 0.01 %, the under tolerance is 0.005 % and if the bending. There are many interrelated factors that affect the
minimum of the range is 0.02 %, the under tolerance is 0.01 %.
ability of a given steel to cold form over a given radius under
shop conditions. These factors include thickness, strength
level, degree of restraint, relationship to rolling direction,
samples to represent the steel, as fairly as possible, from a
chemistry, and microstructure. Each of the appropriate product
minimum number of pieces as follows: 3 pieces for lots up to
specifications lists in the appendix the suggested minimum
15 tons incl, and 6 pieces for lots over 15 tons (see Practice
inside radius for cold bending. These radii should be used as
E59).
minima for 90° bends. They presuppose “hard way” bending
5.4.2 When the steel is subject to tension test requirements,
(bend axis parallel to rolling direction) and reasonably good
samples for product analysis may be taken either by drilling
shop forming practices. Where possible, the use of larger radii
entirely through the used tension test specimens themselves, or
or “easy way” bends are recommended for improved perfor-
as covered in 5.4.3.
mance.
5.4.3 When the steel is not subject to tension test
requirements, the samples for analysis must be taken by 6.7 Fabricators should be aware that cracks may initiate
milling or drilling entirely through the sheet in a sufficient upon bending a sheared or burned edge. This is not considered
number of places so that the samples are representative of the to be a fault of the steel but is rather a function of the induced
entire sheet or strip. The sampling may be facilitated by folding cold-work or heat-affected zone.
the sheet both ways, so that several samples may be taken at
one drilling. Steel subjected to certain heating operations by 7. General Requirements for Delivery
the purchaser may not give chemical analysis results that 7.1 The products covered by this specification are produced
properly represent its original composition. Therefore, users to inch-pound or metric decimal thickness only and the
must analyze chips taken from the steel in the condition in appropriate thickness tolerances apply.
which it is received from the steel manufacturer.
7.2 Steel may be produced as ingot-cast or strand-cast.
5.5 Specimen Preparation—Drillings or chips must be taken When different grades of strand-cast steel are sequentially cast,
without the application of water, oil, or other lubricant, and identification and separation of the transition material is
must be free of scale, grease, dirt, or other foreign substances. required.
They must not be overheated during cutting to the extent of
causing decarburization. Chips must be well mixed and those
8. Dimensions, Tolerances, and Allowances
too coarse to pass a No. 10 sieve or too fine to remain on a
No. 30 sieve are not suitable for proper analysis. Sieve size 8.1 Dimensions, tolerances, and allowances applicable to
numbers are in accordance with Specification E11. products covered by this specification are contained in Tables
3-20 [Annex A1, Tables A1.1-A1.17]. The appropriate toler-
5.6 Test Methods—In case a referee analysis is required and
ance tables shall be identified in each individual specification.
agreed upon to resolve a dispute concerning the results of a
chemical analysis, the procedure of performing the referee 8.2 The appropriate thickness tolerance tables for measure-
analysis must be in accordance with the latest issue of Test ments taken 3⁄8 in. [10 mm] from the edge are found in Section
TABLE 4 Thickness Tolerances for Hot-Rolled Sheet (Carbon and Structural Steel Only)—5⁄8-in. (Cut Edge) and 1-in. (Mill Edge)
Minimum Edge Distance (Coils and Cut Lengths, Including Pickled)
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 5⁄8 in. from a cut edge and not less than 1 in. from a mill edge. This table
does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—The thickness of material <2 in. wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, in.A
0.027 to 0.051, Over 0.051 to 0.057, Over 0.057 to 0.071, Over 0.071 to 0.098, Over 0.098 to 0.180, 0.180 to 0.230,
Specified Width, in.
incl incl incl incl excl excl
Thickness Tolerances Over, in., No Tolerance UnderB
To 20 incl 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010
Over 20 to 40, incl 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.012
Over 40 to 48, incl 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014
Over 48 to 60, incl . . .C 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.015
Over 60 to 72, incl . . .C 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.016
Over 72 . . .C . . .C . . .C 0.012 0.012 0.018
A
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
B
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, no tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
C
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
A
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
B
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, no tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
C
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
Carbon
Tolerances Over
Specified Width,
Specified Width, in.
in. No Tolerance
Under
Over 12 to 14 incl ⁄
7 16
Over 14 to 17 incl 12 ⁄
Over 17 to 19 incl ⁄
9 16
Over 19 to 21 incl ⁄
58
Over 21 to 24 incl ⁄
11 16
High-Strength Low-Alloy
Over 12 to 14 incl ⁄
7 16
Over 14 to 17 incl 12 ⁄
Over 17 to 19 incl ⁄
9 16
Over 19 to 21 incl ⁄
58
Over 21 to 24 incl ⁄
11 16
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Over 12 to 14 incl ⁄
12
Over 14 to 16 incl 5 ⁄8
Over 16 to 18 incl 3 ⁄4
TABLE 8 Length Tolerances of Hot-Rolled Sheet Over 18 to 20 incl 7 ⁄8
(All Designations) Over 20 to 30 incl 11⁄4
(Cut Lengths, Including Pickled) Over 30 to 40 incl 11⁄2
Tolerances Over Specified A
The camber tolerance for coils is 1 in. in any 20 ft.
