Hanks 1991
Hanks 1991
Hanks 1991
J. T. RITCHIE
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Simulation of crop yield focuses around three important areas: growth rate,
growth duration, and the extent to which stresses influence these two pro-
cesses. Growth rate simulation requires further partitioning of the assimi-
lates into the plant organs that are growing during the specific plant growth
phase. Soil water and nutrient deficiencies or extremes in temperature can
trigger stress. Growth duration is important in the determination of poten-
tial crop yields. In general, the longer the growth duration for the crop, the
higher the yield potential. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this is especially
true from the time that the stem and inflorescence start to grow until the
end of grain filling.
The duration of different growth phases is referred to as phasic develop-
ment. Phasic development is affected primarily by genetic and environmen-
tal factors. The genetic diversity of wheat sensitivity to photoperiod,
vernalization, and cold temperatures has allowed plant breeders to select
wheat cultivars that can produce grain in environments as far north as Alaska
to as far south as southern Argentina, and on most arable land in between
where the supply of water is adequate. Because wheat has been a relatively
low-value crop during most of this century, it is often grown under rainfed
conditions where precipitation is marginal for part or all of the season. In
such instances, cultivars have to be developed that complete their life cycle
soon enough to avoid complete crop failure. Because of this genetic diversi-
ty and the diversity among the regions where wheat is grown, it is essential
to include quantitative aspects of phasic development in simulation models
to make them useful for many applications.
To avoid site-specific crop models, the growth processes need to be evalu-
ated separately from the development processes. Phasic development is used
to determine the duration of the major stages of plant growth. Morphologi-
cal development is used to determine the appearance and number of leaves
on the main stem, the number of tillers, and the number of grains on a plant.
Plant morphological development is somewhat independent of phasic de-
velopment, although it is closely coupled with phasic development and plant
growth. Potential expansion growth of such plant parts as leaves and stems
need to be calculated separately from mass growth (photosynthesis). Expan-
sion growth is considered as a sink that is driven primarily by temperature
Copyright© 1991 ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711, USA. Modeling
Plant and Soil Systems-Agronomy Monograph no. 31.
31
32 RITCHIE
of the expanding tissue. Mass growth is the source necessary to fill and main-
tain the expanding tissue, and also to provide assimilate to the root system
for expansion and maintenance. Potential mass growth is influenced primarily
by plant radiation interception.
By separately evaluating these four aspects of plant development and
growth, the logic for partitioning assimilates into different plant parts can
be accommodated in simulation models. Two of the major principles
follow.
1. During vegetative growth, shoots have a higher priority than roots
for assimilates as long as the supply of water and nutrients from the
soil is adequate. When water or nutrients are limited during veg-
etative growth, roots have a higher priority for assimilates than
shoots.
2. During the grain filling period, the grains are the dominant sink for
assimilates. Material for filling the grains can be derived from photo-
synthesis and stored assimilates. Water and nutrient deficiencies
have little effect on the ability of material to be transported to the
grain.
The model described in this chapter uses weather and genetic informa-
tion to calculate the dates of various phases of wheat development. Although
growth and partitioning are not included in this paper, the growth of vari-
ous plant parts can be logically calculated when phasic development is ac-
curately simulated. The growth stages of wheat are organized around the
plant's life cycle, when changes occur in the partitioning of assimilate among
the various plant organs. For example, prior to terminal spikelet formation,
practically all assimilate is partitioned between the leaves and the roots. After
terminal spikelet formation, stems become a major sink for assimilates. Later,
the ear becomes the major growing organ.
For this model, the growth stages of wheat are numbered from 1 to 9
(Table 3-1). Stages 1 to 5 are the active, aboveground growing stages; Stages
6 to 9 describe other events in a cycle of crop management. The stages are
divided this way to provide a means of logically partitioning biomass during
the season when various plant parts are growing. The control of the dura-
tion is calculated, taking into account weather and genetic information pro-
vided by the user.
The model is a daily incrementing type and requires daily information
on variable maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation from a
weather file. The precipitation data are optional, but can be used in a sim-
plified snow-depth submodel. Seeding depth, sowing date, and latitude are
also required inputs. A constant to express the duration between leaf ap-
pearance intervals is also necessary. This constant and others related to geno-
type characteristics will be discussed in a later section.
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 33
Table 3-1. Growth stages of wheat needed for simulating plant development and
management.
