Nikhil Singh

XII-A
This is certify that Nikhil Singh
of class XII A Roll no. I 1 has
satisfactorily completed his
Biology Investi~atory project
as prescribed by the CBSE
during the academic year
2020-2021

Internal Examiner Teacher Incharge

External Examiner
Acknowledgment
In the accomplishment of this
project successfully, many people
have best owned upon me their
blessings and heart pledged
support, tnis time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have
been concerned with the project.
Primarily, I would like to thank
school's principal Sir A.K Singh and
Biology teacher Sameer Shukla Sir,
his valuable guidance has been the
ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof
success her suggestions and her
instructions has served as a major
contributor towards the
completion of the project.

Thanking You,
Nikhil Singh
 Content
I. AIM OF THE PROJECT.

II. INTRODUCTION.

Ill. TYPES OF DIABETES.

IV. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.

V. CAUSES.

VI. DIAGNOSIS.

VI I. PREVENTION.

VIII. MANAGEMENT.

IX. VISITING A DOCTOR

X. YOGA CURES DIABETES.

XI. CONCLUSION: CARE AND

PREVENTION.

XI I. Bl BLOGRAPHY.
Aim of the project:-
• To study about DIABETES and
suggest ways to fight it.

BLUE RING - THE UNIVERSAL

SYMBOL OF DIABETES.
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changes food
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 INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellltus (DMI. commonly referred to as diabetes, is a
group of metabolic disorders In which there are high blood
sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms of high blood sugar
Include frequent urination, Increased thirst, and Increased hunger. If
left untreated, diabetes can cause many
complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacldosis
, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic stat,e. or death. Serious long-term
complications include cardjovasculac disease. stroke. chronic kidney
disease. foot ulcers. and damage to the eyes.

Specially Endocrinology

Symptoms Frequent '-ltnation, lnc18ased tNrst, lllCfeased IUlger

Complication• Diabetic ketoacidosis • nonketotic ~erosmolar coma, hean

disease, stroke, ctYonic kidney laim , foot Lbtrs

Diagnostic Hgh blood sugar

method

Treatment Heallttf diet. p~cal exercise

Medication hltin. metformin

Frequency 415 milon (8.5%)

Dntha 1.5-6.0 mllon per )'Hr

Winning the War Against Type 2 Diabetes
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 TYPES OF DIABETES:-
Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or
the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin
produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
• Type 1 OM results from the pancreas's failure to produce enough
insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "Juvenile diabetes•. The cause is
unknown.
• Type 2 OM begins with ins~in resistance, a condition in which cells
fail to respond to lnsufrn properly. As the disease progresses a lack of
insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as
·non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset
diabetes•. The most common cause is excessive bodyweight and not
enough exercise.
• Gestatjonal djabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant
women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood
sugar levels.
C-pe"- of 1,iae 1 and 2 • - •

,...... Type 1 clalle•• Type 2clabe••

-
Oneel Sudden Gt8dual

,.,,..,_. MoeUy In cl-Ml•• Moslly In lldultl

Body Ila• lNn or normal Often obete

-c:ldoll• Common R.e

-ntlbodle• Uluely presenl Ablwa

Normal, c11c_..i
Eildog1noua IMUlln Lowor a... or ine-ed

Conca rclance 50!(, 90%

In lclentlcal twine

Prevalence '-10% - 90%

 Main s~oms of
Diabetes ..-- - -
cent~
• Poly dipsia '
i
j
1~e•n:~~oo:1
• Polyphagla .-- - Eyes
- Lelhargy • J - Bk.l'red vision
- Stupor

~ Breafl
Systemic - Sm ell of acetone
• We9"« loSS

- -- Gasn
Resptra10w,-,y,--
· - -...,. - Nausea
- Kussmau • Vorntilg
bl'ealhing • Abdominal
(hyper- pain
ventilalion)

...:..~- - Urinary
• Polyl.ria
-Qycosuria
 SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
The classic symptoms of untreated diabetes are weight
loss. poiyuria (increased urination). polydipsja (increased thirst),
and poiyphagia (increased hunger). Symptoms may develop rapidly
(weeks or months) In type 1 OM, while they usually develop much
more slowly and may be subtle or absent in type 2 OM.
Several other signs and symptoms can mark the onset of diabetes
although t hey are not specific to the disease. In addition to the
known ones above, they include blurry vision, headache, fatigue,
slow healing of cuts, and itchy skin. Prolonged high blood glucose can
cause glucose absorption in the lens of the eye. which leads to
changes in its shape, resulting in vision changes. A number of skin
rashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as diabetic
dermadromes.