Specified Length, in. Length, in.
No Tolerance Under
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To 15 incl 18⁄
TABLE 11 Out-of-Square Tolerances of Hot-Rolled Cut-Edge
Over 15 to 30 incl 14⁄ (Including Pickled) and Cold-Rolled Sheet (All Designations)
Over 30 to 60 incl 1 ⁄2 (Cut Lengths)
Over 60 to 120 incl 3 ⁄4
Over 120 to 156 incl 1 Out-of-square is the greatest deviation of an end edge from a straight line at
Over 156 to 192 incl 11⁄4 right angle to a side and touching one corner. It is also obtained by measuring
Over 192 to 240 incl 11⁄2 the difference between the diagonals of the cut length. The out-of-square
Over 240 13⁄4 deviation is one half of that difference. The tolerance for all thicknesses and all
sizes is 1⁄16 in./6 in. of width or fraction thereof.
normal edges which result from the shearing, slitting, or finish is suitable for decorative painting. It is not generally
trimming of mill-edge sheet. recommended for bright plating.
9.1.1.1 The ends of plain hot-rolled mill-edge coils are 9.2.1.2 Commercial bright finish is a relatively bright finish
irregular in shape and are referred to as uncropped ends. Where having a surface texture intermediate between that of matte and
such ends are not acceptable, the purchaser’s order should so luster finish. With some surface preparation commercial bright
specify. Processed coils such as pickled or blast cleaned are finish is suitable for decorative painting or certain plating
supplied with square-cut ends. applications. If sheet is deformed in fabrication the surface
9.2 Cold-rolled carbon sheet (exposed) is intended for those may roughen to some degree and areas so affected will require
applications where surface appearance is of primary impor- surface preparation to restore surface texture to that of the
tance. This class will meet requirements for controlled surface undeformed areas.
texture, surface quality, and flatness. It is normally processed 9.2.1.3 Luster finish is a smooth bright finish produced by
by the manufacturer to be free of stretcher strain and fluting. rolling on ground rolls and is suitable for decorative painting or
Subsequent user roller leveling immediately before fabrication plating with additional special surface preparation by the user.
will minimize strain resulting from aging. The luster may not be retained after fabrication; therefore, the
9.2.1 Cold-rolled carbon sheet, when ordered for exposed formed parts will require surface preparation to make them
applications, can be supplied in the following finishes: suitable for bright plating.
9.2.1.1 Matte finish is a dull finish, without luster, produced 9.3 Cold-rolled carbon sheet, when intended for unexposed
by rolling on rolls that have been roughened by mechanical or applications, is not subject to limitations on degree and
chemical means to various degrees of surface texture depend- frequency of surface imperfections, and restrictions on texture
ing upon application. With some surface preparation matte and mechanical properties are not applicable. When ordered as
over 36 to 60 incl 34⁄ 1 1⁄8 (2) If the producer decides to trim the edge at the final
over 60 1 ... process step, without being required by the purchaser, the term
0.057 to 0.180 excl To 60 incl 1 ⁄2 3⁄ 4
TABLE 16 Length Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet TABLE 18 Width Tolerances for Cold-Rolled Sheet
(All Designations) (All Designations)A
(Cut Lengths Over 12 in. in Width) (Coils and Cut Lengths to 12 in. Width)
Tolerances Over Width Tolerance,
Specified Width, in.
Specified Length, Plus and Minus, in.
Specified Length, in.
in. No Tolerances
Under To 6, incl 0.012
Over 6 to 9, incl 0.016
Over 12 to 30, incl ⁄
18 Over 9 to 12, incl 0.032
Over 30 to 60, incl ⁄
14
24 to 60, incl ⁄
12 A
0.020 in. minimum thickness for high-strength low-alloy.
Over 60 to 120, incl ⁄
34
pinchers, cross breaks, roll marks, and other surface imperfec- stances:
tions than exposed. These imperfections shall be acceptable to 11.1.1.1 If any tension test specimen shows defective ma-
the purchaser without limitation. chining or develops flaws, it must be discarded and another
10.3.5 For coils for unexposed applications, it is not pos- specimen substituted.
sible to remove the surface imperfections listed in 10.3.4. Coils 11.1.1.2 If the percent elongation of any tension test speci-
will contain surface imperfections that are normally not repair- men is less than that specified and any part of the fracture is
able. Minor imperfections shall be acceptable to the purchaser more than 3⁄4 in. [20 mm] from the center of the gauge length
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over 72 7⁄ 8 1 1 ⁄2
A
13.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection shall be
Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface.
