CR 510 P.E
CR 510 P.E
CR 510 P.E
ACTIVITY 1- 14
THEORIES & CRIMES
CAUSATION
(CRIM 2 – CR 014)
Submitted by:
ABELO T. ABING
BSCRIM 2
CRIM2 CR014
Submitted to:
MS DAISY P. LADRERA
Instructor
Post Evaluation – 1
EXPLORE
II. True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) (2pts.each)
T 1. Crime is a violation of social rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code
created by people holding social & political power.
F 2. The punishment was cruel, prior to the 20th century?
T 3. A theory establish boundaries and domains by which laws and truth statements can be generated.
T 4. A theory without research is not a science.
F 5. Explanation is not sensible way of relating the facts about some particular phenomenon to the
intellectual atmosphere of a people at a particular time or place.
APPLY
III. Essay (10pts. Each)
1. Differentiate Rational Choice Theory from Routine Activities Theory.
Answer:
Routine activities theory and rational choice theory are complementary explanations for the
occurrence and distribution of crime and deviance. Routine activities theory describes the necessary
elements of crime and those who have the potential to prevent it, while rational choice theory articulates
the process by which offenders make decisions. Unlike many other explanations for crime and deviance,
routine activities theory and rational choice theory emphasize the importance of immediate situational and
environmental factors in explaining the distribution of crime and deviance across time and space. These
two perspectives, which share similar theoretical roots and assumptions, have inspired substantial
of three elements. He called these classifications somatotypes, after the three layers of embryos: the
endoderm, which develops into the digestive tract; the mesoderm, which develops into the muscle, heart,
and blood vessels; and the ectoderm, which forms the skin and nervous system (Patwardhan, Mutalik, and
Tilu, 2015). William Sheldon (1942) proposed a strong correlation between personality and somatotype
- The ectomorph, characterized by a thin, wiry frame. Ectomorph are were quiet, restrained, noon-
-The endomorph, heavy and rounded. Endomorph (also known as viscerotonic) were seen as relaxed,
-The mesomorph, with a solid, muscular frame. Mesomorph are active, assertive, vigorous, adventurous,
3. What are the three (3) three variables which reflect the routine activities found in everyday American
life? Explain each.
Answer:
Cohen and Felson clarify this view by linking crime rates to the interaction of three (3) variables which
-The availability of suitable targets (such as home containing easily saleable goods).
-The absence of capable guardians (such as homeowners and their neighbors, friends and relatives).
classified and described human populations, and examined the relationship between personality and
physical type, particularly with respect to criminal behaviour. And, the one who reexamined the work of
Goring and found out that “Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud, undersized men are thieves
and burglars, short heavy person commit assault, rape and other sex crimes; where as mediocre (average)
physique flounder around among other crimes.” He also contented that criminals are originally inferior;
5. Who is Franz Joseph Gall & Johann Spurzheim? Discuss their contributions.
Answer:
Gall (1758-1828) and Spurzheim (1776-1832) were among those who developed the basic ideas of
biological psychiatry. They attempted to identify a relationship between the structure and function of the
brain. Although this led to speculation regarding physiognosis, it simultaneously represented a decisive
step towards a scientific approach in psychiatry, which was then in its infancy. The patient was freed of
gult. Mental illnesses were considered to be healable, because they were of organic origin, and this led to
therapeutic optimism. The emphasis placed on endogenic factors, however, nourished biologistic views.
And they studied the shape of the skull and bumps on the head to determine whether these physical
environmental conditions. The Jukes traces the origins of imprisoned members of the same family back to
the colonial period to examine inherited and environmental tendencies to poverty, crime, and disease.
Richard Louis Dugdale (1841-1883) published a study of a family in 1877, they were the Juke family. He
followed the Juke family ancestry back to a notorious character named Max, a Dutch immigrant who
landed in New York in the early 1700s. Two of Max’s sons wed into the notorious “Juke family of girls,”
six sisters, all of whom was noted to be illegitimate. Max’s male ancestors were alleged to be vicious, and
one woman known as Ada had a real bad reputation and had an alias of “the mother of criminals.” At the
time of the study, Dugdale was able to identify about 1,200 of Ada’s ancestors; amongst them were seven
murderers, 60 habitual thieves, 90 or more other type criminals, 50 prostitutes, and 280 paupers. This
Kallikak is a pseudo name created by psychologist Henry Goddard for good (Kallos) and bad (Kakos).
