PRESENTE SIMPLE – Para hablar de lo que hago normalmente.

HORARIOS –
DESPUES DE AFTER, WHEN, IF, ETC, Y CON COSAS QUE SON VERDAD.
EL VERBO NO CAMBIA, SOLO CAMBIA CON HE, SHE,IT, QUE SE LE AÑADE “S”, Y SI TERMINA EN SH – CH – X – O – S, SE LE AÑADE
“ES”. EN LA ORACIÓN AFIRMATIVA:

SUJETO MÁS VERBO.

CUANDO VEAS, USUALLY, EVERY DAY, USUALLY, SOMETIMES, NEVER, ALWAYS, USUALLY, pon el verbo en PRESENTE SIMPLE.

AFIRMATIVA:

SUJETO + VERBO

NEGATIVA:

SUJETO + DON’T + VERBO

HE

SHE + DOESN’T + VERBO

IT

INTERROGATIVA:

DO – DOES + SUJETO + VERBO NORMAL + ¿

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PRESENTE CONTÍNUO. Para hablar de lo que estoy haciendo ahora, Situaciones que
nos molestan con ALWAYS, para planes futuros ya acordados.
AFIRMATIVA

SUJETO + AM/IS/ARE + ______________ing

NEGATIVA

SUJETO + AMNOT/ISN’T/AREN’T + __________________ING

INTERROGATIVA

AM

IS SUJETO + ________________________ING?

ARE

Cuando veas, TODAY, NOW, AT THE MOMENT escribe el verbo en PRESENTE CONTÍNUO.

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 Have (tener)
Para expresar posesión
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS

I have got I haven’t got Have I got?

You have got You haven’t got Have you got? I – my
He has got He hasn’t got Has he got? You – your
She has got She hasn’t got Has she got? He – his
It has got It hasn’t got Has it got? She – her
We have got We haven’t got Have we got? It – its
You have got You haven’t got Have you got? We – us
They have got They haven’t got Have they got? You – your
They - their

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 PASADO DEL VERBO TO BE (ESTABA – ERA)
Recuerda que la edad y los sentimientos, se expresan con verbo TO BE
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I was I wasn’t Was I?
You were You weren’t Were you?
He was He wasn’t Was he? WHEN
She was She wasn’t Was she?
It was It wasn’t Was it?
We were We weren’t Were we? SEGUIDO DE WHEN EL VERBO VA
You were You weren’t Were you? EN PASADO SIMPLE.
They were They weren’t Were they?
Last, yesterday, before, ago.

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 PASADO SIMPLE
Para hablar de algo que pasó
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I played I didn’t play Did I play?
You played You didn’t play Did you play?
He played He didn’t play Did he play? WHEN
She played She didn’t play Did she play?
It played It didn’t play Did it play?
We played We didn’t play Did we play? SEGUIDO DE WHEN EL VERBO VA
You played You didn’t play Did you play? EN PASADO SIMPLE.
They played They didn’t play Did they play?
Last, yesterday, before, ago, by the
time.

PLEASE LEARN THE IRREGULAR VERBS – los verbos irregulares tienen su propia forma
de pasado. (aprender de la lista).

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 PASADO CONTINUO
Para hablar de lo QUE ESTABA OCURRIENDO EN EL PASADO
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I was playing I wasn’t playing Was I playing?
You were playing You weren’t playing Were you playing?
WHILE - AS
He was playing He wasn’t playing Was he playing?
She was playing She wasn’t playing Was she playing? CUANDO VEMOS WHILE EL
It was playing It wasn’t playing Was it playing? VERBO SE PONE EN
We were playing We weren’t playing Were we playing? PASADO CONTÍNUO
You were playing You weren’t playing Were you playing?
They were playing They weren’t playing Were they playing?

