Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore

Amritanagar – P. O., Ettimadai, Coimbatore - 641112

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING LAB
First Year B.Tech., I Semester
Common to Department of ECE, CCE, Mechanical, Civil and Aerospace

Regulation : 2019
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB

First Year B.Tech., I Semester

Common to Department of ECE, CCE, Mechanical, Civil and Aerospace

2019-20 Academic Year

List of Experiments

Name of the Experiments

Expt. No.
(Electrical Part)

a) Wiring Practice
1
b) Study of Electrical Protection Systems

2 Verification of Circuit Laws - Kirchoff’s Current and Voltage Laws

3 Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor

4 Load Test on Single Phase Transformer

a) Load Test on Single Phase Induction Motor

5
b) Load Test on Three Phase Induction Motor

Evaluation Procedure:
Component Marks
Initial Preparation and Viva 30
Connection and Conduction 20
Result and Comprehension 30
Total (Internal ) 80
End Semester (External) 20
Total(Internal + External) 100
 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB L-T-P-C: 0-0-3-1
(Aerospace, Civil, Mechanical, ECE, CCE and Chemical Engineering)

Course Objective
• To understand the basics of electrical connections and analyse the performance
of electrical machines and electronic circuits.
Course Outcome
CO1: To create basic electrical connections for domestic applications
CO2: To measure the various electrical parameters in the circuit
CO3: To Analyse the performance of electrical machines.
CO4: To Analyse basic electronic circuits.

CO-PO Mapping
PO/PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO
CO1 3 2 2 3 1
CO2 3 2 3 1
CO3 3 1 2 2 3 1
CO4 3 1 2 3

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
Department Experiments
1. Wiring practices and Study of Electrical protection
systems.
Electrical and Electronics 2. Verification of circuit theorem
Engineering 3. Experiment on DC machine
4. Experiment on single phase Transformer
5. Experiment on induction motor
1. VI characteristics of PN junction and Zener diode
2. Implementation of Half wave and Full wave
Electrical and rectifier using PN junction diode
Communication 3. Transistor as a switch
Engineering 4. Experiment on Thyristor
5. Implementation of inverting and non-inverting
amplifier using Op-amp

Cos Experiment
CO1 Expt. No. 1
CO2 Expt. No. 2, Expt. No. 3, Expt. No. 4, Expt. No. 5, Expt. No.6 & Expt. No.10
CO3 Expt. No. 3, Expt. No. 4 & Expt. No. 5
CO4 Expt. No. 6, Expt. No.7, Expt. No.8, Expt.No.9 & Expt. No.10

Evaluation Pattern

Assessment Internal End Semester

Continuous Assessment (CA) 80
End Semester 20
 Conduction of 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING LABORATORY

The laboratory is shared between department of ECE and EEE. The given class can be
divided into two groups and each group can be made to do ECE/EEE experiments for 6
weeks and after that they are exchanged. After 12 weeks a given student would have
finished both the EEE and ECE labs including the end semester.

Number of batches: 10 (for a class of 60 students)

Cycle Details
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

1. While working in the workshop wear proper tight dress and

rubber shoes. Girls should tightly tie their hair and neck chains
and avoid wearing bangles.
2. Always be careful.
3. Never energize any circuit unless you are sure that no one is
working on the circuit.
4. Always keep earth connection in good condition. Safety
demands good earthing.
5. While working on electrical appliances be sure that they are
disconnected from supply.
6. Disconnect the plug by pulling the plug pin and not by pulling
cable.
7. Do not put sharp edged tools in your pocket.
8. Do not use tools like knife, file, screw driver, etc., without
handle, it can cause injuries to your hands.
9. While handing over sharp tools like knife, screw driver, etc.,
give it from the handle side.
10. Every fire extinguisher cannot be used for electric fire. CO2
extinguisher is used for this purpose. Never use water spray.
Exp No 1
Date:
a) ELECTRICAL WIRING: ELECTRICAL CONNECTION TO OPERATE A
FAN, FLUORESCENT LAMP AND A THREE PIN SOCKET

AIM:
To connect and verify the circuit for a Fluorescent lamp, Fan and a three pin socket
controlled by three independent SPST switches.