B
Tolerances for high-strength, low-alloy steel with specified minimum yield point in
reported to the manufacturer within a reasonable time after
excess of 50 ksi are subject to negotiation. receipt of material by the purchaser.
13.2 Material that is reported to be defective subsequent to
the acceptance at the purchaser’s works shall be set aside,
of a 2-in. [50-mm] specimen, or is outside the middle half of adequately protected, and correctly identified. The manufac-
the gauge length of an 8-in. [200-mm] specimen, as indicated turer shall be notified as soon as possible so that an investiga-
by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before testing, a tion may be initiated.
retest is allowed.
11.1.1.3 If the test result of any tension test specimen fails 13.3 Samples that are representative of the rejected material
to meet the specification requirements and the failure is the shall be made available to the manufacturer. In the event that
result of improper adherence to tension test procedures, a retest the manufacturer is dissatisfied with the rejection, he may
is permitted. request a rehearing.
11.1.1.4 If the test result of an original tension test specimen
fails to meet the specification requirements and the failure is 14. Test Reports and Certification
not related to the conditions described in 11.1.1.1 – 11.1.1.3, 14.1 When test reports are required by the purchase order or
but the results are within 2 ksi [14 MPa] of the required yield the material specification, the supplier shall report the results of
strength, within 2 ksi [14 MPa] of the required tensile strength, all test required by the material specification and the order.
or within 2 percentage points of the required elongation, one 14.2 The manufacturer or processor shall issue a test report
retest shall be permitted to replace the failing test. or optional certificate of compliance, or both, when required by
11.1.2 The retest specimen shall be taken either adjacent to the purchase order or the specification.
the first failed specimen, or selected at random from the
material to be certified to the specification. 14.3 The test report shall show the heat analysis and the
11.1.3 If the results of a retest satisfy the specified tension results of all tests required by the purchase order and seller and
test requirements and all other requirements of the applicable by the specification.
specification are satisfied, the material shall be accepted. 14.4 The certificate of compliance shall include a statement
11.2 Disposition of Non-Conforming Material: that the product was manufactured and tested in accordance
11.2.1 In those cases where the lot is found to be non- with the requirements of the specification and that the test
conforming, and resampling of non-conforming material is not results conform to the requirements of the specification.
NOTE 4—The heat analysis, results of all tests, and the certificate of
prohibited by the specification, resampling is permitted under compliance may be reported separately on in a combined report.
the following circumstances and using the following practices:
11.2.1.1 If the results of an original tension test or retest 14.5 Steel processors shall pass transfer data supplied by the
specimen fail to satisfy the specification requirements, and the steel manufacturer provided the processing has not altered the
failed test results are not related to the conditions described in attributes represented. In cases where the steel is retested the
11.1, the lot shall be quarantined and resampled for certifica- processor is responsible for the accuracy of the data and shall
tion of the non-conforming material to the specification re- maintain traceability back to its source. Retesting for heat
quirements. analysis shall be done in accordance with the specification Test
11.2.1.2 Resampling for certification of the non-conforming Methods A751. The report shall clearly identify the physical
material shall include the discarding of out-of-specification product it represents.
material and the resampling of the lot. The resampling shall be 14.6 Test reports and certificates of compliance shall pro-
appropriate to the specific out-of-specification condition and vide information necessary to identify the product represented;
the processing history of the lot. for example the manufacturer’s name or brand, the processor’s
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
purchase order or contract.
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3⁄8 in. from a cut edge and not less than 3⁄4 in. from a mill edge. This table
does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
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Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—This table was used to construct Table 4 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.75 and rounding to 3 decimal places using standard ASTM
practice.
NOTE 4—The thickness of material <1 in. wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, in.A
0.027 to 0.051, Over 0.051 to 0.057, Over 0.057 to 0.071, Over 0.071 to 0.098, Over 0.098 to 0.180, 0.180 to 0.230,
Specified Width, in.
incl incl incl incl excl excl
Thickness Tolerances Over, in., No Tolerance UnderB
To 20 incl 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014
Over 20 to 40 incl 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.016
TABLE S1.2 Thickness Tolerances for Hot-Rolled Sheet (High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steel)—3⁄8-in. (Cut Edge) and 3⁄4-in. (Mill Edge)
Minimum Edge Distance (Coils and Cut Lengths, Including Pickled)
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3⁄8 in. from a cut edge and not less than 3⁄4 in. from a mill edge. This table
does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—This table was used to construct Table 5 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.75 and rounding to 3 decimal places using standard ASTM
practice.