The study documents over a two-year span the aspect of feeble-mindedness in the Kallikak family tree
consisting of two family lineages. Goddard traced the history of the family first from an early sexual
relationship between Martin Kallikak Sr. and a “feeble-minded” bar maid, which resulted in an
illegitimate son. This lineage from the “feeble-minded” bar maid were plagued by illegitimacy, immoral
people, epileptics, alcoholics, paupers, thieves, and people of ill repute. Later, Martin Kallikak Sr.
married a “respectable” Quaker woman with a good family lineage that resulted in what was considered
society’s finest citizens. The children of the second union gave rise to children who had good moral
values and the majority became wealthy. Goddard believed that the behaviors in the inferior lineage were
the result of hereditary (e.g. tendency for being a criminal was inherited), just as intelligence was
inherited; although each family lineage were from radically different environments (Plucker & Esping,
2014). Another major criticism of Goddard is that some of photographs of the families were retouched in
order to make those from the bad family lineage look more menacing (Elks, 2005).
his day. He attended Yale at the age of thirteen and later went on to become the president of Princeton
College. He married his wife Sara in 1727 and they were blessed with eleven children. Every night when
Mr. Edwards was home, he would spend an hour conversing with his family and then praying a blessing
over each child. Jonathan and his wife Sarah passed on a great, godly legacy to their eleven children. An
American educator, A.E. Winship decided to trace the descendants of Jonathan Edwards almost 150 years
after his death. His findings are remarkable, especially when compared to another man from the same
time period known as Max Jukes. Jonathan Edwards’ legacy includes: 1 U.S. Vice-President, 1 Dean of a
law school, 1 dean of a medical school, 3 U.S. Senators, 3 governors, 3 mayors, 13 college presidents, 30
judges, 60 doctors, 65 professors, 75 Military officers, 80 public office holders, 100 lawyers, 100
clergymen, and 285 college graduates. How may this be explained? Edwards was a godly man, but he
was also hard working, intelligent and moral. Furthermore, Winship states, “Much of the capacity and
talent, intensity and character of the more than 1,400 of Edwards’ family is due to Mrs. Edwards.”
other family members suffer from. Case-control family studies are employed, including estimates of
relative risk and population relative risk of a mental illness. Relative risk compares how large the
likelihood is that one relative of a person with a mental disorder will also develop the disorder than the
relative of a person with no mental disorder. Population relative risk calculates approximately how much
risk there is that the relatives of a person suffering from mental illness will also be affected as opposed to
relatives of a person who does not suffer from any mental illness. The limitation of family studies is the
inability to separate the genetic and environmental sources of variation. Therefore, given the limited
utility of family studies to separate issues of nature versus nurture, this section will focus on two other
epidemiological research designs that are better equipped to test for genetic effects. Researchers use
adoption studies to determine the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the development
of alcohol problems. These studies generally compare the outcomes of adoptees who have biological
parents with alcohol problems and who grow up in various adoptive environments with the outcomes of
adoptees without such family backgrounds but raised in similar environments. Using certain statistical
approaches, adoption studies also allow for the evaluation of specific gene-environment interactions in
determining an outcome such as alcoholism. To obtain data that allow meaningful and generalizable
conclusions, however, scientists must select a representative group of study subjects, obtain valid
information about these subjects from a wide variety of sources, and consider biases inherent in adoption
practices. Keywords: adoption study, AODR (alcohol and other drug related) problems, hereditary
factors, environmental factors, research and evaluation method, behavioral problem, gene. Adoption
studies are a powerful tool for evaluating the interactions of genetic and environmental factors in eliciting
human characteristics, such as intelligence (i.e., IQ), and disorders, such as alcoholism. The relative
importance of “nature” (i.e., genetic inheritance) versus “nurture” (i.e., the rearing environment) in human
behavior was first debated at the beginning of this century. Simultaneously, some techniques were