ESTIMATION TABLE:

S.No Item Specification Quantity

1 Conduit PVC pipes and bends
2 Junction box
3 Switch box
4 One way SPST switch
5 Three pin socket
6 Fluorescent lamp unit
7 Fan
8 PVC insulated wire
9 Saddles and screws

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1 Connection Diagram: Electrical Wiring

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Use the junction box, PVC bends, conduit PVC pipes, switch box, SPST switches,
three pin socket and fluorescent lamp unit as per the requirements.
3. Insert wires through the conduit tubes and other bends connecting the supply
terminals, switches, fluorescent lamp unit and three pin socket.
4. Fix all the components on the wooden board and tighten using saddle and screws.
5. Test the rigged up circuit by providing the single phase supply.

RESULT:

The electrical connection for controlling a Fluorescent lamp, Fan and a three pin socket
using three independent SPST switches was made and the output was verified.

INFERENCE:
Exp No: 1
Date:

b) STUDY OF ELECTRIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

AIM
To learn about power system protection devices and methods.

THEORY

1. Introduction:

In India, state electricity boards are the authorities to generate and distribute electric energy.
All domestic and commercial consumers get electric energy from the distribution network of
concerned Electricity Boards. Based on the power requirements of consumers, Electricity
Boards may give 3-phase connection (for higher power) or single phase connection (for low
power). In three phase connections, 4 wires are provided. In single phase connection, a phase
and neutral wires are provided to the consumers. Phase to neutral voltages in our country is
230 V and phase-to-phase voltage is 400 V and frequency is 50 Hz. Most of the appliances
work on single-phase supply. There are some motors, which require three phase supply.

Power Supply Arrangement

The safety features are inbuilt with electric power distribution. The current is to flow
through the path it is expected to pass and should not take another path through which is not
expected to pass. Conductors made of copper or aluminum are provided along the path for
carrying the current and insulators like PVC, paper or rubber are provided across the path
through which the current is not expected to flow.
Under abnormal condition, there can be failure of insulations and current will flow through
the undesired path which can cause damage to equipment and more importantly the safety of
the user. Sometimes the user may inadvertently touch a live conductor and experience electric
shock. The circuit may also carry more than normal value of current under short circuit
conditions. The inbuilt safety features will isolate the faulty circuit from the rest of the
supply. Basically two types of protections are provided in the power supply system of
domestic consumers.
1. Protection from over current.
2. Protection from leakage current due to failure of insulation or inadvertent contact
with live conductors by the user.

1.1Protection against over current:

Every electrical circuit shall be protected against over current by suitable over current
devices. These devices could be
1. Miniature Circuit Breaker
2. Molded Circuit Breaker
3. Semi enclosed rewireable fuse
4. High Rupturing Capacity (HRC) fuses
Over current may be divided into two distinctive categories: over load and short circuit.
Over load current is an over current occurring in a circuit that is electrically sound. Example
is current drawn by an electric motor which is stalled.
Short circuit current is that which arises due to a fault in the circuit, for example due to an
insulation failure.
Overload protection is intended to prevent cables and equipment in a circuit from undue
temperature rise. The selected protective devices should be suitable. Semi enclosed
rewireable fuses are not suitable for overload protection. Thermal overload relays are used for
overload protection.
The value of short circuit current is very high usually of several thousand amperes.
Protective devices all should have rated breaking capacity. Breaking capacity is the
maximum fault current, which the device is capable of clearing safely. It is important to
select protective devices capable of providing adequate protection under short circuit. For this
purpose it is necessary to assess the maximum level of short circuit current. Typical breaking
capacities of protective devices are as follows,
• HRC fuses - 80 kA
• MCB - 16 kA
• Rewireable fuses - 1 to 4 kA

1.1.1Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB):

MCB are of single pole, two pole, three pole or four pole type. When an over current or
short circuit exists in a circuit, an electromagnet causes the release of a latch which in turn
break the circuit from the rest of the supply. A special arc quenching mechanism is provided
inside the MCB to remove the electric arc generated when high current are to be interrupted.
MCB has the following advantages:
1. Provide both overload and short circuit protection.
2. Reenergizing after the circuit operation is easy.
3. No maintenance is required.
1.1.2Semi enclosed rewireable fuse:

This is the cheapest method for protecting a circuit from short circuit. Wires of different
diameters made of lead and tin are used in the circuits. When large current flows, these wires
melt and disconnect the faulty circuit from the rest of the supply.