Dli\UFl'l:S - SU,NS i\ND SYMPTOMS

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 CAUSES
• Type 1

Type 1 diabetes mellltus is characterized by loss of the Insulin-producing~

~ of the pancreatic Islets. leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be
further classified as immune-mediated or Idiopathic. The majority of type 1
diabetes Is of the immune-mediated nature, in which a I.,cell·
mediated putolmmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus Insulin. It
causes approximately 10" of diabetes mellltus cases In North America and
Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight
when onset occurs. Sensitivity and responslvenes.s to Insulin are usually
normal, especially In the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or
adults, but was traditionally termed "Juvenile diabetes" because a majority of
these diabetes cases were In children.

• Type 2
Type 2 OM Is primarily due to lifestyle factors and genetics. A number of
lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 OM,
including obesity I defined by a body mass index of greater than 30), lack of
physical activity, poor diet. stress, and urbanization. Excess body fat Is
associated with 30" of cases In those of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-
80" of cases In those of European and African descent. and 100" of Pima
Indians and Pacific Islanders. Even those who are not obese often have a
high waist::blP ratio.

• Gestat1ona1 diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GOM) resembles type 2 OM in several respects,
Involving a combination of relatively Inadequate Insulin secretion and
responsiveness. It occurs In about 2- 10% of all pregnancies and may improve
or disappear after delivery.
/ \\ Diabetes Guide

Non fNllng. 200 or ab o u•

Faallng: 126 Of ab D lie

Non fasting. 140-199

Fasting: 100-125

Non fasllng. 139 or below

Fasting: 99 Of below
 DIAGNOSIS
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar,
and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:

• Fasting pla.sma glucose level 2: 7 .O mmol/1 (126 mg/di)

• Plasma glucose 2: 11.1 mmol/1 (200 mg/di) two hours after a 75 g oral
glucose load as In a @lycose tolerance test
• Symptoms of high blood sugar and casual plasma glucose 2: 11.1 mmol/1
(200mg/dl)
• Glycated hemo@lobin (HbA1cl 2: 48 mmol/mol (2: 6.5 "l• occr
A positive result, In the absence of unequivocal high blood sugar, should be
confirmed by a repeat of any of the above methods on a different day. It ls
preferable to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of
measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose
tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic
advantage over the fasting test. According to the current definition, two fasting
glucose measurements above 126 mg/di (7.ommol/1) is considered diagnostic
for diabetes mellitus.

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 PREVENTION
There is no known preventive measure for type 1 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes- which accounts for 85-90% of all cases -
can often be prevented or delayed by maintaining a normal
body weight, engaging in physical activity, and consuming a
healthful diet. Higher levels of physical activity (more than 90
minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.Dietary
changes known to be effective In helping to prevent diabetes
include maintaining a diet rich In whole grains and fiber. and
choosing good fats, such as the polyunsaturated fats found in
nuts. vegetable oils, and fish. limiting sugary beverages and
eating less red meat and other sources of saturated fat can
also help prevent diabetes. Tobacco smoking is also
associated with an increased rilsk of diabetes and its
complications, so smoking cessation can be an Important
preventive measure as well.

The relationship between type 2 diabetes and the main

modifiable risk factors (excess weight. unhealthy diet,
physical inactivity and tobacco use) is similar in all regions of
the world . There is growing evidence that the underlying
determinants of diabetes a re a reflection of the major forces
driving social, economic and cultural change: globalization,
urbanization, population aging. and the general health
policy environment.
Diabetes
Food Pyramid

FNIII
 MANAGEMENT
• LIFESTYLE
People with diabetes can benefit from education about the disease
and treatment, good nutrition to achieve a normal body weight, and
exercise, with the goal of keeping both short-term and long-term
blood glucose levels within acceptable bounds

• MEDICATIONS
Medications used to treat diabete.s do so by lowering blood sugar
feyels. There are a number of different classes of anti-diabetic
medications. Some are available by mouth, such as metformin.
while others are only available by Injection such as GLP-1 agonists.
Type 1 diabetes can only be treated with Insulin, typically with a
combination of regular and NPH Insulin. or synthetic insulin analogs.