5. As a student, do you believe that criminality was inherited? Explain your answer.
Answer:
I don’t know. I have heard from multiple sources throughout college that being criminal is possibly
hereditary not because there is an actual gene called the crime gene, but because you have genes that
make you more aggressive or vulnerable to commit crimes that you inherited from your parents. I agree
with this to a certain point but I also believe that how you were raised factors into whether or not you are
a criminal/ someone who breaks the law. I took note that Robert Dugdale was one of the first to propose
that crime was hereditary. I also believe in the social learning theory. If a child grows up watching their
parents steal and harm others the child will most likely repeat the behavior and even be praised by their
parents causing them to be pushed towards crime. I also believe that children that grow up in neglectful or
abusive homes are more likely to be rebellious and cause trouble which can push them towards crime. I
found an article on a web that stated that “Evidence is brought together to indicate that much criminality
can be traced to environmental factors, but findings from family studies, twin studies, and adoption
studies indicate that hereditary factors are also implicated in criminality.” (Barker, 2011) For example I
think that you can take a child out of a troubled home and they can be adopted by a prosperous wealthy
family and still cause trouble because they have genes or hereditary disabilities such as ADHD that can
cause children to be extra aggressive, vocal or hyper, possibly getting them into trouble. Most article that
I have found online and databases for crime being hereditary are outdated because it has been proven that
crime isn’t a gene itself there are just certain behavioral characteristics someone can inherit that can
APPLY
II. Define the following: 5 pts. Each
1. Neurophysiology
Answer:
Neurophysiology is a branch of neuroscience that studies the physiology of the nervous system. It makes
use of the physiological techniques in its research, e.g. electrophysiological recordings (using voltage
clamp, patch clamp, etc.), calcium imaging, optogenetics, and molecular biology. Some of the topics of
exocytosis, transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term potentiation, nerve conduction study, and
transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurophysiology is also concerned with studying disorders
affecting the brain, e.g. meningitis, strokes, dementia, encephalitis, etc., as well as the nerve and the
Answer:
Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) is an obsolete term used in the early 1960s to describe what we know
today as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD.) The original term was changed in the late
1960s to Hyperkinetic Disorder of Childhood, later on to Attention Deficit Disorder, and most recently to
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) or ADHD refers to an
impairment of brain functions that affects the area of the brain associated with perception, behavior, and
academic ability. More specifically, ADHD affects one or more of the basic psychological processes
difficulty in writing, hyperactivity, or mental retardation. The original term made reference to the degree
of lesion or damage to the brain causing the dysfunction. As opposed to the big brain damage found in the
diagnosing various neurological conditions. Abnormal results on an EEG test may be due to:
-Tissue death due to a blockage in blood flow (cerebral infarction). Drug or alcohol abuse.
4. Brain tumor
Answer:
A brain tumor, known as an intracranial tumor, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and
multiply uncontrollably, seemingly unchecked by the mechanisms that control normal cells. More than
150 different brain tumors have been documented, but the two main groups of brain tumors are termed
5. Senile dementia
Answer:
Senile dementia (from Latin de- “apart, away” + mens (genitive mentis) “mind”) is the progressive
decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain beyond what might be expected from
normal aging. Although dementia is far more common in the geriatric population, it may occur in any
stage of adulthood. This age cutoff is defining, as similar sets of symptoms due to organic brain
dysfunction are given different names in populations younger than adulthood (see, for instance,
developmental disorders). Senile dementia is a term that was previously used to describe memory loss
and confusion in older adults. It was believed to be caused by the normal consequences of aging instead
of by disease processes but this viewpoint and term are considered outdated. Dementia is still used in a
clinical fashion but someone now would be diagnosed with a specific disorder like Alzheimer’s instead of
differences, and especially with elements of people’s faces. One common example is associating a high
brow with intelligence and a greater affinity for cultural life. The word is derived from the ancient Greek
word for nature, physics, and the one for judge, gnomon.
Y chromosome. Males normally have one X and one Y chromosome. However, individuals with this
syndrome have one X and two Y chromosomes. Affected individuals are usually very tall. Many
experience severe acne during adolescence. Additional symptoms may include learning disabilities and
behavioral problems such as impulsivity. Intelligence is usually in the normal range, although IQ is on
average 10-15 points lower than siblings. XYY syndrome are often subtle and do not necessarily suggest
a serious chromosomal disorder. Thus, males with this condition are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.
