The much-talked-about Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or TRAIN Law is finally here, immediately taking effect

at the
start of 2018.
Many dubbed it to be a blessing for those trying to make ends meet with their meager salaries, while others branded the TRAIN
law as anti-poor because it set a chain of price increases for consumer products.
To set the record straight, here are some of the most impactful changes the ordinary Filipino will experience in 2018 because of
the TRAIN law.
YOU’LL ENJOY HIGHER TAKE-HOME PAY
One of the most publicized parts of the TRAIN law is the reduction in personal income tax, leading to higher take-home pay.
In the past, the tax rate ranges from 5% to 32%, depending on your tax bracket. But with TRAIN, you no longer have to pay for
personal income tax if you’re an employee earning P250,000 or less every year. Tax exemption also covers 13th-month pay and
other mandated bonuses, giving you more chances of saving money.
Self-employed individuals earning less than P3 million annually also have the option to avail of the 8% fixed tax rate instead of the
graduated income taxes.
One caveat, though: Personal and additional exemptions for dependents have been removed under the new law.
SWEETENED BEVERAGES COST A BIT MORE
Are you fond of drinking sodas and other sugar-filled beverages? It’s time to bid them adieu if you don’t want to pay the new
excise tax on sweetened beverages.
In a bid to reduce the incidence of obesity and diabetes, the TRAIN law taxes sugar-sweetened beverages P6 per liter, while those
with high fructose corn syrup are taxed P12 per liter. Milk products, natural fruit and vegetable juices, and pre-packaged coffee
products are exempted.
CIGARETTES ARE MORE EXPENSIVE TOO
The TRAIN law also seeks to curb the number of smokers in the country, which is why it also imposed an excise tax on cigarettes.
Cigarette prices will increase by P2.50 increments beginning this year until 2023. By 2024, there’ll be a price increase of 4% every
year.
CAR OWNERS HAVE TO PAY MORE TAXES
Planning to buy a car? You better do it soon because excise taxes doubled from 2% to 4% for cars worth P600,000 and below.
If your car is worth more, your tax goes up from 10% to as much as 50% for vehicles worth over P4 million. You’ll only be exempt
from paying taxes if you’re driving purely electric vehicles and pick-ups.
But even if you already have your own car, you still have to keep up with the P8 tax increase on petroleum products. Even diesel,
kerosene, and LPG will now have taxes ranging from P1 to P3 per liter.
It might be bad for your pocket, but this move can hopefully control the horrid Metro Manila traffic and help save the
environment.
TAXES FOR TAXABLE DOCUMENTS HAVE DOUBLED
The TRAIN law also doubled the documentary stamp taxes (DST) on all taxable documents, such as bank checks, life insurance
policies, pre-need plans, warehouse receipts, powers of attorney, mortgages, and sales documents.
It may not be of immediate consequence to you, but it’s good to keep this in mind when getting these documents.
THERE’S A HIGHER THRESHOLD FOR VALUE-ADDED TAX
The TRAIN law increased the VAT threshold from P1,919,500 to P3 million, thus lessening the burden of ordinary taxpayers.
As usual, sectors exempted from VAT include small businesses with less than P3 million annual income, health and education,
persons with disability, and senior citizens.
There are also other notable VAT exemptions, such as medicines for diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension, as well as
association dues and membership fees collected by homeowners’ associations and condominium corporations.
If you’re renting your home, the increase of VAT exemption from P12,800 to P15,000 is also a welcome reprieve.
While the TRAIN law increases the price of basic goods and commodities, you’ll be able to enjoy higher take-home pay because of
the decrease in personal income taxes. It’s up to you to budget your money, form healthier money habits, and minimize spending
on stuff that you don’t need.
The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Act, officially cited as Republic Act No. 10963, is the initial package of the
Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP) signed into law by President Rodrigo Duterte on December 19, 2017.[1] TRAIN consists
of revisions to the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, or the Tax Code. [2] This reform includes packages that make changes in
taxation concerning the personal income tax (PIT),[3] estate tax, donor's tax, value added tax (VAT), documentary stamp tax (DST)
and the excise tax of petroleum products, automobiles, sweetened beverages, cosmetic procedures, coal, mining and tobacco. [4]
The prominent feature of the tax reform is that people who earn ₱250,000 annually or ₱21,000 monthly and below are exempted
from paying personal income tax (PIT). This includes minimum wage earners, who were also exempted in the former tax system.
On the other hand, those earning over ₱250,000 have tax rates following a set PIT schedule. Essentially, greater income is taxed at
higher tax rates.[5] This denotes that low to middle income-earners get to have a higher take home pay, while high income-earners
have a bigger contribution to tax revenues. Increase in consumption taxes intend to counterbalance PIT tax exemptions.[3]
The TRAIN LAW is one of the primary ways in which the 2020 and 2040 vision of the Duterte administration is to be achieved,
[3]
 and so, it had optimistic projections about its effect on the economy, development and poverty alleviation in its inception.
Regardless, contentions about the passing of this law has been present since the beginning and the subsequent reception by the
people since its ratification has been controversial. In the first quarter of 2018, both positive and negative outcomes have been
observed. The economy saw an increase in tax revenues, government expenditure and an incremental growth in GDP.[6] On the
other hand, unprecedented inflation rates that exceeded projected calculations, [7] has been the cause for much uproar and
objections. There have been petitions to suspend and amend the law, so as to safeguard particular sectors from soaring prices. [8][9]
[10]