NOTE 4—The thickness of material <1 in. wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, in.A
0.031 to 0.051, Over 0.051 Over 0.059 Over 0.070 to Over 0.082 to Over 0.098 to 0.180 to
Specified Width, in.
incl to 0.059, incl to 0.070, incl 0.082, incl 0.098, incl 0.180, excl 0.230, excl
Thickness Tolerances, Over, in., No Tolerance UnderB
To 15, incl 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014
Over 15 to 20, incl 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.016
Over 20 to 32, incl 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.018
Over 32 to 40, incl 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.016 0.018
Over 40 to 48, incl 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.020
Over 48 to 60, incl . . .C 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.020
Over 60 to 72, incl . . .C . . .C 0.016 0.016 0.018 0.022 0.022
Over 72 to 80, incl . . .C . . .C . . .C 0.016 0.018 0.024 0.024
Over 80 . . .C . . .C . . .C . . .C 0.020 0.024 0.024C
A
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
B
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, no tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
C
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
TABLE S1.3 Thickness Tolerances for Cold-Rolled Sheet (All Designations)A —3⁄8-in. Minimum Edge Distance (Coils and Cut Lengths)
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3⁄8 in. from a side edge.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—This table was used to construct Table 15 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.50 and rounding to 3 decimal places using standard
ASTM practice.
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NOTE 4—The thickness of material <1 in. wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, in.B
To 0.014, 0.014 to 0.019, Over 0.019A to Over 0.039 to 0.057, Over 0.057 to 0.071, Over 0.071 to 0.098, Over 0.098 to
Specified Width, in. 0.039 incl
excl incl incl incl incl 0.142, incl
Thickness Tolerances, Over, in., No Tolerance UnderC
To 15, incl 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010
Over 15 to 72, incl 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.012
Over 72 . . .D . . .D 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
A
Minimum Thickness, 0.021 in. for high-strength, low-alloy.
B
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
C
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, no tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
D
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 10 mm from a cut edge and not less than 20 mm from a mill edge. This
table does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—This table was used to construct Table A1.1 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.75 and rounding to 2 decimal places using standard
ASTM practice.
NOTE 4—The thickness of material <25 mm wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, mmA
Specified Width, mm Through 2.0 Over 2.0 to 2.5, incl Over 2.5 to 4.5, excl 4.5 to 6.0, excl
Thickness Tolerances, Over, mm, No Tolerance UnderB
To 600, incl 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40
Over 600 to 1200, incl 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Over 1200 to 1500, incl 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.50
Over 1500 to 1800, incl 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.56
Over 1800 0.35 0.40 0.40 0.60
A
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
B
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, not tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
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and under.
TABLE S1.5 Thickness Tolerances [Metric] for Hot-Rolled Sheet (High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steel)—10-mm (Cut Edge) and 20-mm (Mill
Edge) Minimum Edge Distance (Coils and Cut Lengths, Including Pickled)
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 10 mm from a cut edge and not less than 20 mm from a mill edge. This
table does not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
NOTE 2—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 3—This table was used to construct Table A1.1 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.75 and rounding to 2 decimal places using standard
ASTM practice.
NOTE 4—The thickness of material <25 mm wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Ordered Thickness, mmA
Through Over 2.0 to Over 2.5 to 4.5 to 6.0,
Specified Width, mm
2.0 2.5, incl 4.5, excl excl
Thickness Tolerances Over, mm, No Tolerance UnderB
To 600, incl 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.40
Over 600 to 1200, incl 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
Over 1200 to 1500, incl 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.50
Over 1500 to 1800, incl 0.40 0.45 0.55 0.56
Over 1800 to 2000, incl 0.40 0.45 0.60 0.60
Over 2000 . . .C 0.50 0.60 0.60C
A
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
B
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, not tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
C
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
TABLE S1.6 Thickness Tolerances [Metric] for Cold-Rolled Sheet (All Designations)A —10-mm Minimum Edge Distance
NOTE 1—Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 10 mm from a side edge.
NOTE 2—Widths up to and including 300 mm in this table apply to widths produced by slitting from wider sheet.
NOTE 3—Micrometers used for measurement of thickness shall be constructed with anvils and spindles having minimum diameters of 0.188 in.
[4.80 mm]. The tip of the spindle shall be flat, and the tip of the anvil shall be flat or rounded with a minimum radius of curvature of 0.10 in. [2.55 mm].
Micrometers with pointed tips are not suitable for thickness measurements.
NOTE 4—This table was used to construct Table A1.12 by multiplying the values in this table by 0.50 and rounding to 2 decimal places using standard
ASTM practice.
NOTE 5—The thickness of material <25-mm wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Width, mm Specified Ordered Thickness, mmB
Through 0.4 Over 0.4 to 1.0, incl Over 1.0 to 1.2, incl Over 1.2 to 2.5, incl Over 2.5 to 4.0, incl
Over Through
Thickness Tolerances Over, mm, No Tolerance UnderC
... 1800 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
1800 2000 . . .D 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.35
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
300 600 16 16
600 1200 26 28
1200 1500 32 38
1500 1800 35 45
1800 ... 48 50
A
The above tolerances do not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils
(9.1.1.1).