Carla was studying when her father got into room

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 PRESENTE PERFECTO
Para hablar de algo que pasó PERO LO IMPORTANTE ES LO QUE HA OCURRIDO
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I have played I haven’t played Have I played?
FOR – SINCE
You have played You haven’t played Have you played?
He has played He hasn’t played Has he played? EVER – NEVER
She has played She hasn’t played Has she played?
It has played It hasn’t played Has it played? JUST – ALREADY –
We have played We haven’t played Have we played? YET - STILL
You have played You haven’t played Have you played? HOW LONG
They have played They haven’t Have they played?
played

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 PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO
Para hablar de algo que empezó en el pasado, pero sigue en el Presente
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I have been playing I haven’t been playing Have I been playing?
You have been playing You haven’t been Have you been playing? FOR – SINCE
He has been playing playing Has he been playing?
She has been playing He hasn´t been playing Has she been playing? HOW LONG
It has been playing She hasn´t been playing Has it been playing? RECENTLY
We have been playing It hasn’t been playing Have we been playing?
You have been playing We haven’t been playing Have you been playing?
They have been playing You haven’t been Have they been playing?
playing
They haven’t been
playing

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 PASADO PERFECTO (PAST PERFECT)
Para hablar de acción de pasado que ocurrió antes que otra acción del pasado
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I had played I hadn’t played Had I played?
AFTER
You had played You hadn’t played Had you played?
He had played He hadn’t played Had he played?
She had played She hadn’t played Had she played?
It had played It hadn’t played Had it played?
We had played We hadn’t played Had we played?
You had played You hadn’t played Had you played?
They had played They hadn’t played Had they played?

By the time I got to the cinema, the film had started (para cuando llegué al cine la película
había empezado)

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 PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUOUS (PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
Para hablar de acción de pasado QUE HABÍA estado ocurriendo antes que otra
acción del pasado
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I had been playing I hadn’t been playing Had I been playing?
You had been playing You hadn’t been playing Had you been playing? AFTER
He had been playing He hadn’t been playing Had he been playing?
She had been playing She hadn’t been playing Had she been playing?
It had been playing It hadn’t been playing Had it been playing?
We had been playing We hadn’t been playing Had we been playing?
You had been playing You hadn’t been playing Had you been playing?
They had been playing They hadn’t been Had they been playing?
playing

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 SIMPLE FUTURE (FUTURO SIMPLE)
Para hablar de PREDICCIONES, PROMESAS, DECISIONES INMEDIATAS
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I will play I will not play Will I play?
Next, year, day,
You will play You will not play Will you play?
month etc.
He will play He will not play Will he play?
One day soon..
She will play she will not play Will she play?
Tomorrow
You will play it will not play Will it play?
In a few days
We will play We will not play Will we play?
Etc.
You will play You will not play Will you play?
They will play They will not play Will they play?

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 SIMPLE FUTURE (FUTURO SIMPLE)
Para hablar de PREDICCIONES, PROMESAS, DECISIONES INMEDIATAS
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I will play I will not play Will I play?
Next, year, day,
You will play You will not play Will you play?
month etc.
He will play He will not play Will he play?
One day soon..
She will play she will not play Will she play?
Tomorrow
You will play it will not play Will it play?
In a few days
We will play We will not play Will we play?
Etc.
You will play You will not play Will you play?
They will play They will not play Will they play?

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 AM/IS/ARE – GOING TO BE….(FUTURE)
Para hablar de COSAS QUE VAS HACER – COSAS QUE SON EVIDENTES QUE VAN A PASAR
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I am going to play I am not going to play Am I going to play?
You are going to play You are not going to play Are you going to play? Next, year, day, month etc.
He is going to play He is not going to play Is he going to play? One day soon..
She is going to play She is not going to play Is she going to play? Tomorrow
It is going to play It is not going to play Is it going to play? In a few days
We are going to play We are not going to play Are we going to play? Etc.
You are going to play You are not going to play Are you going to play?
They are going to play They are not going to play Are they going to play?

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 FUTURE PERFECT (FUTURO PERFECTO)
Para hablar de COSAS QUE ESTARÁN HECHAS EN UN FUTURO
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I will have played I will not have played Will I have played?
You will have played You will not have played Will you have played? Next, year, day, month etc.
He will have played He will not have played Will he have played? One day soon..
She will have played She will not have played Will she have played’ Tomorrow
It will have played It will not have played Will it have played? In a few days
We will have played We will have not played Will we have played? Etc.
You will have played You will have not played Will you have played? By this time
They will have played They will not have played Will they have played?

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 FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Para hablar de LO QUE ESTAREMOS HACIENDO en el futuro
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA ADVERBIO AMIGO
I will be playing I will not be playing Will I be playing?
You will be playing You will not be playing Will you be playing? Next, year, day,
He will be playing He will not be playing Will he be playing? month etc.
She will be playing She will not be playing Will she be playing? One day soon..
It will be playing It will not be playing Will it be playing? Tomorrow
We will be playing We will not be playing Will we be playing? In a few days
You will be playing You will not be playing Will you be playing? Etc.
They will be playing They will not be playing Will they be AT THIS TIME
playing?