The semi enclosed rewireable fuses has the following drawbacks,

1. It normally melts on 50% to 100% excessive load. The melting current
cannot be accurately predicted.
2. It takes time to rewire the fuse.
3. Standard fuse wire should be always made available.
4. It is hazardous to rewire fuse unit at night.

1.1.3 High Rupturing Capacity Fuse (HRC):

This is a completely enclosed cartridge type fuse. These fuses are screwed or linked in the
circuit. Generally it is used for high power circuits.

The HRC fuse has the following advantages:

1. It is very reliable
2. It has an enclosed fuse wire, therefore no chance its arc doing any damage
to the surroundings
3. It has low temperature rise at the rated load
4. Maintenance free

The drawbacks are:

1. It is costly
2. Takes time to replace the fuse

1.1.4 Earthing:

Earthing or grounding is the term used for electrical connection to the general mass of
earth. Earthing provides protection to personal and equipment by ensuring operation of
protective gear and isolation of faulty circuit during:

1. Insulation failure
2. Accidental contact
3. Lightning strike

Earthing is classified as:

1. System earthing
2. Equipment earthing
 System earthing is the earthing of neutral of Generating station and Substations. It is
employed to limit the voltage of live conductors with respect to potential of general mass of
earth. This is necessary to prevent failure of insulation.

Equipment earthing is earthing of non-current metal parts of electrical equipment. As per

Rules 33 and 61 of Indian Electricity Rule 1956, non-current carrying metal parts must be
earthed with two separate and distinct earth continuity conductors to an efficient earth
electrode. However equipment with double insulation need not be earthed.

A few definitions are given below:

Earth wire: A conductor connected to earth and usually situated in proximity of associated
conductor.
Earth electrode: A metal plate, pipe or other conductors or an array of conductors
electrically connected to general mass of earth.
Earth lead: The conductor by which connection to earth is made.
Earth loop impedance: The total resistance of earth path including that of conductors, earth
wire, earth leads and earth electrodes at consumer end and substation end.

1.1.5 Factors affecting Earth resistance:

The following factors affect the resistance of earth between two points
1. Nature of soil
2. Moisture content in the soil
3. Presence of salt dissolved in moisture
Resistance decreases with the presence of moisture and salt in soil.

General arrangement of earthing

(Source IS Code 3043-1987)

Small substations and equipment are earthed in the following ways:

1. Rode or pipe electrode

 2. Plate electrode
3. Strip electrode

1.2 Earth Leakage Protection:

Residual current circuit breakers are used for quick disconnection of supply for protection
against shock by indirect contact or leakage current due to insulation failure.

Arrangement of RCCB

1.2.1 Principle of operation:

The current in both phase and neutral conductors are passed through a Residual Current
Circuit Breaker (RCCB). In normal condition the value of these currents are equal. Because
of the current balance there is no induced current in the trip coil of the device. If an earth fault
occurs in the circuit the phase and neutral currents no longer balance and the unbalance
current (called residual current) will cause operation of the trip coil. This in turn disconnects
the supply by operating the main contacts. The RCCB provides safety to the user as explained
below.

Protection from Earth Leakage

The neutral point of the distribution transformer is earthed at transformer location and non-
current carrying metal enclosures of domestic appliances are earthed at the consumer
premises. When current flows through the earthed conductor due to insulation failure or
inadvertent contact with live conductor by the user, RCCB operates and isolates the faulty
portion from the rest of the supply.
 If no earthing is provided at the consumer location, leakage current may flow into the body
of the consumer and get electric shock. When RCCB is installed in the circuit at the
consumer location, the faulty circuit will be isolated.

RESULT:

Discussed and learned about various power system protection devices and methods.