TABLE A1.4 Width Tolerances of Hot-Rolled Cut Edge Sheet (All Widths) and Cold-Rolled Sheet (Widths Over 300 mm)—(All
Designations)A
(Coils and Cut Lengths, Including Pickled)
Specified Width, mm Width Tolerance, Over Only,
Over Through mm
... 600A 3
600 1200 5
1200 1500 6
1500 1800 8
1800 ... 10
A
Cold Rolled widths 300 mm and less, refer to Table A1.15.
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300 600 6
600 900 8
900 1500 12
1500 3000 20
3000 4000 25
4000 5000 35
5000 6000 40
6000 ... 45
... 1200 4
1200 1800 5
1800 2400 6
2400 3000 8
3000 3700 10
3700 4300 13
4300 4900 16
4900 5500 19
5500 6000 22
6000 9000 32
9000 12 200 38
A
The camber tolerance for coils is 25.0 mm in any 6000 mm.
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TABLE A1.10 Flatness TolerancesA of Temper Rolled or Pickled Hot-Rolled Sheet Cut LengthsB (All Designations)
Flatness ToleranceC , mm Specified Yield
Specified Thickness, mm Strength, min, MPaD
TABLE A1.11 Flatness TolerancesA of Non-Processed Hot-Rolled Sheet Cut LengthsB (All Designations)
Flatness ToleranceC , mm Specified Yield
Specified Thickness, mm
Strength, min, MPaD
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--`,`,,,,```,`,,,,``,```,``,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 5—The thickness of material <50 mm wide shall be measured at mid-width.
Specified Width, mm Specified Ordered Thickness, mmB
Through 0.4 Over 0.4 to 1.0, incl Over 1.0 to 1.2, incl Over 1.2 to 2.5, incl Over 2.5 to 4.0, incl
Over Through
Thickness Tolerances Over, mm, No Tolerance UnderC
... 1800 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15
1800 2000 . . .D 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.18
2000 . . .D . . .D 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.20
A
0.55 mm minimum thickness for high-strength low-alloy.
B
The specified thickness range captions apply independent of whether the ordered thickness is stated as a nominal or minimum.
C
The tolerances provided in the table are based on minimum thickness (tolerance over, no tolerance under). For nominal thickness, the tolerance is divided equally over
and under.
D
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, the requirements have not been defined.
TABLE A1.13 Length Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet (All TABLE A1.15 Width Tolerances for Cold-Rolled Sheet (All
Designations) Designations)A
(Cut Lengths Over 300 mm in Width) (Coils and Cut Lengths to 300 mm in Width)
Specified Length, mm Tolerance Over Specified NOTE 1—This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider
Length (No Tolerance sheet.
Over Through Under), mm
Specified Width, mm Width Tolerance, Over
Over Through and Under, mm
300 1500 6
1500 3000 20
3000 6000 35 50 100 0.3
6000 ... 45 100 200 0.4
200 300 0.8
A
0.50 mm thickness for high-strength low-alloy.
TABLE A1.14 Length Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet (All
Designations)
(Cut Length Sheets, to 300 mm in Width) TABLE A1.16 Camber Tolerances of Cold-Rolled Sheet in Coils
(All Designations)A
NOTE 1—This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider (Coils to 300 mm in Width)
sheet.
NOTE 1—Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight
Specified Length, mm Tolerances Over Specified
Length (No Tolerance
line, the measurements being taken on the concave side with a straight-
Over Through Under), mm edge.
NOTE 2—This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider
600 1500 15 sheet.
1500 3000 20
3000 6000 25 Width, mm Camber Tolerances
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 Cold-rolled carbon-steel sheet products exhibit maxi- X1.3 Low-Carbon Steels—In conventional aluminum-killed
mum formability in the annealed last, or dead-soft, condition. low-carbon steels, the level of interstitial solute is affected
However, many sheet products are not suitable for exposed mainly through the formation of aluminum nitride and iron
applications in the dead-soft condition because Luder’s lines carbides within the steel during processing, which is influenced
(sometimes referred to as “stretcher strains” or “fluting”) may by the manner in which annealing is performed.
develop during subsequent forming. This problem is avoided in X1.3.1 Many sheet products are annealed in batches of
most cases by temper rolling the sheet after annealing. After large, tightly wound coils. During heating, any solute nitrogen
temper rolling, however, some sheet products are susceptible to present in the full-hard sheet combines with aluminum to form
aging. Aging refers to a gradual increase in yield strength and aluminum nitride. Subsequent cooling is very slow and allows
corresponding decrease in ductility during storage after temper essentially all of the carbon to precipitate as iron carbide. Final
rolling. Aging always has a negative effect on formability and, interstitial solute levels are very low and, as a result, batch-
when aging leads to the redevelopment of an upper yield point, annealed low-carbon steels have excellent resistance to aging.