Vision and goals of TRAIN[edit]

The TRAIN Act aims to address the reputed weaknesses of the Tax Code, specifically through the following objectives: [3]

 First, it intends to simplify the previous system to make it more straightforward and intuitive.
 Second, it intends to create a more "just" taxation scheme, wherein taxation is staggered and distributed on the basis of
financial capability and the underprivileged are able to reap more advantages.
 Third, it intends to improve the efficiency by which tax is collected, particularly tackling issues of compliance.
The changes instituted by the tax reform is expected to be able to increase revenue to finance the infrastructure, healthcare and
education programs of the Duterte administration. [11][1] This is all while expecting to reduce tax remitted by the poor and receiving
a greater portion of revenues from the wealthiest in the population through personal income and consumption taxes. The tax
received from the latter will also subsidize, through unconditional cash transfers, the poorest 10 million households who will not
benefit from increased take-home pay as a result of lower income taxes.
In the long term, TRAIN Act is just the first from a series of tax reforms, as part of the CTSP, which will be one of the principal
means by which the 2020 and 2040 vision of the incumbent administration is to be achieved. The vision in 2020 is that poverty will
be reduced from 21.6% to 14%, while 2040 sees the Philippines as having “eradicated extreme poverty”, established “inclusive
economic and political institutions where everyone has equal opportunities” and achieved “high-income country status”. [3] This
can be achieved if economic growth can be sustained by at least 7% each year and if the source of growth can be shifted to
investment from consumption. This means prioritizing investments on people through "health, education, life-long training, social
protection, infrastructure, and research and development" and investments on infrastructure to boost productivity [12]

Legislative history[edit]
House of Representatives[edit]
House Bill No. 4774 is credited as the original measure that led to the TRAIN Act. It was endorsed by the Department of
Finance (DOF) to the Philippine House of Representativeson September 26, 2016 as the first package of a wider CTRP. [13] It was
filed before the legislature on January 17, 2017 by Congressman Dakila Cua[14] of Quirino. Cua is also the chairperson of the Ways
and Means Committee of the Congress which deals on taxation. [13]
After thirteen hearings which was done within the span of four months, the House Bill No. 7890 was consolidated with 54 other
tax-related bills to come up with a House Bill 5636, a substitute bill which had "moderate" changes from House Bill 4774. The
substitute measure was approved on May 8.[13]
The DOF requested President Rodrigo Duterte to declare the bill as "urgent" on May 29, 2017. Bills passed on the second reading
by the Congress but are not certified "urgent" by the president could only be voted upon after copies of the given measure is
provided to House of Representatives members three days before the day of the third and final reading. [13] On May 31, 2017 just
before the 17th Congress adjourn its first regular session, the bill passed the final reading with 246 voting for and 9 against the bill.
Only one made an abstention. Most of those who opposed were from the Makabayan bloc.[15]
Senate[edit]
A version of the bill was filed in the Senate in March 2017 by Senate President Aquilino Pimentel III. By May 2017 six public
hearings were conducted by the senate. The Senate had to wait for the House of Representatives version to get pass before it
could start plenary discussions like other bills on budget or tax and appropriations. The Senate voted 17-1 to approve the Tax
Reform Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) bill, with Sen. Risa Hontiveros being the lone dissenter on Nov 28, 2017. On the
succeeding voting for the TRAIN, the positive votes were cast by Senators Sonny Angara, Nancy Binay, Frank Drilon, JV Ejercito,
Chiz Escudero, Win Gatchalian, Dick Gordon, Gringo Honasan, Loren Legarda, Joel Villanueva, Koko Pimentel, Grace Poe, Ralph
Recto, Tito Sotto, Cynthia Villar and Migs Zubiri. The negative votes were cast by Senators Ping Lacson, Risa Hontiveros, Bam
Aquino and Antonio Trillanes IV[13]
Duterte's certification of the TRAIN as "urgent" allowed the bill to get passed the second reading [16] on November 28, 2017.
[17]
 Within the same day, the Senate bill passed the third and final reading with 17 senators voting for the bill. [18] Only Risa
Hontiveros voted against the bill.[16]
Bicameral Conference Committee[edit]
The Bicameral Conference Committee consolidated the bills passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The
committee then approved a bill which favored the Senate version on December 11, 2017 and prepared a report after for
ratification of both chambers of the Congress and signing of the President. [19]
the House of Representatives and the Senate ratified the version of the bill prepared by the Bicameral Conference Committee on
December 13, 2017.[20]
Signing into law and partial veto[edit]
President Duterte exercised his veto power to void 5 provisions of the law. The provisions vetoed were the following:

1. Reduced income tax rate of employees of Regional Headquarters (RHQs), Regional Operating Headquarters (ROHQs),
Offshore Banking Units (OBUs), and Petroleum Service Contractors and Subcontractors;
2. Zero-rating of sales of goods and services to separate customs territory and tourism enterprise zones;
3. Exemption from percentage tax of gross sales/receipts not exceeding five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00);
4. Exemption of various petroleum products from excise tax when used as input, feedstock, or as raw material in the
manufacturing of petrochemical products, or in the refining of petroleum products, or as replacement fuel for natural
gas fired combined cycle power plants; and
5. Earmarking of incremental tobacco taxes. [1]
Summary of amendmentis[edit]
These were the revisions made to the Tax Code: [21]

5, 6, 24, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 74, 79, 84, 86, 90, 91, 97, 99, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110,
Amended
112, 114, 116, 127, 128, 129, 145, 148, 149, 151, 155, 171, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 188,
Sections
189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 232, 236, 237, 249, 254, 264, 269, and 288

Created
51-A, 148-A, 150-A, 150-B, 237-A, 264-A, 264-B, and 265-A
Sections

Repealed
35, 62, and 89
Sections

Complementary measures[edit]
There are four (4) complementary measures undertaken to ensure the income from the TRAIN Law will be properly allocated for
the development of the Philippines as a nation. These are the Tax Administration, Ear Making, Infrastructure Projects, and Social
Programs.[22]
Tax Administration[edit]
Steps to modernize and refine the tax administration processes are undertaken to support the changes in tax policy so as to
improve security against tax crimes and to ensure taxpayer compliance. On top of improving electronic systems (e.g. eBIR forms,
Electronic Filing and Payment System, mobile payments) the following reforms are implemented: [22]

 Mandatory fuel marking

 Provision for use of electronic receipts
 Connection of cash registers and point of sale machines to BIR servers for real time reporting of sales and purchase data
 Relaxation of bank secrecy laws and automatic exchange of information to allow for more effective prosecution of criminal
cases
Ear Marking[edit]
For 5 years from the law's enactment, all revenues will be set aside for infrastructure and social programs only, with a 70% and
30% portion respectively.
Infrastructure Projects[edit]
Infrastructure projects that will receive priority funding include the Build, Build, Build Program that tackles the problem of
congestion through the construction of public transport systems and road networks and the refurbishing and enhancing of military
facilities. Additionally, part of the 70% will be allocated to the building of sports facilities in public schools as well as amenities that
will allow access to potable water in public spaces.[22]
Social Programs[edit]
The social programs that will receive priority funding from 30% of revenues include: [22]

