ELSC Week12 Animal Survival

Animal Survival
ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS
 What are nutrients?
 What do nutrients
do for our bodies?
 How can we get
nutrients?
What is a Nutrient?
What are nutrients?
• Essential substances that your body
needs in order to grow and stay
healthy
Nutrients
• Some provide energy.
• All help build cells and tissues,
regulate bodily processes such
as breathing.
• No single food supplies all the
nutrients the body needs to
function.
Nutrients in the Human Diet
6 categories of nutrients:
• Macronutrients
– Water
– Carbohydrates (Glucose)
– Lipids (Fatty acid)
– Proteins (Amino acid)
• Micronutrients
– Vitamins
– Minerals
MACRONUTRIENTS
Water
• Solvent in which the chemistry of life
occurs
– cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium
– water carries essential nutrients to cells
– water carries metabolic wastes away from
cells
– hydrolysis & dehydration reaction
– stabilizes body temperature
WATER
 Essential for life
 Drink 6 to 8
glasses daily
 All non
caffeinated
beverages
 Fruit juice
 Soups
 Milk
Carbohydrates
• Energy Metabolism
– catabolism of glucose during cellular
respiration yields ATP for energy-
requiring activities
– glucose stored as glycogen in the liver
and muscle cell fibers
Carbohydrates
• Dietary Fiber
– water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal
matter facilitating its passage through and
elimination from the digestive system
– water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary
cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the
digestion tract
Carbohydrates- main
source of energy
Complex  Bread
 Cereal
 Rice
 Pasta
 Potatoes, corn and
dried beans
 Legumes
Lipids
• Triglycerides (Fats)
– energy storage molecules
– protect and cushion delicate body organs
– source of the raw materials for the
construction of phospholipids
– unsaturated versus saturated fats
Lipids
• Saturated Fats
– Solid at Room Temp.
– Cheese & meat
– Not good for you
• Unsaturated Fats
– Liquid at Room Temp.
– Distorted double bonds
– Canola, olive, peanut oil
– Better choice
Proteins
• Enzymes
• Structural proteins (shape and
form of cells and tissues)
• Hormones
• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
2 Types of Amino Acids
Essential Amino acids Non-essential Amino acids

• The amino acids • The amino acids
that cannot be that can be
synthesized by the synthesized by the
human body. body.
• Must be obtained • Not necessary to
through the diet. obtain from diet.
Essential Amino
Acids (food)
• Leucine • Methionine
• Isoleucine • Phenylalanine
• Valine • Threonine
• Lysine • Tryptophan
• Histidine
(infants)
Non-Essential
Amino Acids (body)
• Alanine • Glutamine
• Arginine • Glycine
• Asparagine • Proline
• Aspartic acid • Serine
• Cysteine • Tyrosine
• Glutamic acid
PROTEIN GROUP
 Red meat (Beef&Pork)
 Poultry
 Fish
 Eggs
 Dry Beans
 Nuts
 Legumes (dried beans,

dried peas)
MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins
• Organic compounds needed by
the body in small, but essential
amounts
• Cannot be synthesized by the
body in sufficient amounts
• Function in a variety of ways in
metabolic reactions
• Thirteen known vitamins
2 Types of Vitamins
Water-Soluble
Vitamins
The water-soluble vitamins include the B
complex. These are compounds that
primarily function as coenzymes and
vitamin C, which is needed for the
production of connective tissue.
Water-Soluble
Vitamins
C (ascorbic acid) B6 (pyridoxine)
B1 (thiamine) B7 (biotin)
B9 (folic acid)
B2 (riboflavin)
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
B3 (niacin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
Fat-soluble Vitamins
Among fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A,
which is included in the visual pigments of
the eye, and vitamin K, which is essential
for blood clotting. Vitamin D, on the other
hand, is needed for calcium absorption
and bone formation. Vitamin E helps
maintain healthy skin and eyes, and
strengthen the body's natural defense
against illness and infection.
Fat-soluble Vitamins
A (retinol)
D (calciferol)
E (tocopherol)
K (phylloquinone)
Minerals
• Essential inorganic elements
• Involved in a variety of
metabolic processes
• Major minerals versus trace
minerals
Major Minerals
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chlorine (Cl)
Trace Minerals
Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn)
Iodine (I) Cobalt (Co)
Fluorine (F) Selenium (Se)
Zinc (Zn) Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Dietary Deficiencies
Dietary Deficiencies
• Diets that fail to meet the basic dietary
requirements can lead to malnourishment
or undernourishment.
Undernourishment
• the result of a diet that supplies less than
the chemical energy that the body requires.
Undernourishment
• Undernourishment
may also occur in
populations that are
supplied well with
food. These occur
in the cases of
eating disorder,
such as anorexia
nervosa.
Malnourishment
• the long-term absence from the diet of one
or more essential nutrients.
Malnourishment
• Impaired cognitive
development
• Won’t attain full height
• More susceptible to
deformities, disease, infection
& even death.
Food Processing
Overview of Food Processing
The four main stages of food processing:

1. Ingestion
2. Digestion
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
Food Processing
1. Ingestion – is another word for eating.
2. Digestion – is the breakdown of food to
small molecules.
3. Absorption – is the uptake of the small
nutrient molecules by the body’s cells.
4. Elimination – is the disposal of
undigested materials from the food we
eat.

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Animal Survival

Essential Amino acids Non-essential Amino acids

 Legumes (dried beans,

The four main stages of food processing:

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