The most common physical difference is increased height, which usually becomes apparent after the age
of five or six, and results in an average height of about 6 feet, 3 inches by adulthood. Some individuals
with XYY also develop severe cystic acne during adolescence. Fertility and sexual development are
normal. Besides the potential for increased height, most affected individuals typically have a normal
Boys with XYY syndrome typically have normal intelligence, although, on average, IQ is 10 to 15 points
lower than siblings. Affected boys may exhibit mild delays in reaching developmental milestones.
Learning disabilities have been reported in up to 50 percent of cases, most commonly speech delays and
language problems. Reading difficulties are common due to an increased incidence of dyslexia.
In some cases, affected individuals develop behavioral problems such as an explosive temper,
hyperactivity, impulsivity, defiant actions, or, in some cases, antisocial behavior. There is a higher rate of
attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and a smaller increased risk for having an autism spectrum
disorder. XYY syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder caused by the presence of an extra Y
chromosome. Normally, males have 46 chromosomes including one X and one Y chromosome. Males
with XYY syndrome have 47 chromosomes, two of which are Y chromosomes. Most cases of XYY
syndrome are due to a cell division error in the sperm prior to conception. Rarely, the cell division error
occurs after conception resulting in a mosaic of cells with 46 chromosomes and 47 chromosomes. The
exact cause for why these errors in cell division occur is not understood.
3. Discuss or elaborate Twin Studies and Adoption Studies, and how do it differ?
Answer:
Twin studies and adoption studies are ways to investigate the effects of nature and nurture on behavior.
Nature refers to biological causes for behavior: this means the influence of genes that have been inherited
from biological parents. Nurture refers to the environmental causes of behavior: this means the
importance of upbringing, regardless of who the parents are. In general, twin studies investigate the role
of nature (genes) and adoption studies investigate the role of nurture (upbringing). Adoption studies and
twin studies are always natural experiments. This is because the IV being investigated (whether you are
biologically related to your family or what type of twin you are) is a naturally-occurring variable. You
can’t manipulate variables like these: it would be morally wrong to force children to be adopted to see
what happens to them and it’s scientifically impossible to cause twins to be born (though certain fertility
treatment can increase the likelihood). Adoption studies look at the impact of nurture on children who are
raised by parents who are not their biological parents. Because there is no biological connection between
the parent and the child, if the child grows up to share the parents’ traits (or the traits of their step-brothers
or step-sisters who are biologically related to the parents), then these traits are probably produced by
nurture. In order to understand twin studies, you need to understand the two types of twins: Monozygotic
(MZ) twins were conceived in a single egg, which later split. These twins share the same genes. This
means they MUST be the same sex. They are also called identical twins – and they usually look identical,
although development in the womb and later health and diet can make them look different. Dizygotic
(DZ) twins were conceived when two or more eggs were fertilized at the same time. These twins share the
same amount of genes as any brother or sister, up to 50% in the case of same-sex DZ twins, but DZ twins
may be of different sex. They are also called fraternal twins and they don’t have to look identical –
although they may be very hard to tell apart. Twin studies are much better at studying the effects of nature
(genes). This is because MZ twins share 100% of their genes, whereas adopted children do not share
100% of their genes with either of their biological parents. High concordance between MZ twins tells us
more about genetic influences than high concordance between children and their biological parents. On
the other hand, adoption studies are much better at studying the effects of nurture (upbringing). This is
because we cannot be sure how much or how little twins share the same environmental influences (or
phenotype). However, we can be sure that adoptive parents provide almost all of the upbringing for
adopted children, but the biological parents contribute little or nothing. Adoption studies don’t face the
problem of assigning zygocity to twins, which can be unreliable. However, modern DNA testing has
greatly increased the reliability of this. Twin studies don’t face the problem of tracking down biological
parents and persuading them to take part in the study. Because of migration and ease of travel in the 21st
abnormalities. Other names for the condition are 47,XYY syndrome, Jacob’s syndrome, XYY karyotype,
or YY syndrome. XYY syndrome, also known as Jacobs’s syndrome, is an aneuploid genetic condition in
which a male has an extra Y chromosome. There are usually few symptoms. These may include being
taller than average, acne, and an increased risk of learning disabilities. The person is generally otherwise
normal, including typical rates of fertility. The condition is generally not inherited from a person’s parents
but rather occurs as a result of a random event during sperm development. Diagnosis is by a chromosomal
analysis, but most of those affected are not diagnosed within their lifetime. There are 47 chromosomes,
instead of the usual 46, giving a 47, XYY karyotype. The term ‘superman’ refers to the presence of the
additional male-defining Y chromosome and affects approximately 1 in every 850 males. The 47, XYY
karyotype, which describes the number and appearance of the chromosomes in a cell, is associated with
neurodevelopmental impairments, including symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The 47, XYY
condition is the most common of all aneuploidies and has generated much scientific interest given early
research, which suggested an association between this karyotype and the likelihood of violent crimes.