Stage Event Growing plant parts
7 Fallow or presowing
8 Sowing to germination
9 Germination to emergence Roots, coleoptile
1 Emergence to terminal spikelet initiation Roots, leaves
2 Terminal spikelet to end of leaf growth and
beginning of ear growth Roots, leaves, stems
3 End of leaf growth and beginning of ear growth
to end of preanthesis ear growth Roots, leaves, ear
4 End of preanthesis ear growth to beginning of
grain filling Roots, stems
5 Grain filling Roots, stems, grain
6 End of grain filling to harvest
below 0 oc. In some instances wheat is sown in dry soil and will not germinate
until the soil becomes wet from a rain or irrigation. Information about soil
water would be derived from a submodel of a complete growth model, de-
tails of which are not provided for this chapter.
Germination to emergence-Stage 9. In this stage, the simulation esti-
mates the time to emergence of the seedling. Two factors that affect seed-
ling emergence, temperature and the depth of sowing, are accounted for.
The soil water condition is assumed to be sufficient for emergence if it was
sufficient for germination. Temperature effects on emergence are expressed
as thermal time. The depth of sowing influences plant emergence because
it increases the time necessary for the coleoptile to expand to the soil sur-
face. The duration of Stage 9 (P9) is expressed by
where P9 is the thermal time for Stage 9 and SDEPTH is the depth of sow-
ing (em), an input in the model.
1. Vernalization
Winter wheat varieties usually require exposure to relatively low tem-
peratures before spikelet formation can begin. This low temperature require-
ment for flowering, called vernalization, begins at germination.
Vernalization is assumed to occur at temperatures between 0 and 18 oc
(Ahrens & Loomis, 1963; Trione & Metzger, 1970). The optimum tempera-
ture for vernalization is assumed to be in the range of 0 to 7 °C, with temper-
atures between 7 and 18 oc having a decreasing influence on the process.
Minimum and maximum daily temperatures are used to calculate a daily ver-
nalization effectiveness factor with a value between 0 and 1 (Fig. 3-1). The
daily relative vernalization effectiveness factor (RVE) is then totaled to de-
termine what is termed vernalization days. Even though there is genetic varia-
bility in sensitivity to vernalization between cultivars, 50 vernalization days
are assumed to be sufficient to completely vernalize all cultivars (Table 3-2,
Fig. 3-2). This variability is considered by the use of a genetic specific coeffi-
cient (P1V) to calculate the influence of vernalization on Stage 1 growth.
The relative development rates as influenced by vernalization for the varie-
ties shown in Table 3-2 were determined from comparisons made of plant
development in growth cabinet experiments (Ritchie, 1980, unpublished data).
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 35
C/J
C/J
Q)
c 1.0
Q)
>
~
u
Q)
4-
0.8
w
4-
c
0 0.6
~
0
N
0
c 0.4
L
Q)
>
Q)
> 0.2
~
0
Q)
0:: 0.0
-1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
E
LAN COTA
(l_
0 0.6 K=0.014 o
Q)
>
Q)
0
0.4
Q)
> CENTURK
.......
0
0.2
K=0.026
•
Q) PAWNEE
0:: K=0.040
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Vernalization Days
Fig. 3-2. The relationships used to predict the influence of vernalization days for specific geno-
types on the relative development rate of wheat during Stage 1 growth.
Table 3-2. The genetic vernalization coefficients for 12 winter wheat varieties. Values
are for the vernalization constant (K) in the equation RDR = 1 - K(50 - V). The
scaled values are the ones used as model inputs to provide a more useful scale of 0
to 8. The transformation equation used is PI V = K x 183 - 0.55.
Variety K x 10 - 2 Scaled value Pl V
Agent 0.5 0.86
Lancota 1.4 2.51
Centurk 2.6 4.71
Sage 2.7 4.89
Scout 66 2.9 5.26
Sturdy 3.0 5.44
Nugaines 3.0 5.44
Triumph 3.1 5.62
Bezastaya 3.1 5.62
Coker 68-15 3.1 5.62
Arthur 71 3.2 5.81
Pawnee 4.0 7.27
2. Photoperiod
A short photoperiod can delay Stage 1 plant development. The delay
depends on the photoperiod sensitivity of the genotype, which is expressed
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 37
1.2.---------------------------------------- --,
Q)
+-'
0 1.0
0:::
0
0.8
+-'
c
Q)
E
0..