 Programs for sugar farmers to increase productivity, provide livelihood opportunities, develop alternative farming systems,
and enhance farmer's income
 Social mitigating measures and investments in education, health, social protection, employment, and housing for poor and
near-poor households
 Unconditional cash transfer to the poorest 10 million households
 Social benefits card to determine qualified beneficiaries (fuel vouchers for PUJs, fare discount for all public utility vehicles,
discounted purchase of NFA rice, free skills training under TESDA)
Unconditional cash transfers (UCT)[edit]
In order to provide provisional protection for vulnerable households from the initial shock of the TRAIN Law, unconditional cash
transfers are dispensed. On the first year, beneficiaries receive Php200 per month. In the succeeding 2 years, they receive P300
per month. The UCT is obtained from oil excise tax revenues. In addition to the UCT, social welfare cards are provided to aid in
continuous conferring of benefits and subsidies to the poorest households. This includes subsidies for "medicine, transportation,
rice, and vocational trainings".[22]

Key provisions[edit]
Package One[edit]
The overarching goal of the first package of the TRAIN is to "create a simpler, fair, and more efficient system". [5] Through this
program, the richer tax payers of the Philippines will pay a greater contribution to enable the government to execute its programs
and services targeted to the general improvement of the country, especially the less fortunate. [5][23] There are six (6) main key
provisions, three (3) additional excise taxes, and four (4) financial taxes. [24]
Income Tax[edit]
"The TRAIN lowers the Personal Income Tax (PIT)for all taxpayers except the rich". [5] Effectively, personal taxes will be reduced for
99% of the Philippine tax payers.
The new PIT is summarized in the table below

Annuable Income Tax Tax Rate Percent of Taxpayers

₱0-250,000 0% 83%

Over ₱250,000-400,000 20% of the excess over ₱250,000 8%

Over ₱400,000-800,000 ₱30,000 + 25% of the excess over ₱400,000 6%

Over ₱800,000-2,000,000 ₱130,000 + 30% of the excess over ₱800,000 2%

Over ₱2,000,000-8,000,000 ₱490,000 + 32% of the excess over ₱2,000,000 1%

Over ₱8,000,000 ₱2,410,000 + 35% of the excess over ₱8,000,000 0.1%

Additionally, minimum-wage earners are still exempted from PIT. The Law also ensures a minimum wage earner who incurs a
small raise will not have his overall salary (with the PIT deducted) less than minimum wage. Also, married couples where both
parties are working may be exempted up to a total of ₱500,000. This does not include the exemption from the first ₱90,000 of
their thirteenth month pay and additional bonuses. Finally, Self-employed and professionals with gross sales below VAT can only
pay 8% flat tax instead of their income and personal tax. [5]
Simplified Estate and Donor's Tax[edit]
The TRAIN aims to simplify property purchases, transfers and donations in order to make the land market more efficient thus
ensuring the usage of properties is maximized.
The estate tax is now reduced to 6% based on the net value of the property. It also has a standard deduction of ₱5 million as well
as a ₱10 million exemption on the family home.
The donor tax is also reduced to 6% of the net donations for gifts above ₱250,000 yearly. [25]
Simplified Value Added Tax[edit]
The government's aim to elevate the less fortunate in the Philippines and drive development is exemplified as the TRAIN repeals
54 out of 61 of the non-essential VAT exemption. In order to protect these less fortunate persons, as well as small and micro
businesses, they are exempted from VAT on goods and services of marginal establishments. VAT exempt tax payers now have the
option to:

 PIT schedule with 40% OSD on gross receipts or gross sales plus 3% percentage tax
 PIT schedule with itemized deductions plus 3% percentage tax, or
 Flat tax of 8% on gross sales or gross revenues in lieu of percentage tax and personal income tax. [23]
"TRAIN aims to clean up the VAT system to make it fairer and simpler and lower the cost of compliance for both the taxpayers and
tax administrators".[23] As such, VAT exemptions are now only limited to health, education and raw agriculture food. In 2019,
medicines for hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes will be exempted from VAT. Similarly, purchases from senior citizens
and persons with disabilities. Housing that costs less than ₱2 million shall also be exempted starting in 2021.
Excise Tax of petroleum products[edit]
This tax aims to increase efforts towards decreasing the consumption of harmful fuel, and veering towards a healthier, more
sustainable future. The price of fuel also varies due to the global inflation of oil. [26] Listed below is the effect of the Petroleum
Excise Tax (note: the additional excise tax is per liter) [27]