INFERENCE:

19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB – Experiment 1

Experiment I Components Marks Instrument Guidelines Marks

Obtained
1 Internal 80
Evaluation
1.1 Initial 10
Preparation
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling
details(S.No., Date,
etc.,)
Indent 5 Report 0-5 – Specifications
and quantity
1.2 Connection 15
Part a Arrangement of 5 Experiment 0-5 Layout, neatness,
Domestic Equipment table
Wiring Correctness of 10 Experiment 0-10 correctness,
connection table tightness, cable sizing,
1.3 Conduction 10
Precautions 5 Report 0-5 initial condition,
safety
Execution 5 Report 0-10 no of readings,
range of observation,
1.4 Result & 15
Comprehension
Inference 5 Report 0-1 result,
0-4 observations,
Understanding 10 Viva 0-10 understanding
1.5 Part b Comprehensive 30
Safety Viva (End Sem.)
Equipments
EX.NO: 2
DATE:

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAW IN AC AND DC CIRCUITS

AIM:

a. To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws in DC circuit having two

loops.
b. To verify Kirchhoff’s voltage law in AC circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. Item Name Specifications Quantity

No.
1. DMM 3½ digit 1 No.

Components Required:

Sl. Item Name Specifications Quantity

No.
1. DCRPS 0-30V, 2A 1 No.
2. Resistor As per design 3 Nos
3. Transformer 230V/6V, 500mA 1 No.
4. AC Capacitor As per design 1 No.

THEORY:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage law/Closed Loop law

Kirchhoff’s voltage law is based on the principle of conservation of energy. Kirchhoff’s

voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path (or
loop) is zero. Expressed mathematically, KVL states that

M
 vm = 0
m =1

Where, M is the number of voltages in the loop (or the number of branches in the loop)
and vm is the mth voltage.

Kirchhoff’s Current law/Junction Rule

Kirchhoff’s current law is based on the law of conservation of charge, which requires that
the algebraic sum of charges within a system cannot change. Kirchhoff’s current law
(KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is
zero. Mathematically, KCL implies that

N
 in = 0
i =1
 Where, N is the number of branches connected to the node and in is the nth current entering
(or leaving) the node.

PROCEDURE:

Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws in DC circuit:

1. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 1.

2. The voltages across each resistor are noted using DMM as shown in Fig. 1.

Kirchoff’s voltage law in AC circuit:

1. Make the connections as shown in Fig. 2.

2. AC supply is given and RMS value of supply voltage, voltage across resistor and
voltage across capacitor are measured using DMM as shown in Fig. 2.

3. The obtained values are tabulated.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig. 1

Fig. 2
 OBSERVATIONS:

DC Circuit:
Sl. E1 V1 V2 V3 V1+V3 I1 I2 I3 I2 + I3
No. (V) (V) (V) (V) (V) (A) (A) (A) (A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

AC Circuit:

Sl.
No. (Vin) (VR) (Vc) I=Vin/R

1.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

DC Circuit:

Reading No. –
E1= V1 = V2= V3=
V1+ V2 =V1+ V3
I1=V1/R1= I2=V2/R2= I3=V3/R3=
I2+ I3=
AC Circuit:
Vin= VR = VC=
I=Vin / R

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

DC Circuit:
With reference to Fig.1, obtain voltages across and current through each branch theoretically.
AC Circuit:
With reference to Fig. 2, obtain voltages across resistor and capacitor and current through it
theoretically.

RESULT: The Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current laws were verified experimentally and
Theoretically.

INFERENCE:
 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB – Experiment 2
Verification of Kirchoff’s Laws
Components Marks Instrument Guidelines Marks
Obtained
1 Internal Evaluation 80
1.1 Initial Preparation 10
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling details(S.No.,
Date, etc.,)
Indent 5 Report 0-5 – Specifications and
quantity
1.2 Connection 15
Arrangement of 5 Experiment 0-5 Layout, neatness,
Equipment table
Correctness of 10 Experiment 0-10 correctness, tightness,
connection table cable sizing,
1.3 Conduction 15
Precautions 5 Report 0-5 initial condition, safety
Execution 10 Report 0-10 no of readings, range of
observation,
1.4 Result & 30
Comprehension
Inference 5 Report 0-1 result,
0-4 observations,
Theoretical verification 15
Understanding 10 Viva 0-10 understanding
1.5 Comprehensive Viva 10
(End Sem.)
Exp. No: 3