0 0.6 AGENT
Q)
> C=0.006
Q)
0
0.4 RDR 1.0 - C(20-P)2
Q)
>
:;::::;
0
Q)
0.2
0:::
0.0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Photoperiod - - Hours
Fig. 3-3. The relationship used to predict the influence of photoperiod for specific genotypes
or the relative development rate of wheat during Stage 1 growth.
Table 3-3. The genetic photoperiod coefficients for 12 winter wheat varieties. Values are
for the photoperiod constant (C) in the equation RDR = 1 - C(20 - P) 2• The scaled
values are the ones used as model inputs to provide a more useful scale of 0 to 3. The
scaling equation used is P1D = C x 500.
Variety C x 10- 3 ScaledvalueP1D
Sturdy 2.1 1.05
Coker 68-15 2.6 1.30
Bezastaya 3.2 1.60
Arthur 71 3.4 1.70
Centurk 3.7 1.85
Triump 3.9 1.95
Lancota 4.0 2.00
Nugaines 4.4 2.20
Scout 66 4.9 2.45
Pawnee 5.2 2.60
Sage 5.5 2.75
Agent 6.0 3.00
3. Phyllochron
In determining the vegetative development of wheat, a definition of leaf
appearance rate is necessary. A phyllochron is defined as the interval of time
between leaf tip appearance PHINT (degree-days). Tests of models on a
global scale have shown that some apparent environmental stimulus, in
addition to temperature, causes the interval between leaf appearance to vary.
In England, winter wheat sown in the autumn has a considerably longer
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 39
where TDU = thermal development units, DTT = daily thermal time, and
TTS = 400 x PHINT /95. The thermal time of 400 degree-days is assumed
to be the time of terminal spikelet when plants are grown in long days, are
fully vernalized, and have PHINT values of 95 degree-days.
Terminal spikelet initiation to the end of leaf growth-Stage 2. This stage
is considered to be strictly under temperature control and takes three phyl-
lochrons from terminal spikelet to the appearance of the final leaf. Details
of this evaluation are based on the work of Kirby and Appleyard (1984).
Thus, if the phyllochron is 95 degree-days, the duration of Stage 2 is 285
degree-days.
Preanthesis ear growth-Stage 3. The ear develops very rapidly in this
stage and is a major sink for assimilates. This is probably the most impor-
40 RITCHIE
tant stage determining grain numbers per plant expected to develop into full
size kernels. The duration of Stage 3 is the equivalent of two phyllochrons,
even though no new leaves are developed.
Preanthesis ear growth to the beginning of grain filling-Stage 4. Dur-
ing this phase flowering takes place. Several measurements have indicated
that it takes approximately 200 degree-days during this stage to go from the
maximum ear size and volume to the time when linear grain mass accumula-
tion begins. There are no apparent aboveground sinks for assimilates during
this development stage, although the peduncle may continue to expand some-
what. This stage is also considered to have a major impact on the number
of grains per plant because the total biomass production during this stage
depends on the duration of the phase. Much of the assimilate produced dur-
ing this stage likely is stored in the stem and other organs for later transloca-
tion to the kernels.
Grain filling-Stage 5. The size of the grain is determined during this
stage. The thermal time for Stage 5 varies among genotypes and is deter-
mined by the input genetic-specific constant P5. Although the thermal time
is not constant for all genotypes, all values for it are near 500 degree-days.
This stage begins after flowering, 2 to 10 d after anthesis, with a rapid, usually
linear, increase in kernel weight. To transform the thermal time for maturi-
ty (TTM) into a scaled value (P5) of 0 to approximately 8, the equation that
follows is used.
where Ds is snow depth (em). If Ds > 15, aDs value of 15 is used. For cal-
culating the mean daily estimated Tcr, the minimum Ta is used to calculate
the minimum Tcr and the maximum Ta is used to calculate the maximum
Tcr. The maximum and minimum calculated Tcr values are then averaged
to obtain the estimated daily Tcr value.
ing. In the second phase, hardening occurs when the temperature is < 0 °C.
Twelve days of the second phase condition is assumed to result in a fully
hardened plant.
Dehardening is assumed to occur when the maximum crown tempera-
ture is > 10°C. Only the maximum temperature is used to calculate deharden-
ing. The daily increment of dehardening is used to lower the hardening index.
During the second phase of hardening, the daily dehardening increment is
assumed to be 0.04 times the number of degrees the maximum temperature
rises above 10 °C. Thus if the maximum temperature is 22.5 oc, second-phase
dehardening will occur in 2 d to bring down the hardening index of a fully
hardened plant from 2 to 1. During the first phase of hardening, the deharden-
ing increment is half that of the second-phase hardening.
