Inglés Compendio
Inglés Compendio
Inglés Compendio
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INDICATORS OF ACHIEVEMENT
Identify the conjugations of the verb be and subject pronouns-
THE VERB TO BE (PRESENT)
With an adjetive:
· We are happy.
· He isn’t sad.
· Are you tired?
object pronouns- possessive adjectives - possessive pronouns
I. NOUNS
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Nouns are used to refer to people, animals, objects, events,
SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
3. For words that end in "s", "ss", "sh", "ch", "x" or "o", we add
"es".
Singular and "there": (THAT) 2. We add "-n" to the article for nouns that begin with a
· I like that car. vowel.
Examples:
Plural and "here": (THESE) · an animal
· I like these cars. · an ice cream
· an example
Plural and "there": (THOSE) · an orange
· I like those cars. · an umbrella
ON
Use (time): "On" Use on for days and dates
· Monday · the 12th of July
· my birthday
AT
Use (time): "AT" Use at for times of day, night, and festivals
· two o'clock · midnight
· lunchtime · Christmas
· New Year
1. THERE BE
3
We use «there + be» to talk about the existence of something.
COUNT AND NON COUNT NOUNS
Examples:
Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are those nouns which cannot be counted
· There is a pencil.
because they cannot be defined individually, but rather are part
· There’s one car.
of a whole. As such, they are treated as singular (you can not
· There is not an apple.
make them plural by adding «-s»).
· Is there a pen?
Uncountable Nouns
salt, wood, tea, wine, sugar, bread, furniture,
· There is milk.
hair, information, money, weather, time, rice…
· There is not time.
· Is there sugar?
However, once we delimit these nouns by placing a countable
expression in front of the noun, they become countable.
There are
«There are» can only be used with countable nouns in plural.
Examples:
There is no short form.
· a gram of salt
· a piece of wood
Examples:
· two cups of tea
· There are five pencils.
· three glasses of wine
· There are not two cars.
· Are there many people?
Grammatical Rules
1. Countable nouns have a plural form (regular or irre-
There v. It
gular):
We use «there» when we speak of something for the first time,
Examples:
to indicate that it exists. On the other hand, we use «it» to speak
· egg = eggs
of something specific.
· bicycle = bicycles
· dress = dresses
Examples:
· There is a pen on the table. It is my pen.
Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form:
· There is a car in the garage. It is blue.
· rice
· There is milk. It is in the refrigerator.
· rices
· milk
2. QUANTIFIERS
· milks
2. You can use «a» or «an» with countable nouns in sin-
Quantifiers indicate the quantity of a noun. They respond to
gular:
the questions, «How much?» or «How many?». As with
Examples:
the articles in English, quantifiers define nouns and are always
· an apple
located in front of the noun they define. Some quantifiers can
· a house
be used only with countable nouns, others only with uncountable
nouns and others with both. We cannot use «a» or «an» with uncountable
nouns:
Quantifier Countable Uncountable · a milk
many X –
much – X
some X X 3. Numbers can be used in front of countable nouns:
any X X Examples:
no, none X X · three apples
a lot of/lots of X X
little/a little – X
· five houses
few/a few X – Numbers cannot be used in front of uncountable
nouns:
· two rices
1. SIMPLE PRESENT
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When we speak of the various verb tenses, we must talk about
SIMPLE PRESENT
1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
5 PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USES Examples:
1. The present continuous is used to speak about · David needs a new car.
something that is happening at the moment in which David is needing a car
1. PAST SIMPLE
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There are several tenses for speaking about the past in English,
SIMPLE PAST
Examples:
· stop = stopped
· commit = committed
but the past simple is the most commonly used. It is used for
actions completed in the past. In the past tense there are
both regular verbs and irregular verbs. 3. When the verb ends in a consonant and «y», the «y»
becomes an «i»:
Grammatical Rules
Form Examples:
To form the past simple of regular verbs we add the ending «- · study = studied
ed» to the verb. The form is the same for all persons (I, you, he, · try = tried
she, it, we, they). Note: There are many irregular verbs in English and
unfortunately there are no fixed rules for forming them.
