Origin of The Universe 2

Click to edit Master title style
Origin of the
Universe
Earth Science
1
Click to edit COMPETENCY
LEARNING Master title style
• Describe the historical development of theories that
explain the origin of the Universe
SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe the structure and composition of the

Universe;
• State the different hypothesis that preceded the Big
Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe.
• Explain the red-shift and how it used as proof of an
expanding universe
• Explain the Big Bang Theory and evidences supporting
the theory. 2
THEORIES
Click BEHIND
to edit Master THE
title ORIGIN OF THE
style
UNIVERSE
Non-scientific Thought
• Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and
myths which narrate that the world arose
from an infinite sea at the first rising of the
sun.
• The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the
story of a creator god Mbombo (or Bumba)
who, alone in a dark and water-covered
Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then
vomited the stars, sun, and moon.
3
THEORIES
Click BEHIND
to edit Master THE
title ORIGIN OF THE
style
UNIVERSE
Non-scientific Thought
• In India, there is the narrative that gods
sacrificed Purusha, the primal man whose
head, feet, eyes, and mind became the
sky, earth, sun, and moon respectively.
• The monotheistic religions of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam claim that a
supreme being created the universe,
including man and other living organisms.
4
Any explanation of the origin of the Universe

should be consistent with all information
about its
• Composition and structure

• Accelerating expansion
• Cosmic microwave background radiation
5
THEORIES
Click BEHIND
to edit Master THE
title ORIGIN OF THE
style
UNIVERSE
• Steady State Theory
- The discredited steady state model of the
universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and
Gould and by Hoyle.
- It states that new matter is created as the
universe expands thereby maintaining its
density.
- Its predictions led to tests and its eventual
rejection with the discovery of the cosmic
microwave background. 6
7
THEORIES
Click BEHIND
to edit Master THE
title ORIGIN OF THE
style
UNIVERSE
• Pulsating Universe
- Combines both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch as
part of the cyclical event. This theory states that
the universe follows an infinite self-sustaining cycles
such as expanding and contracting.
- After the universe has contracted to a certain size,
explosion occurs and the universe expands.
- When the universe expands at a rapid rate with
gravity and inertia, eventually inertia will run
out and gravity will be left causing the universe
to contract.
8
THEORIES
Click BEHIND
to edit Master THE
title ORIGIN OF THE
style
UNIVERSE
• Big Bang Theory
- According to this theory, about 10 to 20
billion years ago, matter and energy were
compressed and condensed in a hot tiny
dense mass. But due to random fluctuations,
the tiny dense and compact point exploded
tremendously.
9
Why the Big

Bang?
Earth Science
1
0
Why the Big Bang?
• Georges Lemaitre proposed the Big Bang

Theory in 1926.
• About 10-15 billion years ago, all energy
and matter was concentrated in a small
area that started expanding with a big
explosion called the BIG BANG.
• The expanding, cooling universe first
formed subatomic particles and finally
small atoms of hydrogen and helium.
• After about a billion years, matter clumped
together forming stars and early galaxies,
and the universe kept expanding.
1
1
EVIDENCE FOR THE
Click to edit Master title BIG
styleBANG
THEORY
1)Cosmic Background Radiation-
• The cosmic microwave background (CMB)
is leftover radiation from the Big Bang or the
time when the universe began.
• Scientist have found evidence of longwave
background radiation coming from all
directions in the universe. This radiation is
from the Big Bang, and is evidence
supporting the theory. It comes from all
directions with no exact source (no star or
galaxy origin). 1
2
EVIDENCE FOR THE
Click to edit Master title BIG
styleBANG
THEORY
1)Cosmic Background Radiation-
• The CMB represents the heat leftover from
the Big Bang.
• CMB is invisible with the naked eye, but it is
everywhere in the universe. It is invisible to
humans because it is so cold, just 2.725
degrees above absolute zero (-459.67
degrees Fahrenheit, or -273.15 degrees
Celsius.) This means its radiation is most
visible in the microwave part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. 1
3
1
4
1
5
2)Doppler Effect /Red
Click to edit Master title style Shift
• Each element (Hydrogen, H and Helium,
He) gives off electromagnetic radiation.
• This radiation can be observed by the
spectrum of a star (ROYGBIV)
1
6
• Since each element has a specific
spectrum (fingerprint), scientists can
tell what types of elements are in stars
based on their spectrum.
1
7
• Some of the observed spectra of stars are shifted
Click to edit
toward Master
the red title
or blue endstyle
of the spectrum. This
apparent shift in wavelength is called the Doppler
Effect.
1
8
• ThistoDoppler
Click edit Master title
shift is style by the motion
caused
of the object emitting the radiation. An
object moving toward the Earth would have
a blue Doppler shift and an object moving
away from the Earth would have a red
Doppler shift.
1
9
• Collective light from the stars in all

galaxies is shifted to the red end of the
spectrum indicating the universe is
expanding.
• The farther away a galaxy is from
Earth, the greater the red shift,
indicating the rate of expansion of the
universe is increasing.
2
0
Galaxies
• A collection of billions of stars and various

amounts of gas and dust held together by gravity
is called a galaxy.
• There are over 100 billion galaxies.
• Classified by their shape: elliptical, irregular, and
spiral
2
1
Questions
Click for recall:
to edit Master title style
• What are the three theories on the

origin of the earth discussed, so far?
• Can you describe each according to
what you have understood?
• Any explanation of the origin of the
Universe should be consistent with the
three components. What are these
components?
2
2
Questions
Click for recall:
to edit Master title style
• What do you call the study that shows

the evidence that the universe is
expanding?
• In Doppler Effect, an object that moves
further from earth emits what color
spectrum? How about if it moves closer
to the Earth?
2
3
Structure,
Click to edit Composition, and Age
Master title style
• The universe as we currently know it comprises

all space and time, and all matter & energy in it.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary”
matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
nebulae, humans, and other bodies), 24% cold
dark matter (matter that has gravity but does
not emit light) and 71.4% dark energy (a source
of antigravity-a force that counteracts gravity
and causes the universe to expand.)
2
4
Structure,
Click to edit Composition, and Age
Master title style
• 24% cold dark matter (needed to hold galaxies

together) first studied by Vera Rubin in 1960s-
1970s. Made from a particle called axion. Axion
has mass but does not emit light.
2
5
2
6
OurtoGalaxy
Click edit Master title style
• Our solar system is part of the Milky Way Galaxy.
• The Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral shaped galaxy.
2
7
2
8

Origin of The Universe 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Origin of The Universe 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Origin of The Universe 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Click to edit Master title style

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Describe the structure and composition of the

Any explanation of the origin of the Universe

• Composition and structure

Why the Big

• Georges Lemaitre proposed the Big Bang

• Collective light from the stars in all

• A collection of billions of stars and various

• What are the three theories on the

• What do you call the study that shows

• The universe as we currently know it comprises

• 24% cold dark matter (needed to hold galaxies

You might also like