The threshold temperature at which plants or tillers of plants begin to
die is a function of a hardening index. The daily increment of the hardening
index in the first phase is 0.1 for each day the plant is in the 1 to 8 oc range.
If the temperature during the day is outside that range for part of the day,
a proportionally smaller hardening increment is calculated. Second-phase
hardening is not begun until the first phase is completed. The second-phase
hardening index increment is 0.083 per day for each day the temperature is
< 0 oc. There is also a partial increment possible for days in which the mean
temperature is < 0 °C, but the maximum temperature is above that level.
The threshold killing temperature is -6, -12, and -18 oc for harden-
ing index values of 0, 1, and 2, respectively. The equation for the threshold
killing temperature (Tk, oq related to the hardening index (HI) is
formation, except for the weather data. The daily weather data are read from
a file named by the user. The model output contains the predicted dates of
each stage of development.
VI. APPENDIX
PROGRAM MAIN
REAL LAT
INTEGER DOY,DOYX,OLDMSOW,OLDDSOW,RUNNO
INTEGER MSOW,DSOW,OPENSTA
INTEGER IDIM(12)
CHARACTER*1 ANS
CHARACTER *3 MONTH
CHARACTER *12 FILEl,OLDFILEl
CHARACTER *7 OUTl
CHARACTER *30 TITLE
LOGICAL FEXIST,EOWF
DATA IDIM/31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31/
NOUTl = 41
c
INQUIRE(FILE='BATCH.$$$',EXIST=FEXIS1)
IF (FEXIS1) THEN
OPEN(5,FILE='BATCH.$$$',STATUS='OLD')
ENDIF
c
WRITE(*,6100)
READ(5,'(Al)') A
RUNNO = 0
OLDSDEPTH = 3.0
OLDPHINT = 95.0
OLDPlV = 5.0
OLDPlD = 3.0
OLDP5 = 5.0
=
100 RUNNO RUNNO + 1
=
EOWF .FALSE.
C ***Read in weather file name
C *** Check whether the weather file exists and read the first date weather
OPEN (ll,FILE = FD..E1,8TATUS = 'OLD',IOSTAT = OPENSTA)
IF (OPENSTA .NE. 0) 1HEN
WRITE(* ,5300) FILE!
STOP 'Weather file not found, terminated in tnain program.'
ENDIF
READ (11,2400,ERR=5200,END=5200) LAT
READ (11,2SOO,ERR=5200,END=5200) IYR,INIIDA
BACKSPACE(ll)
IF (MOD(IYR,4) .EQ. 0) 1HEN
IDIM(2) 29=
ENDIF
OLDDSOW = DSOW
END IF
C ** • Initialization of variables
Sl = SIN(LAT • 0.01745)
Cl = COS(LAT • 0.01745)
ISTAGE = 7
TBASE = 2.
HI= 0.
SNOW= 0.
DOYX = 367
CUMDTT= 0.
SUMDTT = 0.
OTT= 0.
& IYR,OOY,SOLRAD,TEMPMX,TEMPMN,RAIN
ELSE
WRITE (NOUT1,7300)
WRITE (*,7300)
WRITE(* ,'(6X,A,A12,A)')
& 'Assumed next weather file ',FILE1,' does not exist'
EOWF = .1RUE.
ENDIF
ENDIF
CLOSE(ll)
WRITE(*,'(/7X,A,S)') 'Run again (YIN)? (default =Yes) •
READ(5,'(A)') ANS
IF (ANS .NE. 'N' .AND. ANS .NE. 'n') GOTO 100
ENDFILE(NOUT1)
CLOSE(NOUT1)
5500 CONTINUE
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 49
2000 FORMAT(8x,A40J)
2100 FORMAT(/10x,A30,10X,'RUN ',13)
2200 FORMAT(1X.'Latitude=',FS.1,', Sowing depth=',F5.1,
It ' em ,',' Phyllochron = ',F6.2)
2300 FORMAT(1X,'Genetic specific oonstants :',3X,'P1V = ',F3.1,2x,
1 =
'PlD • ',F3.1,2X,'P5 ',F3.1)
2400 FORMAT(5x,F6.2)
2500 FORMAT(5x,I2,1X,I3,26X)
2600 FORMAT(8x,I5,9X,FS.O)
2800 FORMAT(1x,F5.0,'-',FS.O,F9.3,1X,4(1x,F6.3),1x,F6.3,2F7.1)
6100 FORMAT(////////////,
1 9x,'Weloome to the C E R E S W H E A T Model Version 2.10'J,
2 9X,'This modified version only calculates the PHENOLOGY part'J/,
8 I/IIII/I/,1Sx.' Please press <Enter> to stan ',S)
7100 FORMAT(SX,I2,1X,I3,F6.2,2(1X,FS.1),1x,F5.1,1x,F6.2)
7200 FORMAT(Sx,F6.2)
7300 FORMAT(6x,'END OF WEATHER DATA')
7400 FORMAT(2x,' Please oorrect your weather file ',Al2,
It /;be.' Missing solar radiation data.')
