Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete

Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Discrete
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Discrete
Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Ratio
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Ordinal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Ratio
Type of living accommodation Nominal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Ratio
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Ordinal
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Ordinal
Religious Preference Nominal
 Barometer Pressure Interval.
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Ratio

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?
ANS: 3/8
Explanation :-
(HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,TTH,THT,HTT,TTT)
Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3

ANS:
a)0 b)1/6 c) 5/36
Explanation:-
a)The probability of getting sum=1 is 0 . p(1)=0
b-) The probability of getting<=4 is 1/6
When we tow dies are thrown ,the probability less than or equal to 4 is (1,1),(1,2),
(1,3),(2,1),(3,1) ,Therfore
 Number of favourable outcomes=6
 Total number of possibilities=36
Probability= Number of favourable outcomes / Total number of possibilities
=6/36
=1/6
c-) The probability of getting the sum which is divisible by 2&3 is 5/36
favourable outcomes =(1,5),(2,4),(3,3),(4,2),(5,1),(6,6)

Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
ANS:
Probability of getting no blue balls is 10/21
Explanation:-
Toltal number of balls =(R,R,G,G,G,B,B)=(2+3+2)=7.
Let “s” is the sample space.
Then ,n(s)=number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7.
7
= C2 = (5×4) / (2×1) = 10
Let “e” is the event of drawing 2 balls, none of which is blue.
n(e) =  Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls.
=5C2 = (5×4) / (2×1) = 10
P(e)= n(e) /n(s)= 10/16

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of
the child-Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.65
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
ANS:
Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child is 3.09
Explanation:-
= 1*0.015+4*0.20+3*0.65+5*0.65+6*0.01+2*0.120
=0.015+0.8+1.95+0.025+0.06+0.24
=3.09
Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range &
comment about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points,Score,Weigh>
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
and also Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
Use Q7.csv file
ANS:

NAME POINT SCORE WEIGHT

Mean 3.60 3.22 17.85
Median 3.70 3.33 17.71
Mode 3.914 3.49 17.65
Variance 0.29 0.96 3.91
Std Derivation 0.53 0.98 1.79
Range 2.76,4.93 1.513,5.424 14.5,22.9

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below

a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected
Value of the Weight of that patient?
ANS:
Expected value of weight for a random selected patient =145.33
 Explanation:-

Expected value = ∑(probability *value)

Probability of selecting each patient = 1/9

Expected value
=(1/9)108+(1/9)110+(1/9)134+(1/9)135+(1/9)145+(1/9)167
+ (1/9)187+(1/9)199
=(1/9)( 108+110+ 123+ 134+ 135+ 145+ 167+ 187+ 199)
=(1/9)(1308)
=145.33

Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
Use Q9_a.csv

SP and Weight(WT)
Use Q9_b.csv
ANS:
Skewness and kutosis of car speed and distance is as follow :
Skewness=-0.111(car speed ) ,0.759(distance)
Kutosis=2.42(car speed),3.24(distance)
Skewness and kutosis of SP and weight (WT) data are as follow:
Skewness=1.55(SP), -0.59(weight)
Kutosis=5.72(SP),3.87(weight)
 Explanation:-
Inferences of Q9_a file-

Inferences of Q9_b file-

Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

ANS:
The histogram and boxplot in Fig is positively skewed on right side.
i.e mean and median of the data is greater than mode.
Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in
Mexico. We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of
3,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average person in our
sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30
pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?
ANS:

Given : x=200, s=30, n=2000

1) The 94% confidence interval is (198.739,201.62) (z=1.8808)

2) The 96% confidence interval is (198.622,201.378) (z=2.0537)
3) The 98% confidence interval is (198.439,201.561) (z=2.3263)

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
2) What can we say about the student marks?
ANS:
1) Mean=41 ,median=40.5
Variance=25.529
Standard deviation=5.05
2) Repeately obtained are 36,38,40,41 and 42
Skewness =1.42
i.e.positive.
Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
ANS:
If the mean is equal to the median as well as the mode, so the skewness is zero.if
the distribution is symmetric, the mean equal to median ,and the skewness of the
distribution is zero.
Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median?
ANS:
If the mean is greater than the median, then distribution is positively skewed.
Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
ANS:
If the mean is less than the median, the distribution is negatively skewed.
Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data?
ANS:
Positive value of kurtosis indicate that distribution is peaked and possesses thick
tails. An extreme positive
kurtosis indicates a distribution
where more of the number are
located in the tails of
distribution instead of
around the mean.
Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
ANS:
If a distribution has negative kurtosis, it is said to be platykurtic, which means that
it has a flatter peak and thinner tails compared to a normal distribution. this simply
means that more data value are located on the tails. Negative kurtosis is the
uniform distribution, which has no peak at all and is a completely flat distribution.
Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.

1.What can we say about the distribution of the data?

2.What is nature of skewness of the data?
3.What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?

1. ANS:
The distribution in which more values are concentrated on the right side (tail) of
the graph is called Negatively Skewed Distribution, while the left tail of the
distribution graph is longer

2. ANS:
The mean of negative skewed data will be less than the median.
3. ANS:
The IQR describes the middle 50% of value when ordered from lower to highest.
The interquartile range (IQR)=Q(3)- Q(1) .In above example of data the IQR =(18-
10)
Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect
Boxplot 2.
ANS:
In this Fig of boxplot. Boxplot 1 is positively skewed that’s means mean and
median is greater than mode . And in boxplot 2 Fig normal distribution that means
the skewness for a normal distribution is zero, and any symmetric data should have
a skewness near zero.

Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.
MPG <- Cars$MPG
a. P(MPG>38)
b. P(MPG<40)
c. P (20<MPG<50)

ANS:
a) 0.3475908
b) 0.7293527
c) 0.01311818

Explanation-
a)P(MPG>38)=1-pnorm(38,34.422,9.13144)=0.348
b)P(MPG>40)=1-pnorm(40,34.422,9.13144)=0.7293527
c)P(MPG>50)=1-pnorm(50,34.422,9.13144)-
(1-pnorm(20,34.422,9.13144))= 0.01311818

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv

b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist)

from wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv

a) ANS:
The MPG of Cars is highly skewed.
Skewness = -0.1746343
b) ANS: The waist data set
follows normal distribution but
AT doesn’t follow normal
distribution
 Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence
interval, 60% confidence interval
ANS:
Z score of 60% CI = 0.84
Z score of 90% CI = 1.645
Z score of 94% CI = 1.881

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence

interval, 99% confidence interval for sample size of 25
ANS:

Confidence Interval T Score

95% 2.06

96% 2.17

99% 2.79
 Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270
days. A researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs
last an average of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the
CEO's claim were true, what is the probability that 18 randomly selected
bulbs would have an average life of no more than 260 days

Hint:

rcode  pt(tscore,df)

df  degrees of freedom
ANS:
For probability calculations, the number of degrees of freedom is n - 1, so here you
need the t-distribution with 17 degrees of freedom.
The probability that t < - 0.471 with 17 degrees of freedom assuming the
population mean is true, the t-value is less than the t-value obtained With 17
degrees of freedom and a t score of - 0.471, the probability of the bulbs lasting less
than 260 days on average of 0.3218 assuming the mean life of the bulbs is 300
days.