Later research, which examined the association between violent crime and the condition in larger cohorts,
debunked this. Instead, these studies uncovered the stronger correlation between the risk of
neurodevelopmental difficulties and the possession of the 47, XYY karyotype. Efforts to make use of
increasing knowledge about the genetic component of human development and behavior have been a
frequent source of serious ethical controversies. Support among geneticists, other scientists and the
educated public for the eugenics movement, which advocated efforts to improve the human race by
controlling presumed heritable characteristics, resulted in such misguided governmental policies early in
this century as the large-scale sterilization of “inferior” individuals. Legislation authorizing such forms of
social engineering was met with increasing criticism from those who questioned the morality of such
practices as well as those who doubted the validity of simplistic biologically determinist models of
respond with aggression when you feel frustrated, mistreated, or unheard especially if you never learned
how to manage your emotions effectively. You might also be more likely to behave aggressively if your
upbringing exposed you to aggression and violence. This could happen if you: Had abusive parents and
caregivers or siblings who bullied you. Grew up in a neighborhood or community where violence and
aggression happened frequently. Experienced cruel or unfair treatment from teachers and classmates.
2. Do you believe that mental illness and insanity of person was inherited? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Maybe. The chance of an individual having a specific mental disorder is higher if other family members
have that same mental disorder. Even though a mental disorder may run in a family, there may be
considerable differences in the severity of symptoms among family members. This means that one person
in the family may have a mild case, while someone else has a more severe case of the mental disorder.
Mental disorders, however, do not follow typical patterns of inheritance. But maybe mental illnesses in
parents represent a risk for children in the family. These children have a higher risk for developing mental
illnesses than other children. When both parents are mentally ill, the chance is even greater that the child
3. Define psychology.
Answer:
Psychology is a discipline that studies the mental processes and behaviors of people in a scientific way
and refers to the study of mental illness, which includes the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and
management of mental illness. It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior
includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as verbal and facial expressions and
movements.
social needs successfully and establishes an imbalance between his personal needs and expectation of the
the person and his environment. Contrary to adjustment, maladjustment represents a condition or a state.
In which one feels that one‘s needs are not fulfilled and he has been a failure. In establishing harmony
5. Who are the authorized person that able to explain the behavior of criminal?
Answer:
I would say the Psychiatrist and Psychologist because they tried to find out whether criminal behavior is
caused by such personality factors as emotional problems, mental disorders, sociopathy, and thinking
patterns.
Post Evaluation – 6
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I - ESSAY: 10 pts.