Excise Tax per Liter Current 2018 2019 2020

₱2.0
LPG ₱0 ₱1.00 ₱3.00
0

₱4.5
Diesel ₱0 ₱2.50 ₱6.00
0

₱9.0
Regular and unleaded premium gasoline ₱4.35 ₱7.00 ₱10.00
0

Listed below are the new excise taxes for specific fuel products for the year 2018

Petroleum
Excise Tax per Liter
Product

LPG ₱1.00

Bunker Fuels ₱2.50

 Diesel ₱2.50

Petcoke ₱2.50

Kerosene ₱3.00

Aviation gas ₱4.00

Gasoline ₱7.00

Naphtha ₱7.00

Asphalt ₱8.00

Asphalt ₱8.00

Lubricating oil ₱8.00

Paraffin wax ₱8.00

Refined fuels ₱8.00

Excise Tax of Automobiles increase[edit]

The table below summarizes the excise taxes on automobiles. The second column illustrates the tax rate on vehicles based on
their specific price range. The third column portrays the actual average effective tax rate. Because the TRAIN law increases the PIT
of 99% of the population, their increase in net income will still be more than enough to compensate for the effects of the excise
tax on automobiles. This means they still benefit from the TRAIN as they incur additional disposable income in the end. In addition,
because richer tax payers tend to purchase more cars, the additional revenue from this tax will mostly come from them. [28]

Automobile prices Tax Rate Average effective tax rate

₱600,000 and below 4% 3%

₱600,000 to ₱1,000,000 10% 8%

 ₱1,000,000 to ₱4,000,000 20% 15%

₱4,000,000 and above 50% 30%

Excise Tax on Sweetened Beverages[edit]

"The SSB (Sugar-Sweetened Beverages) tax will promote a healthier Philippines". [29] It achieves this by reducing the increasing
number of diabetes and obesity cases, through raising awareness, promoting the consumption of healthier products and
encourage companies to innovate healthier alternatives. [29]
TRAIN imposes new taxes of ₱6 per liter on drinks containing sweeteners and ₱12 per liter on drinks containing high-fructose corn
syrup. Milk, 100% natural juice and 3-in-1 instant coffee drinks are exempt from the excise tax. [29]
Additional Excise Taxes[edit]
There are three additional excise taxes, namely coal, cosmetics and tobacco. [24]
Coal Excise Tax[edit]
Coal is a cheap source for power generation and has its uses in multiple industries such as
the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. It is also a prime ingredient for activated carbon, carbon fibre and silicon metal.
[30]
 However, it remains a major source for air pollution in the Philippines. The aim of the excise tax is to shift towards renewable
energies and generate additional income for building infrastructures and social services. The excise tax on coal will increase from
its original ₱10/Metric Ton(MT) to ₱50/MT on both domestic and imported coal. ₱50/MT will be added each succeeding year until
January when the rate would have reached ₱150/MT. [24]
Cosmetics Tax[edit]
Starting 2018, all cosmetic surgeries, aesthetic procedures, and body enhancements intended to improve, alter, or enhance a
person's appearance are now subject to a tax of 5%.
However, procedures necessary to ameliorate a deformity arising from, or directly related to a congenital or developmental defect
or abnormality, a personal injury resulting to an accident or trauma, or disfiguring disease, tumor, virus or infection are tax -
exempted.[24]
Tobacco Tax[edit]
The excise tax on cigarettes aims to reduce the amount of smokers and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases one can catch from
the act, as well as generate additional revenue for health oriented programs and services.
From its original excise tax of ₱30 in 2017, the tax on tobacco increased to ₱32.50 on January 1, 2018, ₱35 on July 1, 2018, will
increase to ₱37.50 on January 1, 2019, and ₱40 on January 1, 2020. Afterwards, it will increase annually by 4% from January 1,
2024.[24]
Financial Taxes[edit]
There are four taxes that were adjusted along with the TRAIN Law. Firstly, the documentary stamp tax was increased by 100%
except on loans with only 50% increase, but not for savings, property, and non-life insurance. Secondly, the final tax on foreign
currency deposit unit (FCDU) was increased from 7.5% to 15% of interest income. Thirdly, capital gains tax of non-traded stock was
increased from 5% to 10% of final net gains. Finally, the stock transaction tax was increased from 0.5% to 0.6% of total transaction
value.[24]
Others[edit]
Finally, there are three additional taxes that do not fall under the aforementioned categories. These are the tax on lottery
winnings and PCSO prizes, documentary stamp tax, and mining tax. With the implementation of the TRAIN Law, all PCSO lotto
prizes are taxed at 20% if the prize exceeds ₱10,000. The documentary stamp tax has been doubled, resulting in stamp taxes
ranging from ₱1.50 to ₱3.00. Finally, excise tax rates on all non-metallic minerals and quarry resources, and all metallic minerals
including copper, gold and chromite, will be doubled, from 2% to 4%, ss well as excise tax on indigenous petroleum, which will be
doubled from 3% to 6%.[31][32][33]