Date:

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To plot the variation of speed of DC shunt motor on no load, for

i) Armature control
ii) Field control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAME OF THE TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

APPARATUS
1 AMMETER MC 0-2A 1
2 VOLTMETER MC 0-300V 1
3 RHEOSTAT VARIABLE 300Ω/1.4A 1
4 RHEOSTAT VARIABLE 50Ω/4.6A 1
5 TACHOMETER DIGITAL --- 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details:

Rated Capacity:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
THEORY:

Any D.C. motor can be made to have smooth and effective control of speed over a wide
range. The shunt motor runs at a speed defined by the expressions.
𝜑 𝑃𝑁𝑍
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
60𝐴
𝑉− 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑍𝑃
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑁 = where, 𝐾 =
𝐾𝜑 60𝐴
1 1
Since IaRa drop is negligible, N α V and 𝑁 ∝ or 𝑁 ∝
𝜑 𝐼𝑓

where N is the speed, V is applied voltage, Ia is the armature current, and Ra is the armature
resistance and 𝜑 is the field flux.
Speed control methods of shunt motor:
1. Applied voltage control.
2. Armature rheostat control.
3. Field flux control.
Applied voltage control: In the past, Ward-Leonard method is used for Voltage control
method. At present, variable voltage is achieved by SCR controlled AC to DC converter unit
is used to control the speed of a motor. In this method, speed control is possible from rated
speed to low speeds.
Armature rheostat control: Speed control is achieved by adding an external resistance in
the armature circuit. This method is used where a fixed voltage is available. In this method, a
high current rating rheostat is required. Disadvantages: (a) Large amount of power is lost as
heat in the rheostat. Hence, the efficiency is low. (b) Speed above the rated speed is not
possible. The motor can be run from its rated speed to low speeds.
Field flux control: Speed control by adjusting the air gap flux is achieved by means of
adjusting the field current i.e., by adding an external resistance in the field circuit. The
disadvantage of this method is that at low field flux, the armature current will be high for the
same load. This method is used to run the motor above its rated speed only.
PROCEDURE:
1. Armature ControlMethod:
• Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
• Keep the External Resistances in the Armature at maximum position and field
circuit at minimum resistance position.
• Gradually, cut down the armature resistance till the motor attains the rated speed if
required increase the field circuit resistance.
• Increase the External resistance in the Armature circuit and record the speed at
various armature voltages.
• This procedure is repeated for two different field current settings.
 2. Field ControlMethod:
• Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
•Keep the External Resistances in the Armature at maximum position and field circuit
at minimum resistance position.
• Keeping the armature voltage constant at 80% of rated voltage, the various speeds
corresponding to different field currents are noted down.
• This procedure is repeated for two different armature applied voltages.
OBSERVATION:

ARMATURE CONTROL:

Field current IF1 =

S. No. Armature Voltage,VA(Volts) Speed (N) (rpm)

Field current IF2 =

S. No. Armature Voltage,VA(Volts) Speed (N) (rpm)

FIELD CONTROL:

Armature voltage,VA1 =

S. No. Field Current,IF(A) Speed (N) (rpm)

Armature voltage,VA2 =

S. No. Field Current,IF(A) Speed (N) (rpm)

MODEL GRAPH:

ARMATURE CONTROL: FIELD CONTROL:

RESULT:

Experiment to control the speed of DC shunt motor is conducted at no load. Variation

of speed of DC shunt motor on no load with respect to field current and armature applied
voltage are as shown in the graphs.