engineer and inventor of the metal lathe and other devices. Maudslay, who left asylum psychiatry early in
his career, preferred a theoretical understanding of mental illness, emphasizing universal benevolence and
the principles of non-restraint on the one hand and a pessimistic biological view of illness on the other (if
insanity was inherited, cure might be a hopeless task). Maudsley held that criminality was an inherited
disease or condition, a product of degenerate characteristics handed down from generation to generation,
tending eventually to the extinction of the morbid type. He warned of a class of incorrigible, degenerate
criminals, a morbid variety of humankind infesting English cities. Each one of these degenerates was a
‘precocious prodigy of evil proclivities’. He argued that there is a very fine line between criminality and
insanity, a shadowy ‘borderland between insanity and crime’. Sometimes crime is a product of a neurosis
linked to mental disease or epilepsy. Sometimes crime leads to insanity, immoral actions causing
physiological changes, which can be passed on to the next generation. Maudsley counselled tolerance,
however, arguing that the truly insane must be treated in mental hospitals rather than confined in prisons,
and pointing out that the degenerate criminal has little or no control over his or her behaviour, which is
simply a product of defective ‘organization’. But he also wanted to quarantine these natural-born
criminals and the congenitally insane in order to prevent them from infecting normal society; and he
believed that severe and condign punishment is justified because it can sometimes act as a deterrent. He
would welcome a policy of selective breeding (eugenics) in an ideal world, but he thought the practical
problems were insurmountable. Importantly, Maudsley did not believe that all criminals were
degenerates. At an individual level, criminal behaviour can be caused by psychological motivations such
as frustration, teasing, imitation, coercion, the provocation of circumstances, and so on. A strong will, the
ability to control one’s emotions, is thus important. At a social level, he linked increasing crime to
socialism and cosmopolitanism and the overall progress of civilization. General environmental
circumstances play an important role in some criminal behaviour, and so each nation has a responsibility
to educate its citizens, to encourage class affection, and to promote moral and physical hygiene. But it is a
debatable how much faith Maudsley actually had in these measures. At least one of his contemporaries
thought his later writings little more than a ‘hymn for pessimism’. To him, heredity and inheritance were
keys to understanding the disease. Maudsley was a pessimist. Lunatics were simply by-products of
evolution, not fit for treatment. Not even education could alter the inevitable process of decay and
degeneration. In the latter part of his career Maudsley had no contact with asylum life. He was openly
critical of the ‘medical’ role played by asylum superintendents. He was hostile to what he perceived as
flawed systems of therapeutic treatment in lunatic asylums, and critical of the chemical sedatives
administered in asylums. Asylums themselves, he argued, could further damage rather than cure their
patients.
EXPLORE
I. True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2 pts. Each
F 1. Hysteriod component is the third component & has something to do with sociability.
F 2. Maniac component is a component that has a great interest in acquiring wealth.
T 3. Epiliptoid component, these component belongs to a people that are quiet irritated when interrupted
and may display great anger when distracted.
T 4. Paranoid component is closely allied with Autistic component.
F 5. The normal component is likely to worry about things which are unrelated to his immediate interest.
Post Evaluation – 7
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I – Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided after the number. (2 pts. Each)
1. ID this inquires instant gratification without concern for the rights of others.
2. Ego the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.
3. Sigmund Freud a psychologists that have considered a variety of possibilities to account for individual
differences.
4. Superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards & ideals that we
acquire from both parents and society.
5. The super ego begins to emerge at around in the age of five?
APPLY
II – ESSAY: Explain the following: (10 pts.)
1. Psychoanalytical Theory
Answer:
Sigmund Freud is said to be the founder of psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory is a method of
investigating and treating personality disorders that is commonly used in psychotherapy. Included in this
theory is the idea that things that happen to people during childhood can contribute to the way they later
function as adults. Discover some psychoanalytic theory examples and learn more about this approach to
understanding personality and behavior. Psychoanalytic Theory? Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the
mind-body connection to personality. Freud believed that the mind is made of two parts — the conscious
mind and the unconscious mind — and that the unconscious mind often prompts people to make certain
decisions even if they don’t recognize that they are doing so on a conscious level.
According to Freud, personality has three parts — the id, the ego and the superego. These three elements
of personality are largely driven by a person’s unconscious mind. These three different parts of
personality interact to influence the decisions a person makes and how that person behaves.
• At the opposite extreme, the superego seeks to follow the rules of society and morality.
2. Psychoanalytic perspective.
Answer:
The psychoanalytic approach focuses on the importance of the unconscious mind (not the conscious
mind). In other words, psychoanalytic perspective dictates that behavior is determined by your past
experiences that are left in the Unconscious Mind (people are unaware of them). This perspective is still
based on Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective about early experiences being so influential on current
behavior, but the focus on sex is not as great. It is built on the foundational idea that your behavior is
determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind. While the focus on
sex has lessened over the decades since psychoanalysis was founded, psychology and talk therapy still
place a big emphasis on one’s early childhood experiences (Psychoanalytic Perspective, n.d.).
Post Evaluation – 8
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
I. Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided after the number. (2 pts.
Each)
1. Adolphe Quetelet he discovered that crimes against persons increased during summer & crimes
against property tends to increase during water.
