RESEARCH 7

Third Quarter –
Analyzing Data

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What I Need to Know
Once the experiment is complete, the results can be analyzed. The results should either
confirm the hypothesis as true or false. Research experiments are usually analyzed with
statistical software in order to determine relationships among the data. In the case of a simpler
experiment, one would look at the data and see how they correlate with the change in the
independent variable.
When conducting an experiment, the scientist records changes that are observed or
measured. The data gathered can be presented in charts or tables for easy interpretation.
Several trials of the experiment need to be conducted to confirm the data.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate qualitative data from quantitative data;
2. interpret the data gathered; and
3. develop accuracy and honesty in interpreting data.

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the fifth step in Scientific Method: Analyzing Data. The scope of this module permits you to use
different learning situations. You have to extend your patience in understanding and analyzing
what you are reading. Follow the directions in the activities and answer the given test and
exercises properly.

What I Know
Before starting with this module, you will be answering questions to determine what you
already know about analyzing data. Answer the questions below.
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

For items 1 – 8, identify whether the data given on each number is qualitative data or
quantitative data. Answer A for Quantitative Data and B for Qualitative Data.

1. Hotness of Chili.
Data: Thai chili is hotter than Jalapeño chili.
2. Salinity.
Data: Sea water is saltier than lake water.
3. Weight.
Data: The average weight of an elephant’s tooth is about 4 kilograms.
4. Temperature.
Data: A person with fever feels hot.
5. Acidity.
Data: Fresh milk has a pH of approximately 6.5. Stale milk has a pH of about 4.7
6. Comparative speed.
Data: The average speed of a running cat is 48 km/h while the average speed of pig is
18 km/h.
7. Preparedness.
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 Data: Child A is more prepared than Child C in today’s lesson.
8. Sweetness.
Data: White chocolate is sweeter than dark chocolate.
9. Victoria grows the same bacteria in 20 petri dishes. She places 10 of the dishes in a
container with a normal atmosphere. The remaining dishes she places in a container in which
the oxygen level is double the normal level. She labels the first group "A" and the second
group "B." Which statement best describes the groups?
A. Group A is the control group; Group B is the experimental group.
B. Group A is the experimental group; Group B is the control group.
C. Group A is the variable; Group B is the observation.
D. Group A is the hypothesis; Group B is the theory.
10. Jackson and Mia want to do an experiment to determine how the temperature of water
affects how much salt can be dissolved in it. In what order should they perform the following
steps?

Step 1: With a teacher's help, bring the water in one of the beakers to the boiling point.
Step 2: Pour equal amounts of water into two identical beakers.
Step 3: Record how many half-teaspoons of salt are completely dissolved in each beaker.
Step 4: Gradually put salt into the water of each beaker, a half-teaspoon at a time.
A.4 2 1 3 B. 2 1 4 3 C. 2 4 1 3 D. 1 2 4 3
11. What is the purpose of a data analysis?
A. to interpret result in the experiment C. to test a hypothesis
B. to communicate data D. none of the above
12. At the end of an experiment, what will you formulate?
A. an observation B. a conclusion C. a hypothesis D. an analysis
13. How do you check whether the data supports the hypothesis?
A. modify the experiment C. predict the outcome
B. design the experiment D. analyze the data
14. Which of the following best describes data?
A. ideas you think are true C. a variable
B. facts or information D. numbers
15. A procedure carried out to gather data about an object or event is a/an ____________
. A. investigation B. hypothesis C. experiment D. inquiry

LESSON 1: Analyzing Data

What’s In
Activity 1: Look Around You
Directions: Go out and look for a place where you can find different kinds of leaves. Use your
senses in observing the leaves of at least 5 plants. Record your observations in the table
below. Then answer the questions concisely using the data you gathered during the
investigation.
Leaf Color Shape Texture Odor
A
B
C

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 D
E
Guide Questions:
1. Which of your senses gave the most information about the leaves?
________________________________________________________
2. Which of your senses helped you the most in distinguishing the leaf samples?
________________________________________________________
3. Your personal observation has limitations. Name several scientific instruments that may
help you overcome the limitations of your senses whenever you make observations.
a. Sight: _________________________________________________
b. Smell: _________________________________________________
c. Taste: _________________________________________________
d. Touch: ________________________________________________
4. Is it important that a scientist record his data immediately? Why or why not?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

What’s New
Activity 2: Paper Drop!
Directions: In this activity, you will drop a piece of wadded-up paper into a target 30 times,
and measure how close the paper lands to the target (a coin). You will use two types of paper,
one heavy (crumpled) and one light (plain), to see whether weight makes a difference.
As you do the experiment, you will record your data and make a plot that will help you
answer the question of whether one type of paper lands closer to the target than the other.
Make sure to prepare the following materials: 2 pieces of paper (crumpled and plain), 1 coin, 1
ruler, 1 graphing paper, and colored pens.

Procedures:
1. Without collecting any data, which type of paper do you think will tend to land closest to the
target? Explain.
2. Put a coin target on the floor and drop the papers toward the target. Drop the crumpled
piece of paper first, then the plain piece, then crumpled, then plain, and so on, until you have
dropped each for 10 times, with a total of 20 drops. Record your results.
3. On a piece of graphing paper, make a plot of your results that helps to show whether one
type of paper lands closer to the target than the other.
4. After plotting the data, write a short statement about what have you observed in the activity.