END
c
C ***** SUBROUTINE TO CALCULA1E PHENOLOGICAL STAGE ******
c
SUBROUTINE PHENOL(IRE'I)
c
ThiTEGER DOY~OYX
CHARACI'ER*3 MONTII
CHARACI'ER*12 FILE1
COMMON /PARAM/ ISOW,SDEPTH,LAT,PHINT
COMMON /DA1EC/ MO,ND,~Y,DOYJC,MONTII
COMMON /COLDC/ SNOW,1EMPCR,TDU,VF,CUMVD,HI
COMMON /GENF:f/ P1V,PlD,P2,P3,P4,P5
COMMON /PHENU P9,CUMDTT,TBASE,SUMDTT~F,S1,C1,1STAG~TT
COMMON /CLIMT/1EMPMN,1EMPMX,RAIN,SOLRAD
COMMON IFILESl/ FILE1,NOUT1
IRET=O
1EMPCN=TEMPMN
1EMPCX=1EMPMX
XS=SNOW
IF (XS.GT.15.) XS=15.
IF (1EMPMN.LT.O.) 1EMPCN =2. + 1EMPMN*(0.4+0.0018*(XS-15.)**2)
IF (1EMPMX.LT.O.) 1EMPCX=2.+TEMPMX*(0.4+0.0018*(XS-15.)**2)
1EMPCR=(1EMPCX+1EMPCN)/2.
C ••••••••••••• CALCULATES THERMAL TIME •••••••••••••••••••
DTT=1EMPCR-TBASE
TDIF=1EMPCX-1EMPCN
IF (TDIF.EW.O) TDIF=1.0
IF (1EMPCX.GE.TBASE) GOTO 100
DTT=O.
GOT0400
100 IF (1EMPCN.GT.TBASE) GOTO 200
TCOR=(1EMPCX-TBASE)/IDIF
DTT=(1EMPCX-TBASE)/2. *TCOR
200 IF (1EMPCX.LE.26.) GOTO 400
TCOR=(1EMPCX-26.)/IDIF
DTT= 13. *(1. + TCOR)+1EMPCN/2. *(1.-TCOR)
IF(1EMPCN.LE.26.) GOTO 300
DTT=26.
300 IF ( TEMPCX.LT.34.) GOTO 400
50 RITCHIE
TCOR=(TEMPCX-34.)/IDIF
DTT=(60.-TEMPCX)*TCOR+26.*(1.-TCOR)
IF (TEMPCN.GE.26.) GOTO 400
TCOR=(26.-TEMPCN)!IDIF
DTT=DTT*(l.-TCOR)+(TEMPCN+26.)fl,.*TCOR
400 SUMDTT=SUMDTT+DTT
500 GO TO (1500,1800,2000,2200,2600,3500,600,1100,1300), ISTAGE
C ••••••••••••••••*DETERMINE SOWING DATE•••••••••••••••••••
600 CALL CALDAT
WRITE (NOUT1,3900)
WRITE(* ,3900)
WRITE (NOUT1,3800) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
WRITE(* ,3800) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
ISTAGE=8
RETURN
C ***********DETERMINE GERMINATION DATE••••••••••••••••••
1100 CALL CALDAT
WRITE (NOUT1,1200) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
WRITE (* ,1200) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
1200 FORMAT(4X,I2,1x,A3,1X,I2,5X,'(',I3,')',6X,F6.0,10X,'GERMINATION')
ISTAGE=9
P9=40.+ 10.2*SDEPTH
CUMDTT=O.
SUMDTT=O.
VF=O.
CUMVD=O.
TBASE=2.