Projected effects[edit]
The three main categories the TRAIN Law affects with its first package are "Growth in the Economy", "Employment Generation",
and "Effect on Inflation". The DOF projects the economy to grow by 1.3% by 2022 with a 0.42% inflation due to the excise tax
increase (this is still within the 2-4% target inflation by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); it also predicts to create half a million
jobs over the next ten years, and eight million over the entirety of its life, as well as lift 250,000 Filipinos out of poverty. Through
the increase in excise tax, Package 1 will be able to generate Php134 Billion. [12] The actual effects in 2018 are elaborated below.
Economic growth[edit]
For the first quarter of 2018, the government was able to raise ₱619.84 billion. This represents a 16.4% growth in revenue
compared to the first quarter of 2017. In monetary terms, the government was able to raise ₱87.44 billion more in this quarter of
2018 compared to the previous year. "The Philippine economy expanded by 6.8 percent in the first quarter of 2018, making it still
one of the fastest-growing economies in the region even as rising inflation reduced consumption and productivity in some
sectors."[6] DOF Secretary Carlos Dominguez III claimed tax revenues grew by 18.2%, "exceeding the 9.7 percent nominal gross
domestic product (GDP) growth."[6]
Departments that saw immediate benefits from Package 1 include the Bureau of Internal Revenue and Bureau of Customs, both
with a 14.2% and 24.7% increase in revenue. This translates to a total of ₱423.1 billion and Php129.8 for both departments
respectively. Other government departments were able to expand their investment and growths during the first quarter as well
due to the increase in income.
Insofar as expenditures go for the first quarter of 2018, the total amounted to ₱782.0 billion, growing by 27.1%, which also
outstripped the 9.7% nominal GDP growth due to the estimated 40.0% increase in capital outlays. Dominquez also said that the
expenditure effort also rose by 2.73%, which is the highest increase since 2003. This results in a larger contribution towards GDP
growth. As such, revenue effort grew by 0.91%. In addition, public construction expanded by 25.1%, thus boosting GDP growth by
0.4%. On the other hand, government consumption increased by 13.6%, contributing an incremental 1.4% to the growth of the
GDP."'Strong macroeconomic fundamentals backed by tax reforms and the Build, build, build program will continue to boost
economic growth to the optimum 7-8 percent level as the competitiveness of the economy rises and more jobs are created,' he
said."[6]
Inflation[edit]
"The inflation rate in June—which exceeded both government and market expectations—was the fastest pace in at least five
years. Year-to-date, inflation averaged 4.3 percent, above the BSP’s 2-4 percent target range." [7]"It peaked at 5.2 percent for the
same month. For the previous months, inflation was pegged at 4.6 percent and in the same period in 2017, 2.5 percent." [34]
This was primarily due to the higher annual rate posted in the heavily weighted food and non-alcoholic beverages index at 6.1%.
The country's food index went up by 5.8% in June 2018. It was 5.5% in the previous month and 3.1% in June 2017. The following
annual mark-ups were also observed for the following food groups:

 Rice (4.7%)
 Corn (14.1%)
 Other Cereals, Flour, Cereal Preparation, Bread, Pasta and Other Bakery Products (2.4%);
 Meat (5.0%);
 Vegetables (8.6%);
 Sugar, Jam, Honey, Chocolate and Confectionery (3.9%); and
 Food Products not Elsewhere Classified (3.1%).
As for the rest of the food groups, they either slowed down or remained at their previous month's rate. [34]
Socioeconomic Planning Secretary Ernesto Pernia claims that the inflation will most likely peak on the third quarter of the year and
start tapering off by October.[7]
Reception[edit]
The TRAIN Law finally took effect in January 2018. Since its implementation, there have been numerous individuals for and against
the new tax reform, such as Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno who has expressed support for the law as the additional revenues
provide funds for government initiatives.[35] Notable government figures in opposition of the current law, that is they are calling for
amendments or suspensions to specific excise tax increases or to the law as a whole, include Sen. Risa Hontiveros, Sen. Bam
Aquino and Sen. Grace Poe.[10][9] Ultimately, President Duterte stated on June 2, 2018 "Well the law was enacted by Congress. I
leave it to Congress to decide whether or not to amend, suspend or modify the law. Leave it to Congress", in a press briefing. [35]
Support and Opposition[edit]
Support[edit]
The senators who voted for the bill were Senators Sonny Angara, Nancy Binay, Frank Drilon, JV Ejercito, Chiz Escudero, Win
Gatchalian, Dick Gordon, Gringo Honasan, Loren Legarda, Joel Villanueva, Koko Pimentel, Grace Poe, Ralph Recto, Tito Sotto,
Cynthia Villar and Migz Zubiri.
Appeal to foreign investors[edit]
One of the goals of the TRAIN law is to make the economic environment of the Philippines more appealing to foreign investors.
The reforms being implemented by the Duterte administration have been recognized and lauded by international institutions,
leading to strong investor confidence and better growth prospects for the economy. [36] This is also being pushed forward by the
Department of Finance by submitting its proposal for Package 2 of its tax reform program to congress which aims to reduce
corporate income tax rates and rationalize fiscal incentives. [37]
View from an economic stand point[edit]
According to the DOF's chief economist, Gil Beltran, the moderate rise in inflation is only temporary and remains manageable
under a robust economy even with the implementation of the TRAIN law. It will be remedied by the increased spending on
infrastructure and social services to keep inflation in check in the future which was what the president was hoping to achieve with
the implementation of this law. TRAIN is seen as a long-term measure that would hope to push the economy to a much higher
development path, create more jobs and improve the living conditions for our people. However this comes with the rising of
inflation which would be mitigated by lower income tax rates and implementing cash transfers for the short-term, and; the health,
education, social protection, and infrastructure programs in the medium- and long-term. [36]
Opposition[edit]
Burden to the Poor[edit]
One of the recurring problems that is being discussed when it comes to the TRAIN law is the burden that it will impose to the poor.
As crafted, the TRAIN promises to let marginal earners and minimum salaried workers of smaller tax or even tax exemption. But
critics are quick to point out that the alleged windfall of tax-free income will be blown away when basic commodities that the
marginalized sector of society traditionally buy and consume every day will now be sporting increased price tags that are out of
reach and beyond the imagination of poor families. [38]
Makabayan Bloc[edit]
There were objections made by the Makabayan Bloc, a leftist group whom filed a petition for a temporary restraining order (TRO)
against the law. The petition is anchored on the argument that the tax law bill was invalid because there was no quorum when the
House of Representatives ratified the joint bicameral conference report on the measure, and there was no voting involved. The
petitioners provided links to official videos and photos that would show there was no quorum “with barely 10 people on the
floor.” The petitioners also provided that another requirement was not met which was the majority vote. According to the
petitioners, a vote whether viva voce or nominal, was not taken. The official video of the process shows Tinio and Zarate
repeatedly objecting to the ratification, but Abu and Defensor continued with the process until the voices of the petitioners were
no longer heard because the microphone had been turned off. Aside from the House rules, the petitioners said Section 16(2),
Article VI of the Constitution that requires a quorum was also violated. [39]
Call for Suspension[edit]
Three senators called for the suspension of the implementation of Republic Act No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for Acceleration and
Inclusion (Train) law as consumers and transport groups complained of soaring prices of commodities. These were on the grounds
that the law was not beneficial to the majority of Filipinos, due to the increase in prices of oil products and commodities, a family
has incurred an additional expense of ₱2,644 monthly for farmers and ₱3,640 for workers. [40]
Amendments[edit]
Senator Bam Aquino wanted to pass a measure that seeks to amend TRAIN to protect Filipinos from soaring prices. Aquino
explained that the Senate's version of the TRAIN law had a safeguard that would automatically suspend fuel excise tax if the
forecast rate was exceeded and this amendment was to bring that sole safeguard back. According to the senator, this was a
necessary step in order to protect the future well beings of the Filipino people. [41]