• SURGERY
A pancreas transplant Is occasionally considered for people with
type 1 diabetes who have severe complications of their disease,
including end stage kidney disease requiring kidney transplantation.

• SUPPORT
In countries using a general practitioner system, such as the Unjted
Kingdom. care may take place mainly outside hospitals, with
hospital-based specialist care used only In case of complications,
difficult blood sugar control, or research projects. In other
circumstances, general practitioners and specialists share care in a
team approach. Home telehealth support can be an effective
management technique.
 YOGA CURES DIABETES

Yoga Asana useful for Diabetes cure are those which bring about a
stretch and twist in lower thoracic and upper lumbar region, where
pancreas is located. These yoga asana are believed to increase the
blood supply, massage the organs, activate Its cells and thereby
cause an increase in secretion of insulin; reducing high blood sugar.

• Yoga asana regenerates/rejuvenates pancreatic cells by abdominal

stretching; also by enhancing enzymatic process it may increase
utilization and metabolism of glucose in peripheral tissues.
• Yoga Asana can cause muscular relaxation, enhance muscular
development and improve circulation to muscles; all of these
might enhance insulin receptor e.xpression on muscles and causes
increase in glucose uptake by muscles and thus reducing blood
sugar.
• It has been seen that various yoga postures can improve
sensitivity of b-cells of the pancreas to glucose signal and also
improve insulin sensitivity. This can result in better glucose uptake
and reduction of blood sugar.
• Certain Yoga Asana can directly stimulate pancreas by enhancing
circulation in the meridian of pancreas and rejuvenates Its
capacity to produce insulin.
• Evidence suggests that regular yoga practice can significant reduce
body weight, which is particularly Important to keep diabetes
under check.
• Symptoms of diabetes can be worsened by increase in blood
pressure. Yoga Asana like corpse pose, bridge pose child pose and
yoga nidra has been seen beneficial in controlling hypertension.
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 CONCLUSION: CARE AND
PREVENTION

1. Plan what you eat and follow a balanced meal plan. See your
dietitian at !east once a year.
2. Exercise at least five times a week for 30 minutes each session.
Talk to your doctor before starting any exercise program. Tell your
doctor what kind of exercise you want to do so adjustments can be
made to your medicine schedule or meal plan, If necessary.

3. Follow your medicine schedule as prescribed by your doc tor.

4. Know what medicines (brand and generic names) you are taking
and how they work. Keep a 11st of your medicines with you at all
times.

S. Test your blood glucose regularly, as recommended by your health

care provider. Test your blood glucose more often when you're sick.

6. Try to continuously keep your blood glucose level at the

recommended range. If your blood glucose Is less than 70 mg/di and
you have more than one unexplained low blood glucose reaction a
week, call your doctor. If your blood glucose is greater than 160
mg/di for more than a week or if you have two consecutive readings
grreater than 300 mg/di, call your doctor.

7. Contact your doctor when your blood glucose Is over 300 mg/di.
Test your urine for ketones if recommended by your doctor.
8. Record your blood glucose and urine ketone test results in a
record keeping log. Briing your log book with you to all of your
doctor's visits.

9. Keep your scheduled appointments with your health care

providers. See your doctor at least every three to four months for
regular check -ups if you are treated with Insulin. See your doctor
every four to six months If you are treated with other diabetes
medicines or if you are managing diabetes with diet and exercise
alone.

More frequent visits might be necessary If yowr blood glucose is not

controlled or if compllcations of diabetes are progressing. Make sure
your health care provider checks your blood pressure and weight and
examines your feet and insulin Injection sites.

10. Have a glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbAlc) at least two times a

year or more frequently as recommended by your doctor.

11. Have an eye exam (including a retlnopathy screening test) and

urinalysis test once a year, or as recommended by your doctor. (Your
<doctor might request that you have these tests more frequently.)

12. Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked (lipid profile
itest) once a year.

:13. Have a dental exam every six months.

14. If you have any signs of infection, call your doctor or health care
provider.

15. DO NOT SMOKE.