2. Robert King Merton he argued that crime is a means to achieve goals and the social structure is the
root of the crime problem.
3. David Emile Durkheim the theory that focused on the sociological point of the positivist school,
which explains that the absence of norms in a society provides a setting conductive to crimes & other anti
– social acts.
4. Albert Cohen he advocated the Sub-Culture Theory of Delinquency.
5. Differential Opportunity Theory this theory explained that society leads the lower class to want
things & society does things to people.
APPLY
II – Essay: Explain the following theories below: (10 pts.)
1. Social Learning Theory
Answer:
Social learning theory (SLT) is a leading explanation of criminal behavior which maintains that crime is
learned and more likely to occur when individuals differentially associate with people who are criminally
involved, experience greater exposure to delinquent models, anticipate or actually receive more rewards
and fewer punishments for crime, and have a greater number of definitions favorable to crime. Empirical
tests have garnered moderate to strong support for the theory. SLT serves as the foundation for many
delinquency prevention and offender treatment programs, and has recently been merged with social
structural concepts into a social structure–social learning model. The main concept in social learning
theory is that learning occurrences by individuals observing others, especially one’s peers. Additionally,
social theory blends behavioral concepts of reinforcement and punishment with cognitive concepts of
awareness and expectations. A reciprocal causation between environmental conditions and cognitive
2. Strain Theory
Answer:
Strain theories state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime. These strains involve
the inability to achieve one’s goals (e.g., monetary or status goals), the loss of positive stimuli (e.g., the
death of a friend, the loss of valued possessions), or the presentation of negative stimuli (e.g., verbal and
physical abuse). Individuals who experience these strains become upset, and they may turn to crime in an
effort to cope. Crime may be a way to reduce or escape from strains. Strain theories are among the
dominant explanations of crime, and, certain strain theories have had a major impact on efforts to control
crime. All strain theories acknowledge that most individuals cope with strains in a legal manner. For
example, most individuals cope with monetary problems by doing such things as cutting back on
Answer:
Social ecology examines the differential developmental of individuals in various environments and the
role of the environment in their propensity to engage in criminal behaviour. It is a broad interdisciplinary
field which references studies of regional, cross-national, and urban-rural differences in criminal activity,
and provides quantitative research into documenting variation in urban crime. Through a mix of
theoretical and empirical contributions, the perspective of social ecology offers new insights into studying
crime causation and gaining a fuller understanding of the role of environmental instigators in matters of
criminal behaviour.
Answer:
Edwin Sutherland’s theory of differential association assumes that criminal behavior is learned through
contact with individuals who are themselves criminal. It is therefore also called the “theory of differential
contacts”. The term “association”, however, refines this idea by the realization that it is not sufficient to
merely contact criminal persons, but that during these contacts the criminal definitions and attitudes must
also be successfully conveyed. In his differential association theory Edwin Sutherland proposes that
criminal behaviour is learned. A person will be delinquent if there are prior attitudes that favor violations
of the law, as opposed to attitudes that negatively evaluate violations of the law.
5. Subcultural Theories
Subcultural Theory proposes that those living in an urban setting are able to find ways of creating a sense
of community despite the prevailing alienation and anonymity. The cultural structure is dominated by the
majority norms, which forces individuals to form communities in new and different ways. Subcultural
theory emphasizes how criminals in their own view do not act criminally. As members of subcultures,
criminals have different behavioral requirements and values and norms than those of mainstream society.
These criminals conform to their own subculture. Thus, what is considered deviant or criminal for one
person can be normal for another, even necessary, as it is prescribed by one’s own system of values and
norms. Because deviant behavior is a result of conformity, subcultural theories believe that deviation
from mainstream society is inherently more common in some groups than others.
Post Evaluation – 9
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
EXPLORE
Enumerate and explain the five (5) principles of Differential Association. (7 pts. each)
1. Criminal behavior is learned
Through the process of communication, and not inherited
rules, commitment to achievement and involves in conventional activities they will not become a
criminal.
2. What are the four (4) main characteristics that people might become criminal? Explain each.
Answer:
-Attach to others
-Commitment to achievement
3. Discuss the three (3) major types of control? Elaborate your thoughts.
Answer:
Direct control - it involves monitoring the person's behavior to ensure that they comply with rules and do
Stake in comformity- someone should loose something to engage into a crime. This means that when we
try to engage in a crime we should always bear in mind that we would have a lose.
