Physics Investigatory Project Class 12

CH.
Murlidhar
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer.
SUBMITTED TO: MMRS

R. F AISAL SHAREEF
MOHINI
SUBMITTED BY: CH.M URLIDHAR
MISS SRUSHTI BHAGIT
( XIITH ‘A’)
This is to certify that CH bhagit of class 12th A has
MURLIDHAR
srushti
satisfactorily completed his physics Investigatory Project as
prescribed by the CBSE course during the academic year
CH.Murlidhar
2014-2015
2022-2023
I further certifies that this is own work and not submitted anywhere
else.
SIGNATURE (TEACHER) SIGNATURE (EXAMINER)
SIGNATURE (PRINCIPAL)
I hereby acknowledge my
deep sense of gratitude
and indebtedness to my
principal Mr. D. ASHOK
mrs swati
CH.Murlidhar
and my physics teacher
Mr. FAISAL SHAREEF
mrs mohini
PGT (physics) whose
immense help, genius
guidance encouragement,
necessary suggestions
initiations, enthusiasm
and inspiration made this
work a master art and a
joint enterprise.
CH.Murlidhar
CH.Murlidhar
 1. Input and output voltage.
 2. Number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a
self made transformer.
Transformer is a device which increase or decrease the
voltage. It is based on the Principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
CH.Murlidhar
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a

step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. an
essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
 When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
CH.Murlidhar
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each,
turnoff the coil at this instant
we have,
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and
Ep = -Np dф/dt ……………………………..
(1)
and,
Es = -Ns dф/dt
……………………………….. (2)
Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,
we get,
CH.Murlidhar
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
………………………………… (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back
e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instananeous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by.
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is
small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore.
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
CH.Murlidhar
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input
e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
CH.Murlidhar
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same
instant.
And,
Is = value of secondary current at this
instant,
then,
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Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
and,
Output power at the same instant = Es
Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer.
then,
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
CH.Murlidhar
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when

secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
CH.Murlidhar
in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps

down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the
ratio of output power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep
CH.Murlidhar
Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is

no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice,
there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 Following are the major sources of energy loss
in a transformer:-
 Copper loss:- Is the energy loss in the form

of heat in the copper coils of a transformer.
CH.Murlidhar
This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
 Iron loss :-Is the energy loss in the form of

heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is
due to formation of eddy currents in iron core.
It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
 Hysteresis loss :- Is the loss of energy

due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C.
is fed to it.
 Leakage of magnetic flux:-
Occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore,
rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of P1P2.
CH.Murlidhar
 Magneto striation:- i.e. humming
noise of a transformer.
CH.Murlidhar
CH.Murlidhar
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
CH.Murlidhar
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

voltage and current through primary and secondary coil
of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
CH.Murlidhar
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc
SOURCES OF ERROR
 Values of current can be changed

due to heating effect.
 Eddy current can change the
CH.Murlidhar
readings.
 1. The output voltage of the
transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
CH.Murlidhar
the input voltage.
 2. The output voltage of the

transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to
the input voltage.
 3. There is a loss of power

between input and output coil of
a transformer.
PRECAUTIONS
CH.Murlidhar
Keep safe yourself from high
voltage.
While taking the readings of

current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CH.Murlidhar
NCERT
TEXTBOOK
PHYSICS LAB
MANNUAL
www.wikipedia.com

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CH.

SUBMITTED TO: MMRS

SIGNATURE (TEACHER) SIGNATURE (EXAMINER)

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is

 Copper loss:- Is the energy loss in the form

 Iron loss :-Is the energy loss in the form of

 Hysteresis loss :- Is the loss of energy

Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input

Similarly, measure the output voltage and current

Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure

Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by

 Values of current can be changed

 2. The output voltage of the

 3. There is a loss of power

While taking the readings of

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