RETURN
C ************DETERMINE SEEDLING EMERGENCE DATE********
1300 CALL COLD
IF (SUMDTT.LT.P9) RETURN
CALLCALDAT
WRITE (* ,1400)ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
WRITE (NOUT1,1400)ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT
1400 FORMAT(4X,I2,1x,A3,1X,I2,5X,'(',I3,')',6X,F6.0,10X,'EMERGENCE')
ISTAGE=1
SUMDTT=SUMDTT-P9
DTT=SUMDTT
TDU=O.O
DF=0.01
TBASE=O.
RETURN
C *********DETERMINE DURATION OF VEGETATIVE PHASE*****
1500 CALL COLD
IF (VF.LT.0.3) GO TO 1600
DEC=0.4093*SIN(0.0172*(DOY-82.2))
DLV=((-S1*SIN(DEC)-0.1047)/(C1*COS(DEC)))
IF(DLV.LT.-0.87)DLV =-0.87
HRLT=7.639*ACOS(DLV)
DF=l.-P1D*(20.-HRLT)**2
1600 TDU=TDU+DTT*AMIN1(VF,DF)
IF (TDU.LE.400.*(PHINT/95.)) RETURN
CALLCALDAT
WRITE (NOUT1,1700) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT,CUMVD
WRITE (*,1700) ND,MONTH,IYR,DOY,CUMDTT,CUMVD
1700 FORMAT(4X,I2,1x,A3,1X,I2,5X,'(',I3,')',6X,F6.0,10X,
& 'T SPKLT VER DAYS=',F3.0)
ISTAGE=2
SUMDTT=O.
P2=PHINT*3.
RETURN
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 51
HTI = 1.0 .
IF (HI .GE. HTI) THEN
IF (TEMPCR .LE. TBASE + 0.) THEN
HI = HI + 0.083
IF (HI .GT. HTI*2.) HI= HTI • 2.
ENDIF
IF (TEMPMX .GE. TBASE + 10.) THEN
HI = HI + 0.2 - 0.02 * TEMPMX
IF (HI .GT. HTI) HI = HI + 0.2 - 0.02 • TEMPMX
IF (HI .LT. 0.) HI = 0.
ENDIF
ELSE IF (TEMPCR .GE. TBASE- 1.) THEN
IF (TEMPCR .LE. TBASE + 8.) THEN
HI= HI+ 0.1- (TEMPCR- (TBASE + 3.5))**2/506.
IF (HI .GE. HTI .AND. TEMPCR .LE. TBASE + 0.) THEN
HI = HI + 0.083
IF (HI .GT. HTI*2.) HI "' HTI • 2.
ENDIF
END IF
IF (TEMPMX .GE. TBASE + 10.) THEN
HI = HI + 0.2 - 0.02 * TEMPMX
IF (HI .GT. HTI) HI = HI + 0.2 - 0.02 * TEMPMX
IF (HI .LT. 0.) HI "' 0.
ENDIF
END IF
IF (TEMPMN .LE. -6.) THEN
C ******* CALCULATES PLANT DEATH ••••••••
TEMKIL = TBASE - 6. - 6. • HI
WHEAT PHASIC DEVELOPMENT 53
DATA MONfJan','Feb','Mar','Apr','May','Jun','Jul'
1 ,'Aut,'Sep','Oct','Nov','Dec'/
DATA IDIM/31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31/
c
IF (DOY .LT. DOYX) THEN
IF (MOD(IYR,4) .EQ. 0) THEN
1DIM(2) = 29
ELSE
1DIM(2) = 28
ENDIF
ENDIF
MO=O
ND=O
c
C Repeat until month is found
c
100 MO = MO+l
ND = ND+ IDIM(MO)
IF (ND .LT. DOY) GOTO 100
ND = DOY-ND+IDIM(MO)
DOYX=DOY
MONTH = MON(MO)
RETURN
END
54 RITCHIE
REFERENCES
Aase, J.K., and F.H. Siddoway. 1979. Crown-depth soil temperatures and winter protection
for winter wheat survival. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:1229-1233.
Ahrens, J.F., and W.E. Loomis. 1963. Floral induction and development in winter wheat. Crop
Sci. 3:463-466.
Baker, C.K., J.N. Gallagher, and J.L. Monteith. 1980. Daylength change and leaf appearance
in winter wheat. Plant Cell Environ. 3:285-287.
Baker, D.N., F.D. Whisler, W.J. Parton, E.L. Klepper, C.V. Cole, W.O. Willis, D.E. Smika,
A.L. Black, and A. Bauer. 1985. The development of winter wheat: A physical physiolog-
ical process model. p. 176-187. In ARS Wheat Yield Project. ARS 38. Natl. Technical
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