Examples: Verb Past simple
· want = wanted
· learn = learned
was (I, he, she, it)
be
· stay = stayed were (you, we, they)
· walk = walked do did
· show = showed have had
Structure
Exceptions:
1. Affirmative Sentences
1. For verbs that end in «e», we only need to add «-d»:
Subject + principal verb…
Examples:
· change = changed
Examples:
· believe = believed
· She was a doctor.
· The keys were in the drawer.
2. If the verb ends in a short vowel plus a consonant (except
· I wanted to dance.
«y» o «w»), we double the final consonant:
IRREGULAR VERBS
SPANISH PRESENT PAST SPANISH PRESENT PAST SPANISH PRESENT PAST
Be Was,were Become Became Say Said
Read Read Build Built Swim Swam
Write Wrote Can Could Send Sent
Get Got Catch Caught Find Found
Get up Got up Cost Cost Bring Brought
Run Ran Cut Cut Give Gave
Sleep Slept drive Drove Tell Told
Speak Spoke Fight Fought Feel Felt
Come Came Forget Forgot Grow Grew
Go Went Hear Heard Break Broke
Think Thought Pay Paid Meet met
Understand understood Ride Rode lose Lost
Do / Does Did See Saw Leave Left
make Made Sell Sold Choose Chose
Know Knew lend lent Fall Fell
Eat Ate Sing Sang Win Won
Drink Drank Sit Sat Draw Drew
Take Took Stand Stood Wear Wore
Have Had Steal Stole Buy Bought
Begin Began Wake up Woke up fly flew
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The past continuous tense is used for actions that occurred at a
specific time in the past. Like the present continuous, it is formed
PAST CONTINUOUS
Examples:
using the verb «to be» as well as the gerund. - Jose called while I was watching the news.
- He was walking to work when he fell.
Grammatical Rules - Was it raining when you left?
Form
To form the past continuous we use the auxiliary verb «to be» as
well as the gerund (infinitive + «-ing») of the verb. The auxiliary 2. We use the past continuous to talk about actions or events
verb «to be» is in the past simple tense, but keep in mind that «to that happened at a specific time in the past.
be» is an irregular verb.
Examples:
- Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005.
Auxiliary
Subject Gerund - We were still working at 10 o’clock last night.
(to be)
3. The past continuous is used for two actions that were occurring
talking, eating, simultaneously in the past.
I, he,
was learning, doing,
she, it
going… Examples:
- My son was reading while I was cooking.
talking, eating,
you, we, - They were talking very loudly while we were trying to
were learning, doing,
they watch the movie.
going…
Note: As we have seen, there are some verbs which may not be
1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES used in the continuous tenses.
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + gerund.
Examples:
- I was talking.
- He was eating.
- They were learning.
2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + «not» + gerund.
Examples:
- I was not [wasn’t] talking.
- He was not [wasn’t] eating.
- They were not [weren’t] learning.
3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Auxiliary verb (to be) + subject + gerund?
Examples:
- Were you talking?
- Was he eating?
- Were they learning?
Uses
1. The past continuous is used for an action or event that
occurred over a long period of time in the past and that
was interrupted. The action or event that was interrupted
is in the past continuous while the action that caused the
interruption is in the past simple.
«When» and «while» signal the use of the past simple and
past continuous. In general, we use the past simple directly
after «when» and the past continuous after «while».
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As we have seen, adjectives describe qualities of nouns. Some of
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
The positive grade, which we saw previously, is the quality in the Examples:
simplest grade. - His smartest student is Lisa.
fast, hard, smart, pretty, clean, large, small, old, easy… - New York is coldest in January.
Examples:
Form
- Juan runs fast. Below are the rules for forming the comparative and superlative
- Angela’s room is clean. forms of gradable adjectives.
- I am tall.
- New York is big. 1. For one syllable adjectives:
Future Simple
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There are two main ways to express the future in English. They are
sometimes interchangeable, but they often have different meanings.