Guide Questions: 1. After the experiment, which type of paper tends to land closest to the
target? Explain.______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. What is the relationship between the type of paper used and its distance towards the target?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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What is It
Analyzing Data. After researchers have collected and organized data from a field study
or an experiment, the data must be analyzed. Analyzing data is the process of interpreting the
meaning of the data we have collected, organized, and displayed in the form of a table, bar
chart, line graph, or other representation.
Researchers analyze data in many ways, like using statistics, interpreting graphs,
determining relationships between variables, comparing the data to those obtained from other
studies, and determining possible sources of experimental error. Analyzed data can be
presented in tabular form or graphical form.

(a) Numerical Data in Tabular Form (b) Numerical Data in Graphical Form
Based on the figures above, we can say that there are two types of data: observation
data and numerical data. Observation data refers to qualitative data in which data are
collected from simple observation and description. On the other hand, numerical data is what
we call the quantitative data. Quantitative data is more exact and is presented exactly in
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numbers as to how tall or short the experimental subject is, how cold or how hot the
temperature is.
Always remember that the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data is not
always a simple, in order process; sometimes a preliminary analysis of data may allow us to
look at the data in another way, or even to go back and collect additional data to test an
emerging hypothesis.

What’s More
Activity 3: Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Directions: In this activity, you are given tabulated data on seed germination previously
recorded by a class. All you have to do is to analyze the data carefully and interpret the
relationship.

A class was divided into six groups. Each group experimented on the length of soaking
periods best suited for the germination of seeds. Each group soaked ten seeds each for 36
hours, 24 hours, 12 hours, and 6 hours. Ten other seeds were not soaked. Then all seeds
were planted at the same time in different containers. The number of seeds that germinated in
each container was recorded every day.

Guide Questions:
1. Based on the table above, which soaking time shows the highest number of seeds
germinated? __________________________________________________________
2. Among the seeds soaked, did the soaking time have any effect on the seeds germination?
__________________________________________________________________________
3. How is a farmer likely to interpret these findings? If he is only after a high percentage of
germination, does he still have to soak the seeds? Prove your answer.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

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4, Was it easy for you to interpret data presented in this way? Explain your answer.
__________________________________________________________
5. How shall we record data so that it will be easier for us to analyze and interpret them?
__________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Compare and Contrast Data
Directions: Using a Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast qualitative data from
quantitative data. Use the words inside the box

What I Can Do

Activity 4. Let us Collect and Analyze

Directions: Using three books and a ruler, measure the thickness of each book in millimeters
(mm) and do not include the cover. Count the number of pages in each of the three books and
record your data in the table below.

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Guide Questions:
1. What have you noticed on your data as you measure the thickness of the book and as
you count the pages of the book?
_________________________________________________________________________

2. What can you say about the thickness of the book in relation to the number of pages of
the book? Explain your answers.
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the different science processes demonstrated in the activities performed?
_________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer
1. A procedure carried out to gather data about an object or event is a/an__________
.
A. investigation B. hypothesis C. experiment D. inquiry
2. Victoria grows the same bacteria in 20 petri dishes. She places 10 of the dishes in a
container with a normal atmosphere. The remaining dishes she places in a container in which
the oxygen level is double the normal level. She labels the first group "A" and the second
group "B." Which statement best describes the groups?
A. Group A is the control group; Group B is the experimental group.
B. Group A is the experimental group; Group B is the control group.
C. Group A is the variable; Group B is the observation.
D. Group A is the hypothesis; Group B is the theory.
3. Which of the following best describes data?
A. ideas you think are true B. facts or information C. a variable D. numbers
4. Jackson and Mia want to do an experiment to determine how the temperature of water
affects how much salt can be dissolved in it. In what order should they perform the following
steps?
Step 1: With the teacher's help, bring the water in one of the beakers to the boiling point.
Step 2: Pour equal amounts of water into two identical beakers.
Step 3: Record how many half-teaspoons of salt are completely dissolved in each beaker.
Step 4: Gradually put salt into the water of each beaker, a half-teaspoon at a time.
A. 4 2 1 3 B. 2 1 4 3 C. 2 4 1 3 D. 1 2 4 3
5. What is the purpose of a data analysis?
A. to interpret result in the experiment C. to test a hypothesis
B. to communicate data D. none of the above
6. How do you check whether the data supports the hypothesis?
A. modify the experiment C. predict the outcome
B. design the experiment D. analyze the data
7. At the end of an experiment, what must you draw?
A. a conclusion B. a bar graph C. a picture D. a chart

For items 8 – 15, identify whether the data given on each number is qualitative data or
quantitative data. Answer A for Quantitative Data and B for Qualitative Data.

8. Sweetness.
Data: White chocolate is sweeter than dark chocolate.
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9. Hotness of Chili.
Data: Thai chili is hotter than Jalapeño chili.
10. Preparedness.
Data: Child A is more prepared than Child C in today’s lesson.
11. Comparative speed.
Data: The average speed of a running cat is 48 km/h while the average speed of pig is
18 km/h.
12. Salinity.
Data: Sea water is saltier than lake water.
13. Weight.
Data: The average weight of an elephant’s tooth is about 4 kilograms.
14. Acidity.
Data: Fresh milk has a pH of approximately 6.5. Stale milk has a pH of about 4.7
15. Temperature.
Data: A person with fever feels hot.

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