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¡TOMA NOTA!

MODALES

Son verbos incompletos, es decir, les faltan tiempos verbales. No tienen participio ni infinitivo. Al faltarles tiempos, utilizan otros verbos para
completar su conjugación. Así, “can” se completa con “be able to” , “must” con “have to”, etc.
No llevan -s en la tercera persona del singular del presente simple, excepto el verbo “have (got)” y “be able to”.
Todos van seguidos de un verbo en infinitivo sin “to” , excepto “ought to”, “have to”, “be able to” y “used to”.
Como no necesitan verbo auxiliar, construyen la interrogativa invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo, y la negativa añadiendo “not”.
Nunca uses “do, does, o did” en las preguntas en las que ya estén otros verbos modales como “can, must, etc..

1. OBLIGACIÓN
 Must (deber, tener que): “you must train very hard if you want to be a successful athlete”.
 Have to (tener que): “I have to get up at six every morning except Sundays”.

NOTA: “must” se utiliza para dar órdenes, mandatos, obligaciones. Si el que habla desea suavizar esta autoridad, se suele usar “have to”. “Have
to y must” se complementan porque tienen un significado similar. Por ello se utiliza “have to” en todos los tiempos que faltan a “must” (por
ejemplo, “had to” es el pasado de” must” y “will have to” sería el futuro de “must”).

2. PROHIBICIÓN

 Mustn´t (no deber): “ You mustn´t make a noise during the exam”.
 Aren´t/weren´t allowed to (no estar permitido/no estaba permitido): “Teachers aren´t allowed to smoke inside the school”.
 Can´t/couldn´t (no poder/ no podíamos): “You can´t take photos using a flash in this museum”.
NOTA: “Mustn´t” es el modal más usual para indicar prohibición.

3. NECESIDAD

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  Need (necesitar): “We need to buy some butteries for the camera”.

4. PERMISO (pedir y dar permiso)

 Can (poder): “I hate that song! Can I put something different on?” “Yes, you can.”
 May (poder): “May I use your computer ? Yes, you may”.
 Could (podría): “Could I use your computer?
 Are/were allowed to (permitir): “My sister is allowed to use a dictionary in her translation exams at university. Incredible!”.

NOTA: “Can, could y may” son los modales más comunes para pedir y dar permiso. “Can y could” se utiliza en un contexto informal y “May” se
utiliza en un contexto formal.

5. AUSENCIA DE OBLIGACIÓN O DE NECESIDAD

 Needn´t (no necesitar): “You needn´t give me back my camera until I go on holiday next month.”
 Don´t have to/didn´t have to (no es necesario que ):”Jimmy doesn´t have to retake any exams; he passed them all first time.
En este contexto “have to” necesita el auxiliar ”DO” para interrogar y negar (you don´t have to……/do you have to ….?)

6. RECOMENDACIONES, SUGERENCIAS, CONSEJOS, OPINIONES

 Should (debería):”Brian should buy a new computer”

 Ought to (debería): “Bob ought to be more careful when he is driving: he is a real danger to pedestrians.
 Could (podrías):” You could ask your parents to lend you some money if you haven´t got enough.
NOTA: “Should” es el modal más común para indicar una recomendación. Es prácticamente idéntico a “ought to” , pero este verbo no es tan
frecuente como should.

7. HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO (PRESENTE)

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  Can (saber):” Marty can play the guitar better than anyone I know”.

NOTA: El verbo que puede sustituir a “can” en este uso es “know how to” (do you know how to cook good Mexican food?)

8. HABILIDAD, CAPACIDAD Y CONOCIMIENTO (PASADO)

 Could (sabía): “She was a gifted child and could read when she was only three years old.
 was/were able to (fue capaz de,pudo ): “I was abroad on holiday at the time of the general Election but I was able to vote by post.”
NOTA: Cuando nos referimos a una habilidad que se tuvo en una ocasión concreta del pasado se utiliza “was able to”.

9. AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O CAPACIDAD EN EL PRESENTE

 Can´t (no sabe):”My father can´t drive but my grandmother can.

10. AUSENCIA DE HABILIDAD O CAPACIDAD EN EL PASADO

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 Couldn´t ( no sabía/no podía):”Did you know that Einstein couldn´t speak fluently until he was nine?
 Wasn´t/weren´t able to “no fue capaz de/no pudo); “Despite playing well, they weren´t able to score the goals they needed to qualify”.