FUTURE TIME "WILL" AND "BE GOING TO"
2. Negative Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb (to be) + «not» + «going to» +
principal verb…
Examples: Examples:
- I am going to call you tonight.
- She is going to arrive late. - The party starts at 9pm.
- They are going to be happy to see you. - The train leaves at 10am.
1. MODAL VERBS
11 "MODAL VERBS"
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that, unlike the auxiliary verbs May
«be», «do» y «have», cannot function as principal verbs. Meaning: used to indicate possibilities in the future
Modal verbs express modality. They can express ability, possibility,
necessity, probability, obligation or other conditions. They are Examples:
auxiliary verbs used for forming the future and conditional. · I would bring an umbrella, it may rain later.
Unlike some other languages, there are no verb tenses in English · It may be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
that express possibility or uncertainty and therefore we use tomorrow.
modal verbs to express these ideas.
As complementary verbs, modal verbs cannot function without "May" is also used to give permission or instructions.
other verbs. The principal verb is always found after the modal
verb and in the base form. Modal verbs are not conjugated and Examples:
have no tenses. · You may leave if you like.
· You may use your cell phones now.
The modal verbs are:
· can In interrogative sentences, «may» is the most polite way to ask
· could permission (as opposed to «can» or «could»).
· may
· might Examples:
· will · May I have a glass of water?
· shall · May I leave now?
· should
· ought to Might
· must/have to Meaning: synonym of «may», indicates possibilities in the
· would present or future
USES Examples:
Can · I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.
Meaning: to be able to; indicates ability or possibility · It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
tomorrow.
Examples:
· I can speak five languages. "Might" can also be used like «may» to ask permission, but this
· We can work late tonight if you need us. is much more common in British English than in American English.
· Bill and Tom can’t help you.
· The restaurant can be expensive if you drink a lot of wine. Will
· It can be dangerous to drive if you are tired. Meaning: used to express willingness or consent
As we will see in later lessons, «will» is used to form the future
In interrogative sentences, we use «can» to ask permission tense.
(informally) or to ask about possibilities. As we will see in later lessons, «will» is used to form the future
tense.
Examples:
· Can I have a glass of water? Examples:
· Can you help me? · I will help you.
· Can they work late tonight? · We will learn English.
Examples:
We also use «must» for probability or assumptions.
· I should call my parents more often.
· You shouldn’t work so hard.
· They should practice more if they want to win the Examples:
championship. · John’s not here. He must be sick because he never misses
class.
"Should" is used in interrogative sentences to ask if there is an · It must be difficult to learn a new language as an adult.
obligation or to ask for a recommendation.
"Must" can also be used in rhetorical questions.
Examples:
· Should we leave a tip? Examples:
· Should I have the steak or the chicken? · Must you always be late?
· Where should they meet you? · Must she talk so much?
Ought to
Would
Meaning: synonym of "should"
Meaning: past tense of «will»; indicates preference, desire, or
Examples: intention
· She ought to quit smoking.
· I ought to call my parents more often. Examples:
· They ought to work less. · She would like to go to New York someday.
· I would like a beer and my wife would like a glass of wine
Must please.
«Must» indicates an obligation, prohibition (when in the · Would you like some coffee?
negative) or necessity; it is a synonym of "have to"
GRAMMATICALRULES
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PRESENT PERFECT 2.
PRESENT PERFECT
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PAST PERFECT 3.
PAST PERFECT
Interrogative Sentences
The past perfect is used for actions or events that happened in the «Had» + subject + past participle…?
past before another action or event in the past.
Examples:
GRAMMATICALRULES - How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you
FORM visited the Louvre before?
Like the present perfect, the past perfect is formed using the auxiliary - Had they studied English before they went to London?
verb «to have» (in the past simple form) as well as the past participle. - Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he
changed careers?
Subject Auxiliar Short Form
Past USES
Participle 1. We use the past perfect to refer to an event that began in
I’d, you’d, the past and before another action or event in the past.
I, you, he, studied,
he’d, she’d, The action or event that that happened first is in the past perfect
she, it, we, had visited,
it’d, we’d, and the one that follows in the past simple.
they worked…
they’d
Examples:
STRUCTURE - I’d read the book before I saw the movie.