INFERENCE:
 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
Experiments on DC and AC Machines
Components Marks Instrument Guidelines Marks
Obtained
1 InternalEvaluation 80
1.1 Initial Preparation 20
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling details(S.No, date,
Machine data, circuit diagram)
Circuit design 10 Report 0-5 – Circuit diagram(Symbols,
size, neatness)
0-5 – Design(Ratings of
components and meters, type)
Indent 5 Report 0-5 – Specifications and
quantity
1.2 Connection 10
Arrangement of 5 Expt table 0-5 Layout, neatness,
Equipment
Correctness of 5 Expt table 0-5 correctness, tightness, cable
connection sizing,
1.3 Conduction 10
Precautions 5 Report 0-5 initial condition, safety
Measurements/Meter 5 Report 0-5 no of readings, range of
Readings observation,
1.4 Result & 30
Comprehension
Calculation 10 Report 0-2 – Formula
0-2 –steps in sample calculation
0-1 – Units
0-5 - accuracy of computation
Graph 5 Report 0-2 Scale, Axis titles and
marking
0-2 sketch
0-1 Legend
Inference 5 Report 0-1 result,
0-4 observations,
Reasoning 10 Viva 0-10 understanding
1.5 Comprehensive Viva 10
(End Sem)
EXPT NO: 4
DATE :
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

a. To determine the transformation ratio of the given single phase transformer for
different input voltages.

b. To conduct the load test on the given single phase transformer and to
determine its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Serial Apparatus Range and Type Quantity

No.
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V, (MI) 1
(0-150)V,(MI) 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A, (MI) 1
(0-5)A, (MI) 1
3 Watt meter 150V, 10A, UPF 1
4 Variable Resistive Load 1
5 Single phase variac 250V,8A 1

THEORY:

Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels
of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical power being
transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic medium. A single phase voltage
transformer basically consists of two electrical coils of wire, one called the “Primary
Winding” and another called the “Secondary Winding”. The “primary” side of the
transformer as the side that usually takes power and the “secondary” as the side that usually
delivers power. These two coils are not in electrical contact with each other but are instead
wrapped together around a common closed magnetic iron circuit called the “core”. This soft
iron core is not solid but made up of individual laminations connected together to help reduce
the core losses.
The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are magnetically linked
through the common core allowing electrical power to be transferred from one coil to the
other. The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two
circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. When an electric current passed through
the primary winding, a magnetic field is developed which induces a voltage into the
secondary winding. If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and thus electrical
energy is transferred magnetically from the first to the second coil.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details:

Capacity:
Rated Primary Voltage:
Rated Secondary Voltage:
Rated Primary Current:
Rated Secondary Current:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The single phase AC supply is switched ON, keeping no load on the secondary side of
the transformer and single phase variac at zero voltage position.
3. By adjusting the variac, the voltage is applied to the primary side of the transformer in
steps. At each step, the voltmeter readings on primary and secondary are noted. This
is done up to its rated primary voltage of transformer.
4. The DPST on the load side is closed and the transformer is loaded in steps up to 110%
of the rated secondary current.
5. At each load, corresponding input current, load current, primary voltage, secondary
voltage and input power are noted down. The primary voltage should be kept constant
throughout the experiment.
DATA OBSERVED AND PROCESSED:

On no load:

Sl Primary Voltage V1 Secondary Voltage V2 Transformation ratio

No (V) (V) V2/ V1

On load:

MF for primary wattmeter = ------ MF for secondary wattmeter = -------

Sl Primary Primary Input Secondary Secondary Output Efficiency Regulation

Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power
No I1 η (%)
V1 Pin V2 I2 Pout
(A) (%)
(V) (W) (V) (A) (W)