11. POSIBILIDAD/INCERTIDUMBRE

 Se utiliza “might, may o could” + infinitivo para hablar de posibilidad en el futuro o de posibilidad referida a actividades presentes.
 May : “Some students may fail the exam”.
 Might : “They might go to the opera, but they prefer rock concerts.
 Could: “He could be at a friend´s house”.

 Se emplea may, might o could + be+ Ving para hablar de actividades que pueden estar ocurriendo en el momento de hablar (Joe might be doing
his homework or he could be watching the football on tv.

12. DEDUCCIONES

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Una deducción consiste en llegar a una conclusión a través de una interpretación lógica que se apoya en algún tipo de evidencia. Algunas veces la
conclusión es muy probable (estamos seguros de ella o casi seguros) y otras veces, más que ser una conclusión probable, se trata de una conclusión
posible (no estamos muy seguros de ella).

 Must + V infin. (debe ): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma afirmativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros.
Ex.”Pamela isn´t a t home and I know she works a lot. She must be at work.
 Can´t + V infinit (no puede): para referirnos a conclusiones probables expresadas en forma negativa de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros.
Ex.”Teresa can´t like dancing very much. She hardly ever dances when I see her at the disco.
 Must/can´t+ be+ Ving : para expresar conclusiones probables de las que estamos seguros o casi seguros y que se refieren a hechos que están
ocurriendo en el momento de hablar.Ex: “Chris is very quiet, isn´t he? Yes, he must be thinking about something.

13. HACER OFRECIMIENTOS

 Can: “Can I help you” (¿Te puedo ayudar?) INFORMAL

 Will: “Never mind, I will pick you up tomorrow morning. (No te preocupes, te recogeré mañana por la mañana). FORMAL
 Would: “Would you like anything from the shop? (¿Querrías algo de la tienda?) FORMAL

14. PEDIR A OTRA PERSONA QUE HAGA ALGO

 Can/could. Ex. “Can/could you close the door?” INFORMAL

 Will/would. Ex. Would/will you close the door, please? FORMAL

15. EXPRESAR HÁBITOS Y RUTINAS EN EL PASADO

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 Would: “When I was a child we´d go to Scotland every summer” ( Cuando era un niño íbamos a Escocia todos los veranos).
 Used to: “She used to play with me in the playground when we were at school. (Jugaba conmigo en el patio cuando estábamos en el colegio).

16. OFRECERSE UNO MISMO PARA HACER ALGO

 Shall: “shall I carry your bags?(¿Te llevo las bolsas?) FORMAL
 Can: “Can I carry your bags? (¿Puedo llevarte las bolsas?) INFORMAL
NOTA: “Shall” se utiliza sólo con la primera persona (I/we).

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MODALES PERFECTOS

Se forman añadiendo al modal un infinitivo perfecto, cuya estructura es “have + Vparticipio -ed, si es regular o la tercera columna de los verbos irregulares.
Se usan para referirnos a acciones pasadas.

 Needn´t + have +Vparticipio (no necesitaba haber/ no tenía que haber…): para señalar que una persona hizo algo aunque esto no hubiera sido
necesario.Ex: “She needn´t have taken a taxi. I would have picked her up if she had phoned me.
 Should/ought to + have + Vparticipio (debería haber …): para indicar que una acción fue poco sensata o que no se siguió un consejo en el
pasado.Ex: “He should have locked the door.
 May/might/could + have + V participio (puede/podría haber …): para hablar a cerca de hechos que posiblemente ocurrieron en el pasado, pero no
tenemos certeza absoluta. Si usamos “might”, la suposición es incluso más remota. Ex: She may have made a mistake
 Must + have + Vparticipio (debe haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma afirmativa y que se refiere a un hecho del
pasado.Ex: Ferry said he woul phone me but he didn´t. He must have forgotten.
 Can´t + have + Vparticipio (no puede haber…): Para expresar una conclusión probable expresada en forma negativa de la que estamos seguros o
casi seguros y que se refiere a un hecho del pasado.EX: I saw Carolina in the street today. She can´t have gone on holiday yet.
 Could + have +Vparticipio (podría haber): Para expresar alternativa al pasado de algo que ya no tiene solución. Why have you taken the bus?, my
father could have given you a lift.

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