Impact

Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology
Faculty of Engineering
ME1010-Engineering Materials
Impact Toughness of Metallic Materials
Name : Wijerathna W.M.D.U
Index Number : EN19381664
Group : G6-C
TITLE
The experiment of Impact toughness of metallic materials.
OBJECTIVES
 To study the principles of brittle fracture in mild steel.
 To understand the impact toughness of materials with different heat and strengthening treatments.
 To interpret obtained experimental data for the selection of engineering materials
INTRODUCTION
The Impact toughness or Impact quality is the opposition of a material to crack by a power, regarding the
measure of energy consumed by the material, before the break. Impact resistance is a troublesome property to
evaluate. Impact test enables one to evaluate this property and it is an enormous preferred position in the
obligation and wellbeing of an item. The Impact strength of metallic materials can be tried in two unique ways
called Charpy and Izod tests. All through this analysis, just focused around the Charpy impact test. In the
Charpy impact test, the testing specimen is set on a level plane and a pendulum-the testing machine is utilized.
There is a stop pointer in the machine to record the separation of the pendulum swings back in the wake of
cracking the bit of the specimen. And furthermore, there is a switch to control the pendulum. The Charpy test is
for the most part utilized on metals, yet it likewise can be connected to composites, earthenware production, and
polymer materials. The effect test is significant when choosing materials for various applications in light of the
fact that, in the effect tests, the conduct of materials because of temperature can be tried. Changes in
temperature influence the augmentation or decrement of fragility and plastic twisting of a material.
THEORY
The Impact toughness of a metallic material is determined by the energy absorbed by the metal specimen during
the fracturing process. The pendulum hammer is positioned in the highest potential energy level position and it
is the starting position. Height to the pendulum hammer position from the specimen placed level is h. Then the
pendulum swings and comes to the specimen placed position and that is the lowest position of the swinging
curve. It is the lowest potential energy position as well as the highest kinetic energy position. At this position the
specimen is fractured by the pendulum hammer and the specimen absorbs some amount of energy. After, the
pendulum hammer continues the swing and reaches to a maximum height h’, which is lower than h value. The
energy absorbed by the specimen is determined by the difference of these two h and h’ values. The impact
energy shows in the machine scale is the energy that the specimen absorbs. It is the toughness reading.
Difference between maximum potential energy value shown in the scale and the toughness reading is the
amount converted into kinetic energy.
The energy absorbed at fracture can obtain by energy conservation law,

m - Mass of the pendulum hammer
E - Energy absorbed at fracture

H - Maximum height pendulum reach
h - Maximum height reach after the impact
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔(𝐻 − ℎ)
Figure 1: Charpy Impact test
MATERIALS AND APPARATUS
A pendulum impact testing machine
A high temperature oven
A refrigerator
A notch cutting machine
Three mild steel rods
A plier
Procedure
 First of all, Mild steel specimen which was in the room temperature (25 oC), was taken.
 Then, V-notch was cut by using V-notch cutter.
 Next, Specimen was placed near the striking edge supports.
 After, Red scale pointer was adjusted exactly to the zero.
 After that, Pendulum hammer was placed at the highest potential energy level and hammer
releasing handle was tightened up.
 Then, Pendulum hammer was released.

When Pendulum hammer reached the highest position during the swing, the control lever was
tightened up.
 When it reached the lowest potential energy level, the toughness reading of the red scale was
taken.
 Then, fractured pieces of the specimen was collected and the fractured surface was examined.
 After that, V-notch cut Mild steel specimen which was at -30 oC temperature, was taken.
 Next, repeated the steps which were done the first experiment.
 Then, V-notch cut Mild steel specimen which was at -150 oC temperature, was taken.
 Finally, repeated the steps which were done the first experiment
RESULTS
Sample No. Sample Notch type Temperature Broken or Toughness Percent
details unbroken reading ductility
1 Mild steel V-notch 280C Broken 16 10.66%
0
2 Mild steel V-notch -37 C Broken 7 4.66%
3 Mild steel V-notch 1500C Broken 34 22.66%
CONCLUSION
This training was accomplished for three mild steel tests at various temperatures. One of every a
higher temperature the other one in the lower temperature and the last one in the room temperature.
For long life developments and to everyday work the materials ought to be assessed under these
differentiating attributes, before being closed for use in an engineering application. As a conclusion of
this analysis, the impact of toughness and ductility of metallic materials is expanding with the
temperature. When the temperature increases the absorption energy of impacts will increase
eventually.
Figure 8 : Ductile - brittle transition

REFERENCES
 Waqas Abid. 2019. How do Charpy and Izod impact tests differ? [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.quora.com/How-do-Charpy-and-Izod-impact-tests-differ. [Accessed 09 September
2019].
 Jacob Harvey. 2019. Charpy vs. Izod: An Impact Testing Comparison. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.element.com/nucleus/2016/12/12/21/43/charpy-vs-izod-impact. [Accessed 09
September 2019].
 Westmoreland. 2019. Impact Testing. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.wmtr.com/en.impacttesting.html. [Accessed 09 September 2019].
 ThoughtCo. (2019). What Does Ductile Mean? [online] Available at:
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-ductile-and-examples-605051 [Accessed 09 Sep.
2019].
 Sciencedirect.com. (2019). Brittleness - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. [online] Available
at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/brittleness [Accessed 07 Sep.
2019].
 Nde-ed.org. (2019). Impact Toughness. [online] Available at:
http://www.ndeed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/ImpactT
oughness.htm [Accessed 08 Sep. 2019].

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Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Impact Toughness of Metallic Materials

Name : Wijerathna W.M.D.U

Index Number : EN19381664

The energy absorbed at fracture can obtain by energy conservation law,

E - Energy absorbed at fracture

h - Maximum height reach after the impact

Figure 8 : Ductile - brittle transition

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