Coal Geology
Coal Geology
Third Edition Larry Thomas
Radcliffe House 51, Monmouth RoadAbergavenny UK, NP7 5HP
This Third edition frst published 2020 © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Wiley-Blackwell; 2 edition (November 5, 2012) 9781119990444 Wiley India , First Edition 9788126533008 All rights reserved. No part o this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any orm or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material rom this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. The right o Larry Thomas to be identifed as the author o this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library o Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Thomas, Larry (Larry P.), author. Title: Coal geology / Larry Thomas. Description: Third edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes index. Identifers: LCCN 2020001898 (print) | LCCN 2020001899 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119424130 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119424123 (adobe pd) | ISBN 9781119424260 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Coal–Geology. Classifcation: LCC TN802 .T47 2020 (print) | LCC TN802 (ebook) | DDC 553.2/4–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020001898 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020001899 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © EvgenyMiroshnichenko/iStock.com Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by SPi Global, Chennai, India Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Preface to Third Edition
xv
Preface to Second Edition
xvii
Preface to First Edition
xix
List of Acronyms
xxi
1 Preview
1
1.1 Scope
1
1.2 Coal Geology
1
1.3 Coal Use
2
1.4 Background
2
2 Origin of Coal
5
2.1 Introduction
5
2.2 Sedimentation o Coal and Coal-Bearing Sequences
5
2.2.1 Depositional Models
5
2.2.2 The Traditional Model
6
2.2.2.1 Prodelta and Delta Front Facies
8
2.2.2.2 Lower Delta Plain Facies
8
2.2.2.3 Upper Delta Plain Facies
11
2.2.2.4 Fluvial Facies
11
2.2.3 Modern Peat Analogues
11
2.2.3.1 Palaeobotanical Composition o Ancient Mires
19
2.2.3.2 Case Studies
24
2.2.4 Sequence Stratigraphy
25
2.2.5 Facies Correlation
27
2.2.6 Facies Maps
29
2.2.6.1 Seam Splitting
31
2.2.6.2 Washouts
34
2.2.6.3 Floor Rolls
34
2.2.6.4 Coal Seam Thickness Variations
35
2.2.6.5 Interburden/Overburden Thickness
37
2.2.6.6 Coal Seam Quality Variations
38
2.3 Structural Eects on Coal
40
2.3.1 Syndepositional Eects
40
2.3.1.1 Microstructural Eects
40
2.3.1.2 Macrostructural Eects
41
vi
Contents
2.3.2 Post-Depositional Eects
44
2.3.2.1 Jointing/Cleats in Coal
44
2.3.2.2 Faulting
45
2.3.2.3 Folding
50
2.3.2.4 Igneous Associations
52
2.3.2.5 Mineral Precipitates
53
3 Age and Occurrence of Coal
57
3.1 Introduction
57
3.2 Plate Tectonics
57
3.3 Stratigraphy
61
3.4 Age and Geographical Distribution o Coal
64
3.4.1 United States o America
67
3.4.2 Canada
74
3.4.3 Europe
75
3.4.3.1 Albania
75
3.4.3.2 Austria
75
3.4.3.3 Belgium
75
3.4.3.4 Bosnia
75
3.4.3.5 Bulgaria
75
3.4.3.6 Czech Republic
75
3.4.3.7 Denmark
76
3.4.3.8 France
76
3.4.3.9 Germany
76
3.4.3.10 Georgia
76
3.4.3.11 Greece
77
3.4.3.12 Greenland
77
3.4.3.13 Holland
77
3.4.3.14 Hungary
77
3.4.3.15 Ireland
77
3.4.3.16 Italy
77
3.4.3.17 Kosovo
77
3.4.3.18 Montenegro
78
3.4.3.19 Poland
78
3.4.3.20 Portugal
78
3.4.3.21 Romania
78
3.4.3.22 Serbia
78
3.4.3.23 Spain
79
3.4.3.24 Spitzbergen
79
3.4.3.25 Sweden
79
3.4.3.26 Turkey
79
3.4.3.27 United Kingdom
79
3.4.4 Arica
80
3.4.4.1 Angola
80
3.4.4.2 Botswana
80
3.4.4.3 Cameroon
81
3.4.4.4 Egypt
81
3.4.4.5 Ethiopia
81
Contents
vii
3.4.4.6 Malagasy Republic
81
3.4.4.7 Malawi
81
3.4.4.8 Mali
81
3.4.4.9 Morocco
81
3.4.4.10 Mozambique
82
3.4.4.11 Namibia
82
3.4.4.12 Niger
82
3.4.4.13 Nigeria
82
3.4.4.14 South Arica
82
3.4.4.15 Swaziland
83
3.4.4.16 Tanzania
83
3.4.4.17 Zaire
83
3.4.4.18 Zambia
83
3.4.4.19 Zimbabwe
83
3.4.5 The Indian Subcontinent
84
3.4.5.1 Aghanistan
84
3.4.5.2 Bangladesh
84
3.4.5.3 India
84
3.4.5.4 Iran
85
3.4.5.5 Pakistan
85
3.4.6 Central and South America
85
3.4.6.1 Argentina
85
3.4.6.2 Bolivia
86