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

TRANSFORMATION RATIO = SECONDARY VOLTAGE/PRIMARY VOLTAGE

Power input Pin = ----------W

Power output, Pout = V2 I2 = -----W

% efficiency = (Pout/Pin) x 100%

% voltage regulation = [(V2 (NL) – V2 (L)) / V2 (NL)] x 100

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

LOAD %EFFICIENCY %REGULATION

FULL LOAD

¾ FL

½ FL

¼ FL

INFERENCE:
 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
Experiments on DC and AC Machines
Components Marks Instrument Guidelines Marks
Obtained
1 InternalEvaluation 80
1.1 Initial Preparation 20
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling details(S.No, date,
Machine data, circuit diagram)
Circuit design 10 Report 0-5 – Circuit diagram(Symbols, size,
neatness)
0-5 – Design(Ratings of
components and meters, type)
Indent 5 Report 0-5 – Specifications and quantity
1.2 Connection 10
Arrangement of 5 Expt table 0-5 Layout, neatness,
Equipment
Correctness of 5 Expt table 0-5 correctness, tightness, cable
connection sizing,
1.3 Conduction 10
Precautions 5 Report 0-5 initial condition, safety
Measurements/Meter 5 Report 0-5 no of readings, range of
Readings observation,
1.4 Result & 30
Comprehension
Calculation 10 Report 0-2 – Formula
0-2 –steps in sample calculation
0-2 – Units
0-5 - accuracy of computation
Graph 5 Report 0-2 Scale, Axis titles and marking
0-2 sketch
0-1 Legend
Inference 5 Report 0-1 result,
0-4 observations,
Reasoning 10 Viva 0-10 understanding
1.5 Comprehensive Viva 10
(End Sem)
Expt. No. : 5

Date:

a) LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase Induction motor and plot the performance
characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Specifications Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300V)MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A)MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A,UPF 1
4 Tachometer 1

THEORY:

A Single Phase Induction Motor consists of a single phase winding which is mounted on
the stator of the motor and a cage winding placed on the rotor. A pulsating magnetic field is
produced, when the stator winding of the single-phase induction motor shown below is
energised by a single phase supply.

The word Pulsating means that the field builds up in one direction falls to zero and then
builds up in the opposite direction. Under these conditions, the rotor of an induction motor
does not rotate. Hence, a single phase induction motor is not self-starting. It requires some
special starting means.If the 1 phase stator winding is excited and the rotor of the motor is
rotated by an auxiliary means and the starting device is then removed, the motor continues to
rotate in the direction in which it is started.The performance of the single phase induction
motor is analysed by the two theories. One is known as the Double Revolving Field Theory,
and the other is Cross Field Theory. Both the theories are similar and explain the reason for
the production of torque when the rotor is rotating.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details

Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Power:
Rated speed:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given to the motor.

3. By adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no
load values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter
readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange the
terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again start the motor (follow above
procedure for starting), take readings.

4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor is reached.

5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage position,
and the DPST switch is opened.

6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

FORMULA:

TABULATION:

Wattmeter multiplication Factor =……………..

S.No Voltage Current Speed Power Load in kg Torque Output Cosϕ Efficiency %
(V) (A) (rpm) (W) (Nm) Power (η) slip
S1 S2 S1-S2 (W)
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:

The load Test on single phase induction motor was conducted and the characteristic
graphs were plotted.

INFERENCE:
Exp No: 5
Date:
b) LOAD TEST ON THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to plot the performance
characteristics curves.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Specifications Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600V)MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A)MI 1
3 Double (600V,10A,UPF) 1
element
Wattmeter
4 Tachometer 1
5 Three phase Auto transformer 415V, 10A 1

THEORY:

The three-phase induction motor carries a three-phase winding on its stator. The rotor is
either a wound type or consists of copper bars short-circuited at each end, in which case it is
known as squirrel-cage rotor. The three-phase current drawn by the stator from a three-phase
supply produces a magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed in the air-gap. The magnetic
field cuts the rotor conductors inducing electromotive forces which circulate currents in them.
According to Lenz's Law, the EMFs must oppose the cause which produces them; this
implies that the rotor must rotate in the direction of the magnetic field set up by the stator. If
the rotor could attain synchronous speed, there would be no induced EMF in it. But on
account of losses, the speed is always less than the synchronous speed.

The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance i.e.
torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated
voltage and frequency and normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement
from the observed data, the performance can be calculated, following the steps given below.

SLIP: The speed of rotor, Nr droops slightly as the load on the motor is increased. The
synchronous speed, Ns of the rotating magnetic field is calculated, based on the number of
poles, P and the supply frequency, f i.e.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐟
Synchronous speed, 𝐍𝐬 = r.p.m
𝐏

𝐍𝐬 − 𝐍𝐫
Then, slip, 𝐒 = 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎 Percent
𝐍𝐬
Normally, the range of slip at full load is from 2 to 5 percent.

TORQUE: Mechanical loading is the most common type of method employed in

laboratories, A brake drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is applied by
tightening the belt, provided on the brake drum. The net force exerted at the brake drum in kg
is obtained from the readings S1 and S2 of the spring balances i.e.

