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    Lecture # 10

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    Aafaaq Amir

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture # 10

    Uploaded by

    Aafaaq Amir
    13 views34 pages

    Original Title

    Lecture # 10 (1)

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    13 views34 pages

    Lecture # 10

    Uploaded by

    Aafaaq Amir

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    Functions

    Lecture # 10
    Course Instructor:
    Dr. Afshan Jamil
    Outline
    Passing arrays
    Predefined
    C++ functions as function
    functions
    arguments

    Parameters
    Pass by
    and Pass by value
    reference
    arguments

    Overloading
    Function calling Bool as return
    function
    another function type
    name

    Alternate form
    void Points to
    of function Examples
    functions remember
    declaration
    Passing arrays as function
    arguments
    • In C++, we can pass arrays as an argument to
    a function and also, we can return arrays
    from a function.
    • Syntax:
    returnType functionName(dataType
    arrayName[arraySize])
    {
    // code
    }
    Passing 1-D array as an argument
    // C++ Program to average of marks of 5
    students
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    // declare function to display marks
    void average(int[]);
    int main()
    {
    // declare and initialize an array
    int marks[5] = { 88, 76, 90, 61, 69 };
    average(marks);
    return 0;
    }
    CONTD…
    void average(int m[5])
    {
    int sum=0
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
    {
    sum=sum+m[i];
    }
    cout<<“Average marks=“<<sum/5;
    }
    Passing 2-D array as an argument
    // C++ Program to display the elements of
    two-dimensional array.
    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    void display(int[][2]);
    int main()
    {
    int num[3][2] = { {3, 4}, {9, 5}, {7, 1} };
    display(num);
    return 0;
    }
    CONTD…
    void display(int n[][2])
    {
    cout << "Displaying Values: " << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
    {
    for (int j = 0; j < 2; ++j)
    {
    cout << "num[" << i << "][" << j << "]:
    " << n[i][j] << endl;
    }
    }
    }
    Parameters and arguments
    • The formal parameters for a function are
    listed in the function declaration and are
    used in the body of the function definition. A
    formal parameter is a kind of blank or place
    holder that is filled in with something when
    the function is called.
    CONTD…

    • An argument is something that is used to


    fill in a formal parameter. When you write
    down a function call, the arguments are
    listed in parentheses after the function
    name. When the function call is executed,
    the arguments are “plugged in” for the
    formal parameters.
    • The terms call-by-value and call-by-
    reference refer to the mechanism that is
    used in the “plugging in” process.
    CONTD…
    • In the call-by-value method, only the value
    of the argument is used. In call-by-value
    mechanism, the formal parameter is a local
    variable that is initialized to the value of the
    corresponding argument.
    • In the call-by-reference mechanism, the
    argument is a variable, and the entire
    variable is used. In the call-by-reference
    mechanism, the argument variable is
    substituted for the formal parameter so that
    any change that is made to the formal
    parameter is made to the argument variable.
    Difference between pass by
    value and reference
    call by value call by reference
    This method copy original This method copy address of
    value into function as arguments into function as
    arguments. arguments.
    Changes made to the
    Changes made to the
    parameter affect the
    parameter inside the
    argument. Because address
    function have no effect on
    is used to access the actual
    the argument.
    argument.
    Actual and formal arguments Actual and formal arguments
    will be created in different will be created in same
    memory locations. memory location.
    Call by reference parameter