1. Affirmative Sentences - Donna had just left when you called.
Subject + «had» + past participle… - Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
Examples:
- I had [I’d] visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the 2. The past perfect is used for actions or events that
Mona Lisa was.
happened before a specific time in the past.
- They had [They’d] studied English before they went to
Examples:
London.
- I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
- Henry changed careers because he had [he’d] worked as an
accountant for many years and was bored. - He hadn’t been to France before the trip in 2008.
2. Negative Sentences 3. As with the present perfect, we also use the past perfect
Subject + «had» + past participle… simple for situations that began in the past and continued
to a specific point in time in the past, as we cannot use the
Examples: continuous tenses with certain verbs.
- I had not [hadn’t] visited the Louvre before so I didn’t know Examples:
where the Mona Lisa was. - She had only owned one car before she bought her new
- They had not [hadn’t] studied English before they went to BMW.
London. - I’d been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.
- Henry changed careers even though he had not [hadn’t]
worked as an accountant for long.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
CONDITIONALS
speaker here recognizes that they can go to the beach, but they
are not sure if they will.)
The use of the conditional implies that one action in a sentence - If it doesn’t rain, we should go to the beach. (Meaning: In this
depends on the other. The conditionals are used to speak about both case, the use of «should» expresses the opinion of the speaker.)
real and imaginary situations. Conditional sentences are also known - If it doesn’t rain, we can go to the beach. (Meaning: «Can»
as «if clauses». here indicates that it is possible to go to the beach, but says
Keep in mind that there is no conditional verb tense in English as nothing of the probability.)
there is in other languages. Instead, we use the auxiliary verb «would»
to form the conditional. SECOND CONDITIONAL
There are four types of conditional sentences and the use of one
type over the other reflects the probability of the dependent action The second conditional is used to express an unreal possibility in the
happening. present, such as a wish or dream, or for an action in the future that
is not very probable.
CONDITIONAL TYPES
IF Condition Result
ZERO CONDITIONAL
The zero conditional is used when the condition and the results are If past simple “would” + infinitive
always true, such as with scientific facts.
Examples:
IF Condition Result
- If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world. / I
present present would travel around the world if I won the lottery.
if - If Rachel had more time, she would learn to play the guitar.
simple simple / Rachel would learn to play the guitar if she had more time.
- Would you be happy if you were to get married? / If you
Examples: were to get married,would you be happy?
- If you heat water to 100° C, it boils. / Water boils if you heat
it to 100° C.
THIRDCONDITIONAL
- If I don’t practice the piano everyday I play poorly. / I play
the piano poorly if Idon’t practice everyday. As opposed to the first and second conditionals, the third conditional
- Does your mom get mad if you don’t call her? / If you don’t is used to speak about a condition in the past that has not occurred.
call your mom,does she get mad?
IF Condition Result
FIRST CONDITIONAL
past “would have” +
We use the first conditional for expressing the future and in cases If
perfect past participle
when the condition is very likely to occur.
future - If I had known then what I know now, I would have done
present things differently. / I would have done things differently if
if simple
simple I had known then what I know now.
(“will”) - Suzanne wouldn’t have had the heart attack if she had
gone on a diet as her doctor recommended. / If Suzanne
Examples: had gone on a diet as her doctor recommended she wouldn’t
- If Bill studies, he will pass the exam. / Bill will pass the have had the heart attack.
exam if he studies. - Would you have liked to go to university if you had been
able to afford it? / If you had been able to afford it, would
- If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the beach. / We will go to
you have liked to go to university?
the beach if it doesn’t rain.
- Will you take the train if you miss the bus? / If you miss the
bus, will you takethe train?
Examples:
- If it doesn’t rain, we may go to the beach. (Meaning: With the
use of «may», the meaning of this sentence changes. The
574 Conditionals
APTITUD COMUNICATIVA - INGLÉS
Conditionals 575
APTITUD COMUNICATIVA - INGLÉS
576 Conditionals