Output = Torque x Speed

Thus as the speed of motor does not vary appreciably with load torque will increase with
increasing load.

Net force exerted, W = (S1 – S2) kg

Then, load torque, T = W x d/2 kgm

= W x d/2 x 9.8 Nm

where, d – effective diameter of the brake drum in meters.

OUTPUT POWER, Po : The output power in watts developed by the motor is given by,
𝟐∏𝐍𝐓
Output power, 𝐏𝐨 = W
𝟔𝟎

where, N is the speed of the motor in r. p. m.

INPUT POWER, Pi: Input power is measured by the two watt meters connected in the
circuit. i.e.,

Input power, Pi = (W1 + W2) W

Where, W1 and W2 are the readings of the two watt meters.

POWER FACTOR: Power factor of induction motor on NO-LOAD is very low because of
the high value of magnetising current. With the increase in load the power factor increases
because the power component of the current is increased. Low power factor operation is one
of the disadvantages of induction motor. An induction motor draws heavy amount of
magnetising current due to presence of air gap between the stator and rotor. Thus to reduce
the magnetising current in induction motor the air-gap is kept as small is possible.

Input power factor can also be calculated from the readings of two watt meters. If ϕ is the
power factor angle, then
𝐏𝐢
Power factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛟 =
(√𝟑)𝐕𝐈

EFFICIENCY:
𝐎𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
Percentage efficiency of the motor, 𝜼= 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐈𝐧𝐩𝐮𝐭 𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Rated Capacity:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Type:

PROCEDURE:

• Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

• Keep the three phase Auto-transformer in zero output voltage position and the
machine should be on no-load at starting.
• Check and note all meters and spring balances for zero corrections
• Supply is switched on and the three phase Auto-transformer is adjusted to get rated
voltage in the voltmeter.
• Note down the no-load readings of wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer and
spring balance.
• The load is gradually applied with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement.
• Increase the load in steps until the rated current of Induction motor is reached and at
each step, note down the readings of wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer and
spring balance.
• Release the load and bring the Auto-transformer to zero output voltage position and
switch off supply.
• Tabulate the readings
OBSERVATION AND TABULATION:
ERRORS IN SPRING BALANCE:
S1=
S2=
EFFECTIVE RADIUS=R’=R+ (t/2) =
WATTMETER MULTIPLICATION FACTOR=

S.No. LINE INPUT INPUT S1 S2 S1~S2 SPEED TORQUE OUTPUT % POWER %

CURRENT VOLTAGE POWER (kgf) (kgf) (kgf) (RPM) ( Nm ) POWER, EFFICIENCY FACTOR SLIP
I (A) (V) Pi Po (W)
(W)
MODEL GRAPHS:

1. MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

2. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

RESULT: Load test on the three phase induction motor was carried out and the electrical
and mechanical characteristics were plotted.

INFERENCE:
 19EEE181 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB
Experiments on DC and AC Machines
Components Marks Instrument Guidelines Marks
Obtained
1 InternalEvaluation 80
1.1 Initial Preparation 20
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling details(S.No, date, Machine
data, circuit diagram)
Circuit design 10 Report 0-5 – Circuit diagram(Symbols, size,
neatness)
0-5 – Design(Ratings of components and
meters, type)
Indent 5 Report 0-5 – Specifications and quantity
1.2 Connection 10
Arrangement of 5 Expt table 0-5 Layout, neatness,
Equipment
Correctness of 5 Expt table 0-5 correctness, tightness, cable sizing,
connection
1.3 Conduction 10
Precautions 5 Report 0-5 initial condition, safety
Measurements/Meter 5 Report 0-5 no of readings, range of observation,
Readings
1.4 Result & 30
Comprehension
Calculation 10 Report 0-2 – Formula
0-2 –steps in sample calculation
0-3 – Units
0-5 - accuracy of computation
Graph 5 Report 0-2 Scale, Axis titles and marking
0-2 sketch
0-1 Legend
Inference 5 Report 0-1 result,
0-4 observations,
Reasoning 10 Viva 0-10 understanding
1.5 Comprehensive Viva 10
(End Sem)