    • To make a formal parameter a call-by-


    reference parameter, append the
    ampersand sign & to its type name.
    • The corresponding argument in a call to the
    function should then be a variable, not a
    constant or other expression.
    • When the function is called, the
    corresponding variable argument (not its
    value) will be substituted for the formal
    parameter.
    CONTD…
    • Any change made to the formal parameter
    in the function body will be made to the
    argument variable when the function is
    called.
    • Example:
    • int add(int& num1, int& num2);
    CONTD…
    • void get_numbers(int& input1, int& input2);
    • int main():
    • {
    • int first_num = 0, second_num = 0;
    • get_numbers(first_num, second_num);
    • }
    Example 1
    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    //Function declaration
    void add10(int&);
    int main()
    {
    int num;
    cout << "Enter a number:";
    cin >> num;
    cout << "\nNumber before function
    call=" << num;
    add10(num);
    CONTD…
    cout << "\nNumber after call by
    reference call=" << num;
    return 0;
    }
    //Function definition
    void add10(int& a)
    {
    a = a + 10;
    }
    Example 2
    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    //Function declaration
    void swap(int&, int&);
    int main()
    {
    int num1, num2;
    cout << "Enter two numbers:";
    cin >> num1>>num2;
    cout << "\nNumber before swap=" <<
    num1<<" and "<<num2;
    swap(num1,num2);
    CONTD…
    cout << "\nNumber after swap=" <<
    num1<<" and "<<num2;
    return 0;
    }
    //Function definition
    void swap(int& a, int& b)
    {
    int temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
    }
    Functions calling functions
    • A function body may contain a call to
    another function.
    CONTD…
    • These sorts of function calls is the same as
    it would be if the function call had
    occurred in the main function of the
    program; the only restriction is that the
    function declaration should appear before
    the function is used.
    • Although you may include a function call
    within the definition of another function,
    you cannot place the definition of one
    function within the body of another
    function definition.
    Example 3
    #include<iostream>
    using namespace std;
    //Function declaration
    float average(int a[]);
    int add(int a[]);
    int main()
    {
    int a[10];
    cout << "Enter 10 elements:";
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    cin >> a[i];
    float avg = average(a);
    CONTD…
    cout << "\nAverage of array is= " <<
    avg;
    return 0; }
    //Function definition
    float average(int a[])
    { int sum = add(a);
    float avg = sum / 10;
    return avg; }
    int add(int b[])
    { int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    sum = sum + b[i];
    return sum; }
    Local, Global and block scope
    Overloading a function name
    • If you have two or more function definitions
    for the same function name, that is called
    overloading.
    CONTD…
    • When you overload a function name, the
    function definitions must have different
    numbers of formal parameters or some
    formal parameters of different types.
    • When there is a function call, the compiler
    uses the function definition whose number
    of formal parameters and types of formal
    parameters match the arguments in the
    function call.
    Example
    function overloading
    int avg(int, int); •

    double avg(double,double);
    double avg(int, int, int);
    int main()
    {
    int a=3, b=4, c=5;
    float f1=2.3, f2=3.5;
    cout<<"\nAverage of two integers="<<avg(a,b);
    cout<<"\nAverage of two decimal numbers="<<avg(f1,f2);
    cout<<"\nAverage of three integeres="<<avg(a,b,c);
    }
    CONTD…
    int avg(int a, int b)
    {
    return (a+b)/2; }
    double avg(double a, double b)
    {
    return (a+b)/2; }
    double avg(int a, int b, int c)
    {
    return (a+b+c)/3; }
    Example
    Case Study

    • Pizza sizes are given as the diameter of the pizza


    in inches. However, the quantity of pizza is
    determined by the area of the pizza, and the area
    is not proportional to the diameter. Most people
    cannot easily estimate the difference in area
    between a 10-inch pizza and a 12-inch pizza and
    so cannot easily determine which size is the best
    buy—that is, which size has the lowest price per
    square inch. In this case study we will design a
    program that compares two sizes of pizza to
    determine which is the better buy.
    CONTD..
    • A pizza is basically a circle (made up of
    bread, cheese, sauce, and so forth). The
    area of a circle (and hence of a pizza) is πr
    2, where r is the radius of the circle and π
    is the number called “pi,” which is
    approximately equal to 3.14159. The
    radius is one half of the diameter.
    CONTD…
    • Input
    The input will consist of the diameter in
    inches and the price for each of two sizes of
    pizza.
    • Output
    The output will give the cost per square inch
    for each of the two sizes of pizza and will tell
    which is the better buy, that is, which has the
    lowest cost per square inch.
    CONTD…
    • Subtask 1: Get the input data for both the
    small and large pizzas.
    • Subtask 2: Compute the price per square
    inch for the small pizza.
    • Subtask 3: Compute the price per square
    inch for the large pizza.
    • Subtask 4: Determine which is the better
    buy.
    • Subtask 5: Output the results.
    THE END

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