can result in renewed susceptibility to fluting. X1.3.1.1 Deep drawing steel (DDS) sheet typically is batch-
X1.2 Aging can occur when interstitial solute atoms, carbon annealed and has excellent aging resistance. With temper
or nitrogen, are present in the steel. Solute carbon or nitrogen rolling, DDS sheet is suitable for use in many exposed
atoms are those not chemically combined with other elements applications with severe forming requirements.
in the steel (as carbides or nitrides, for example). Over time, X1.3.2 Cold-rolled low-carbon steels are sometimes pro-
these carbon or nitrogen interstitial solute atoms diffuse to cessed in a continuous annealing line, in which the full-hard
crystalline imperfections within the steel and, in so doing, give sheet is uncoiled, passed through an annealing furnace, and
rise to aging. The extent to which aging occurs depends on the then rewound in a continuous manner. Heating and cooling
interstitial solute level and the combination of temperature and rates are much higher than those found in batch annealing. The
time to which the steel is exposed after temper rolling. In faster cooling, in particular, results in higher levels of intersti-
general, higher interstitial solute levels result in larger strength tial solute in the product as compared with batch annealing.
increases during storage; the rate of aging increases with The manner in which the sheet is cooled can be controlled to
increasing temperature. As described as follows, the final minimize the solute carbon level, and temper rolling is effec-
interstitial solute level and aging characteristics depend on the tive for reducing fluting tendencies. However, continuous-
chemical composition of the steel as well as specific sheet- annealed low-carbon steels are more prone to subsequent aging
processing methods used by the steel producer. than batch-annealed steels.
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X2.1 Standard chemical ranges and limits are prescribed for X2.3 The purchaser shall indicate if they wish to invoke
carbon steels in Table X2.1. Table X2.1 (and the Steel Designation to be employed), Table
X2.2 (and the maximum composition), or Table X2.3 (and the
X2.2 Chemical ranges for non-standard steels are prescribed Grade Designation) when placing their order.
in Table X2.2.
X2.3.1 Table X2.3 specifies options that may only be used
X2.2.1 Other ranges are available upon agreement between in conjunction with Specifications A1008/A1008M and
purchase and producer. A1011/A1011M.
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Note—When silicon is required, the following ranges and limits are commonly used:
To 1015, excl 0.10 max
1015 to 1025, incl 0.10 max, 0.10–0.25, or 0.15–0.30
Over 1025 0.10–0.25 or 0.15–0.30
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CS Type B 1002F,I 0.02 to 0.35 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.04
CS Type B 1003F,I 0.02 to 0.35 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.06
CS Type B 1004F 0.02 to 0.35 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08
F,I H
CS Type B 1005 0.02 to 0.35 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.06
CS Type B 1006F 0.02 to 0.45 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08
CS Type B 1007F 0.02 to 0.50 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.10
CS Type B 1008F 0.02 to 0.50 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.10
F H
CS Type B 1009 0.02 to 0.60 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.15
CS Type B 1010F 0.08 to 0.30 to 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.13 0.60
CS Type B 1012F 0.10 to 0.30 to 0.030 0.035 ... ... 0.20H 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.15 0.60
DS Type A 1005D,E,G 0.06 0.35 0.020 0.030 0.01 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
min
D,E,G
DS Type A 1006 0.08 0.45 0.020 0.030 0.01 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
min
DS Type A 1008D,E,G 0.08 0.50 0.020 0.030 0.01 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
min
DS Type B 1002I 0.02 to 0.35 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.04 min
I
DS Type B 1003 0.02 to 0.35 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.06 min
DS Type B 1004 0.02 to 0.35 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08 min
--`,`,,,,```,`,,,,``,```,``,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
DS Type B 1005I 0.02 to 0.35 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.06 min
DS Type B 1006 0.02 to 0.45 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08 min
DS Type B 1007 0.02 to 0.50 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08 min
DS Type B 1008 0.02 to 0.50 0.020 0.030 0.02 ... 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.06 0.008 0.008 0.025 ... ...
0.08 min
A
Where an ellipsis (. . .) appears in the table, there is no specified limit, but the analysis shall be reported.
B
Chromium is permitted, at the producer’s option, to 0.25 % maximum when the carbon content is less than or equal to 0.05 %.
C
For steels containing 0.02 % carbon or more, titanium is permitted at the producer’s option, to the lesser of 3.4N + 1.5S or 0.025 %.
D
Specify Type B to avoid carbon levels below 0.02 %.
E
For carbon levels less than or equal to 0.02 %, it is permissible to use vanadium, columbium, or titanium, or combinations thereof, as stabilizing elements at the producer’s
option. In such case, the limits for these elements are 0.10 % for vanadium or columbium and 0.15 % for titanium.
F
When aluminum deoxidized steel is required, it is permissible to order a minimum of 0.01 % total aluminum.
G
It is permissible to furnish as a vacuum degassed or chemically stabilized steel, or both, at producer’s option.
