10.1016@0923 04679503040 9
10.1016@0923 04679503040 9
10.1016@0923 04679503040 9
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The ChemicalEngineering
Journal 61 (1996) 227-231
Short communication
Recovery of grape seed oil by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide
extraction: a comparison with conventional solvent extraction
A. Molero Gbmez, C. Pereyra L6pez, E. Martinez de la Ossa
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cddiz, Apdo. 40, E-11510 Puerto Real (Cddiz), Spain
Abstract
In this work the extraction of grape seed oil by means of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent is described. The operating
conditions to determine the maximum extraction yield were studied.The efficiency of supercriticalfluidextraction (WE) was similar to that
obtained by conventional liquid extraction, but the quality of the supercriticallyextracted oil was higher, equivalent to a degununed, liquid-
extracted oil. It is considered that SFE is competitive with conventional liquid extraction, because the solvent distillation and oil refining
stages can be omitted.
The oil dissolved in the supercritical CO* was separated from nm0.06
[ 141
[ 161
[ 38.4
[
Flow rate
Table 2
Comparison of properties of extracted grape seed oils obtained using hexane and supercritical carbon dioxide
Table 3
Fatty acid compositionof oil extractedusing hexane and supercriticalcarbon dioxide
Palmitic C16:O Palmitoleic C16: 1 Stearic C18:O Oleic C18:l Linoleic C18:2 Linolenic C18:3
350 bar; temperature, 40 “C; solvent flow rate at STP, ( 1) Supercritical carbon dioxide is selective for trigly-
2.0 1min-‘; extraction time, 3 h, milled seed size, 0.75 mm; cerides and does not extract the free fatty acids in the grape
seed humidity, 0.35%. seed.
The best SFE yield for grape seeds was 6.9%, some 92% (2) The grape seeds used as raw material were previously
of the best hexane extraction yield of 7.5%. Similar results washed in hot water. The high temperature involved in this
have been found by other authors for other vegetable oils process leads to an increase in the free fatty acids in the grape
[ 13-161. In all extractions the yield was higher for extraction seeds, because triglycerides break down into fatty acids.
by hexane irrespective of the physical nature of the seeds. Hence the amount of free fatty acids in the washed grape
This is due to the fact that hexane, unlike carbon dioxide, is seeds was higher and that of triglycerides lower than in the
non-selective for triglycerides, extracting free fatty acids, unwashed seeds. For this reason the SFE yield for the washed
phospholipids, pigments and unsaponifiable substances grape seeds is always slightly lower than that for the
together with triglycerides. Hence the amount of matter unwashed seeds and the acidity of the hexane-extracted oil is
higher than that of the oil extracted by SFE. These effects
yielded by using organic solvents will be always higher than
have also been reported by other authors [ 6-101.
that by using supercritical fluids [ 13-161.
(3) The operating temperatures of the two extraction
In Table 2 the properties of the grape seed oil extracted by
processes were significantly different: 40 “C for SFE and 69
SFE using carbon dioxide (at the selected operating condi-
“C for hexane extraction using a Soxhlet apparatus. The
tions) and by conventional extraction using hexane are given.
higher temperature of hexane extraction resulted in consid-
The oils are not significantly different when the main physi-
erable free fatty acid formation from triglycerides during
cochemical parameters are considered, but saponification, extraction, which was not the case with SFE.
peroxide and iodine indices show a high concentration of When free fatty acids were removed from both oils, both
triglycerides in the oil extracted by SFE owing to the higher the iodine and saponification indices showed similar amounts
selectivity of the supercritical solvent of triglycerides. Grape seeds were totally extracted by super-
The main differences between oils are related to the free critical carbon dioxide over 3 h. The low value of the unsa-
fatty acid concentration and the unsaponifiable fraction, ponifiable fraction shows that the supercritical carbon
whose values are much lower for carbon-dioxide-extracted dioxide, being more highly selective, extracts only a minimal
oil than for hexane-extracted oil. Considering both the phys- fraction of unsaponifiable compounds.
ical nature of grape seeds and the characteristics of the two Finally, on the basis of the characteristics and composition
extractive processes, these differences could be due to the of the oil described, the supercritical carbon dioxide extrac-
following reasons. tion process is simpler than the conventional extraction pro-
A. Molero et al. /The Chemical Engineering Journal 61(1996) 227-231 231
Acknowledgments