Internal control- this is the human belief in controlling thyself of engaging in a crime. This may refer to
1. Do you believe that crimes against persons are more in summer than in rainy season? Elaborate your
idea.
Answer :
Yes, because during dry season, people get out of the houses more, and there is more contact and
2. What month of the year that crimes are more likely to occur? And why? Explain.
Answer:
April to July having its peak in May, because this is due to May festivals, picnics, and other sorts of
3. What is the difference between Social Contract Theory from Social Structure Theory?
Answer:
Social Contract Theory – this contract says that in order for everyone to receive justice each person must
– is the idea of “social stratification, which refers to the idea that society is separated into different strata
(levels) guided (if only partially) by the underlying structures in the social system.
– are 3 major classes namely; social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory.
Each of these theory seeks to explain criminality and the perpetration of criminal’s act through the
– Both of homes viewed humanity cynically. In its current from conflict theory attempts to refute the
functionalist approach, which considered that societies, and organizations functions so that its individuals
Rational Theory
– adopts a utilitarian belief that a person is reasoning actor who weighs means and end cost and benefits
and makes rational choice. A rational Choice has a sprung from older and more experimentally
weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This method was designed
by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention. The rational choice theory
has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what has been
essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature.
The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology
expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate
that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioral techniques which are tweaked and made
adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the
consumer. It adopts a utilitarian belief that a person is reasoning actor who weighs means and end cost
activity exceeds the gain from illegal activity; generally work. A crime of opportunity is crime that is
committed without planning when the perpetrator sees that they have the chance to commit the act at the
moment seizes it. Such acts have little or no premeditation. A criminal who is an opportunist may not be
looking to commit a crime but will commit a crime but will commit one when the opportunity arises. For
instance, a car that is parked on the side of the road or in the driveway running; or garage door that is
APPLY
II. – Essay: 10 points each
1. Why do people commit crime? Explain from your own words.
Answer:
Because of his/her necessity, emotional, convenience, ignorance of the law and mental illness & pre-
disposition.
3. Why is that males are more likely to commit violent crime than girls? Explain
Answer:
Because males are stronger and better able to commit violent crime, hormonal differences make males
more aggressive, grateful greater personal freedom and therefore have more opportunities to commit.
Post Evaluation – 14
Name: ABELO T. ABING Course & Year: BS-CRIM 2
ENGAGE
I - Fill in the blanks. Supply the correct answer on the space provided below. (2 pts. Each)
1. Professional Criminals are those who practice crime as a profession for a living.
2 .Chronic Criminals he plans the crime ahead of the time.
3. Criminal by Passion are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions like fit of danger.
4. Deviant behaviors is a behavior which does not adhere to widely accepted social or cultural norms.
5. Social disruption a term used alternation or breakdown of social life, often in a community setting.
EXPLORE
II-True or False (Just write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is False) 2pts. Each
T 1. Some people commit crimes just because of greed and revenge?
T 2. Is gansterism create to commit crimes?
F 3. Taking drugs and alcohol helps to prevent crimes?
F 4. A social definition of crime is a person who violated rules of conduct due to behavioral
maladjustment.
F 5. Acute criminal are those who continue to commit crime because deficiency and lack of self –control?
APPLY
III-ESSAY: 1O points each
1. Who are the Recidivist? Explain
Answer:
Is one who, at the time of his trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgement
of another crime embraced in the same title of the Revised Penal Code?
2. Who are the most likely to commit crime like robbery, theft, drug trafficking and shop lifting? Explain.
Answer:
Drugs are related crime in multiple ways. Most directly, it is a crime to use, possess, manufacture, or
distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse. Cocain, heroin, marijuana, and aphetamines are
examples of drugs classified to have abuse potential. Drugs are also related to crime through the effects
they have on the user's behavior and by generating violence and other illegal activity in connection with
drug trafficking.
3. Differentiate Active Criminals from Habitual Criminals? Elaborate.
Answer:
“Active Criminals” are still out in the wild, robbing and stealing and murdering and committing fraud of
all kinds. This are those who commit crimes due to aggressiveness. While Habitual criminals are those
who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control.