H
When copper steel is specified, the copper limit is a minimum requirement. When copper steel is not specified, the copper limit is a maximum requirement.
I
Chemistry combination is somewhat restrictive and requires agreement between producer and user.
X3. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING BREAKAGE ALLOWANCE LEVELS (APPLICABLE TO CARBON STEEL SHEET
ONLY)
X3.1 In spite of the many extra precautions exercised in X3.4 When there are two or more suppliers, the recom-
making sheet for drawing purposes, certain manufacturing mended procedure for determining a breakage allowance for an
variables may be encountered, all beyond the manufacturer’s identified part is based on the average percentage of breakage
reasonable control, which may contribute to breakage in of at least 75 % of the blanks run on that part, on one set of
fabrication and must be considered as part of the normal hazard dies, during at least one month (3000 piece minimum). The
of the purchaser’s use. The manufacturer will undertake to total production of all suppliers used to obtain this 75 %
establish with the purchaser’s concurrence a breakage allow- minimum is to be included in the calculation starting with the
ance level. best performance. The average breakage thus determined shall
be considered the allowance for the part.
X3.2 Breakage, for the purpose of this proposal, is defined
as unrepairable parts, broken during drawing and classed as X3.4.1 Example:
scrap. Parts showing laminations, resulting from pipe, may be Vendor Parts Produced Parts Scrap % Scrap
excluded provided they are separately identified. Broken parts A 32 466 630 1.94
B 27 856 579 2.08
that can be salvaged are not covered in this procedure. C 67 120 1477 2.20
D 56 200 1349 2.40
X3.3 This procedure is intended to establish a breakage E 40 900 1125 2.75
--`,`,,,,```,`,,,,``,```,``,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
allowance without the need for reinspection of each broken F 850 60 7.05
11 225 392 total 5220 total 2.32 avg
stamping. It will apply to overall breakage on a given part (as
calculated by the method outlined below) in excess of 1 % up X3.4.2 Seventy-five percent of 225 392 equals to 169 044;
to and including 8 %. Inherent variations in steel and normal therefore, it is necessary to include the total production of
variables in the stamping operation preclude 100 % satisfac- vendors A, B, C, and D (A + B + C + D = total production of
tory performance. Therefore, it is accepted that practical 183 642 parts) since the total of A, B, and C is only 127 442,
perfection is attained when 99 % of the stampings are produced which is less than 75 % of the total. Total production of 183
without breakage. When the overall breakage is in excess of 642 parts (A + B + C + D) with 4035 parts being rejected,
8 %, it is considered to be the result of abnormal stamping results in a percentage allowance of 2.20 %. On this basis,
conditions, and this method does not apply. vendors D, E, and F exceed the allowance.
X4. PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING THE EXTENT OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION ENCOUNTERED IN FORMING OR
DRAWING
the forming limit curve is lower. The magnitude of the complex shapes it may be desirable to etch both surfaces of
downgrade displacement is specific to each material; therefore, blanks so that the strains that occur in reverse draws can be
current material information should be consulted to determine determined.
placement of the forming limit curve. X4.3.4 The sheet metal blanks may be etched by a photo-
graphic or electrochemical method. In the former method of
X4.3 Procedure photosensitive solution, for example, 50 % Kodak Photo Resist
X4.3.1 Obtain a sheet sample of “known quality,” the sheet (KPR) emulsion and 50 % KPR-thinner, is sprayed onto the
quality being established by either supplier designation, con- sheet. The emulsion is dried by baking the sheet at 65°C for
sumer purchase order, or most preferred tensile data obtained 15 min or by just standing it for several hours at room
from a companion sheet sample. temperature in a dark room. The latter should be employed in
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X4.3.2 Obtain or prepare a negative on stencil with selected materials that age and, hence, become stronger when baked at
circles in a uniform pattern. The circles may be 2.5 to 25.0 mm 65°C. The negative is placed on the emulsion, held intimately
in diameter; the most convenient diameter is 5.0 mm because in contact with the sheet, and exposed to a strong ultraviolet
it is easy to read and the gauge spacing is short enough to show light source for 1 to 11⁄2 min. The sheet is developed for 30 to
the maximum strain in a specific location on the part. 45 s in KPR developer, rinsed with water, and sprayed with
alcohol to set the resist. It is again rinsed with water and then
X4.3.3 The sheet metal blanks should be cleaned to remove sprayed with KPR black dye to reveal the etched circles.
excess oil and dirt; however, some precoated sheets can be
etched without removing the coating. The area(s) to be etched X4.3.5 In the electrochemical method, the etch pad is
should be determined from observation of panels previously saturated with an appropriate electrolyte. Various electrolytes
formed; generally, the area that has a split problem is selected are available from suppliers of the etching equipment. Some
for etching. Normally, the convex side of the radius is gridded. electrolytes are more effective than others for etching certain
If sufficient time is available, the entire blank may be etched, surfaces, such as terne plate and other metallic coated steels. A
since valuable information can be obtained about the move- rust-inhibiting solution is preferred for steel sheets.
ment of metal in stamping a part when strains can be evaluated X4.3.6 A ground clamp for the transformer of suitable
in what may appear to be noncritical areas. Additionally, for amperage (10 to 50 A is usually used) is fastened to the blank
FIG. X4.3 Graph of Major Strains and Critical Major Strains and
FIG. X4.2 Major and Minor Strain Axes Cross Section of Etched Panel
X5.1 Introduction and Definitions ∆L is the difference between the length of a given strip and
X5.1.1 In addition to the conventional expression of the reference strip.
flatness, the “maximum deviation from a horizontal flat X5.1.4 For the special case of waves/buckles that are
surface,” at least two other flatness parameters have been perfectly sinusoidal in character, the following relationship
developed and are in use for characterizing sheet with longi- applies:
tudinal waves or buckles. These are steepness index and
flatness index (or “I-unit”), that are illustrated using the I5 FS D S DG
π
2
H
L
2
3 10 5
example in Fig. X5.1.
or:
X5.1.2 Steepness Index—Fig. X5.1(a) shows a representa-
tion of a sheet sample exhibiting edge waves of height, H, and I 5 24.7S 2
interval, L. The steepness index value for this sample is defined Table X5.1 provides I-unit values based on the sinusoidal
as: approximation for wave heights up to 1⁄2-in. (increments of
1⁄32 in.) and intervals between 10 and 40 in. (increments of
steepness index 5 H⁄L
1 in.). Mathematical relationships between the three represen-
Often, the steepness value is expressed as a percentage: tations of flatness described here are given in Table X5.2; these
% steepness 5 S 5 ~ H ⁄ L ! 3 100 relationships can be used to convert between I-unit, %
X5.1.3 I-Units—Making a series of lengthwise cuts to the steepness, and wave height values (see examples in Table
sample in Fig. X5.1(a) relaxes elastic stresses present in the X5.2).
sheet and results in narrow strips of differing lengths, as shown X5.2 Flatness Evaluation Example and Determination of
in Fig. X5.1(b). Using the length of one of these strips as a I-Unit or % Steepness Value
reference (Lref), the I-unit value (I) for an individual strip is
X5.2.1 While the strip is on an inspection table, find the
defined as:
locations on the strip that are not lying flat on the table. If no
I 5 ~ ∆ L ⁄ L ref ! 3 105 flatness deviation can be found, that portion of the coil
where: (head/middle/tail) can be described as flat (that is, zero I-unit or
zero % steepness).
X5.2.2 If the coil is not totally flat, the height of the
deviation must be determined and recorded. If the coil has edge
waves, a step gauge (incremented in intervals of 1⁄16 or 1⁄32 in.)
--`,`,,,,```,`,,,,``,```,``,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
can be inserted under a wave to determine the height. If the coil
exhibits flatness deviation in the center of the strip, a light-
weight straight edge can be placed on the highest portion of the
buckle and on the highest portion of the next repeating buckle.
The height can then be determined by inserting a step gauge
between the straight edge and the strip.
X5.2.3 Along with the height, the wave period or wave
interval must also be determined. The wave interval can be
obtained by using a standard tape measure or straight edge to
measure the distance between the highest point of one flatness
deviation to the highest point of the next repeating flatness
deviation.
X5.2.4 After determining height and wave interval, either
the I-unit or % steepness value can be obtained. To determine
the I-unit flatness, locate the appropriate height and wave
interval in Table X5.1 and read the I-unit value at the
FIG. X5.1 Representation of Sheet Sample With Edge Waves (a) intersection of the two measurements. To determine %
and Strips of Differing Length That Result from Making Longitu- steepness, divide the height by the wave interval and multiply
dinal Cuts Along Sample (b) the result by 100.
2L 25
2 21
I Unit (I) 1 π œI 10 π œI 10
Height (H)
(peak to
peak)
S D
Hπ
2L
2
105 1
s 100 H d
L
% Steep- s LSd
2.5 (π S)2 100 1
ness (S)
A
Examples—(1) Assume % steepness is given as 1.5 and the corresponding
I-unit value is desired. From Table X5.2, I = 2.5(πS)2 = 2.5[(3.14)(1.5)]2 = 55.5.
(2) Assume an I-unit value of 25 is given and the corresponding % steepness is
desired. From Table X5.2, S = 2/π(I × 10−1)1/2 = 2/3.14 (25 × 10−1 )1/2 = 1.0.
--`,`,,,,```,`,,,,``,```,``,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A568/A568M – 17) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Nov. 1, 2017.)
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A568/A568M – 15) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2017.)
(1) Added new 14.2 through 14.6 (renumbed subsequent sec- (2) Added new 14.9.1.
tions accordingly.
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
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