Summer Internship Report Indian Oil Corp

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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED (GUWAHATI)
(1st June to 30th June 2016)
Submitted by: BISHAL SARMA

¾ B. TECH
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NIT WARANGAL
Submitted on: 4th July,2016

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PREFACE
The knowledge of any subject is incomplete until it is done practically.

Electrical & Electronics particularly requires a thorough knowledge of practical
training for a comprehensive understanding. The progress is certainly based on
the discovery of the new facts.
The science of computers has grown tremendously over the last few
decades and day-by-day new technologies are being added to this ever
growing vast field. The young scientists and field scholars must be appreciated
for their training and fieldwork.
This report describes the work carried out by me during one month
internship at I.O.C.L., Noonmati (Guwahati Refinery). During this period, I
have understood a lot of things related to the working of a refinery in its
different divisions under Electrical dept. and Instrumentation Dept. This has
developed a sense of confidence in me. I perceive as this opportunity as a big
milestone in my career development. This internship is proved to be a good
practical experience and has also enhanced my technical knowledge. A lot of
credit goes to my instructors who helped me all the way from the very
beginning.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The internship opportunity I had with IOCL Guwahati was a great chance for
learning and gaining practical knowledge. Therefore, I consider myself as a very
lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am
also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and
professionals who led me through this internship period.
I would like to acknowledge my profound and sincere gratitude Ms. Padmashri

Sarma (Asst. Manager ,T & D), Mr. Amit Roy(CMNMEL), Mr. A.S.
Chowdhury(CITM), Mr. A. Jamir (SPUM/TPS), Mr. S.C. Saini (SM, Electrical
Maintainance), Mr. S. Saharia(DMIT) for allotting me in different areas during
the internship period. It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best
regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Mr. P Pathgiri, Mr. A. Prajapati, Mr. K.
K. Verma, Mr. Gaurav Alok, Mr. R. Minz, Mr. DR Boro for their careful and
precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my study both
theoretically and practically. I offer thanks and gratitude to all the respondents
who extended so earnestly their co-operation answering the queries on time
and helping me in the internship period.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I

will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way and I will
continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career
objectives.
Bishal Sarma
¾ B. Tech
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
NIT Warangal
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ABBREVIATIONS
Abbrv. Full meaning Abbrv. Full meaning

IOCL Indian Oil Corporation Limited Pf Power factor
TPS Thermal power station DPT Differential pressure transmitter
MW Mega-watt Pa Pascal(unit for pressure)
DM De-mineralization Hg Mercury
TG Turbo-generator MLG Magnetic level gauge
STG Steam turbo generator I/P Current to pressure
MP Medium pressure OC Open circuit
LP Low pressure SC Short circuit
TPH Tons per hour RTD Resistance temperature
detector
IJT Isgec John Thompson HV/HT High Voltage/High tension
CDU Crude distillation unit LV/LT Low voltage/Low tension
DCU Delayed coking unit CT/VT/PT Current/Voltage/Potential
Transformer
HGU Hydrogen generation unit IDMTL Inverse definite minimum time
lag
HDT Hydrotreater unit
RPM Rotation per minute

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CONTENTS:
Preface 1
Acknowledgement 2
Abbreviation 3
Contents 4
1. Overview of I.O.C.L Guwahati 5-6
2. Thermal Power Station(TPS) 7-19
2.1 Introduction 7-8
2.2 Major electrical equipment details 8-12
2.3 General details of boiler 13-14
2.4 General Description of generators 15-17
2.5 Problems associated with operation of generator 18-19
3. Protection of electrical equipments in Guwahati refinery 20-45
3.1 Importance of protection 20-21
3.2 PSP- basic components 22
3.3 Transformer protection 22-25
3.4 Generator protection 25-30
3.5 Bus-bar protection 30-33
3.6 Motor protection 33-41
3.7 Relays 42
3.8 Circuit breakers 43-45
4. Instrumentation 46-60
4.1 Importance and relevance 46
4.2 Different types of instruments in refinery 46-60
4.2.1 Flow measurement 46-49
4.2.2 Pressure measurement 46-52
4.2.3 Level measurement 52-54
4.2.4 Temperature measurement 55-58
4.2.5 Other miscellaneous instruments 58-60
5. Conclusion 61
6. Bibliography 62
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1. OVERVIEW
OV OF IOCL GUWHATI :
Indian Oil Corporation Li

Limited, or Indian Oil, is an Indian state-oowned oil and gas
uarters in New Delhi, India. The company is the world's 119th
corporation with its headquar
largest public corporation, according
ac to the Fortune Global 500 list, and
nd the largest public
corporation in India when ranked
ran ation as 18th largest
by revenue. It has also earned reputati
petroleum company in thee world and No. 1 petroleum trading com
ompany among the
national oil companies in Asi
sia-pacific region. Indian Oil and its subsidia
diaries account for a
49% share in the petroleum
m products market, 31% share in refiningg capacity and 67%
downstream sector pipeliness capacity
c in India. The Indian Oil Group of Co
Companies owns and
operates 11 of India's 23 refin
fineries with a combined refining capacity off 80.7
8 million metric
CL sold 75.66 million tons of petroleum prod
tons per year. In FY 2012 IOC oducts and reported a
PBT of 37.54 billion, and the Government of India earned an excise duty
ty of 232.53 billion
and tax of 10.68 billion. The
he company is mainly controlled by Governm
ment of India which
owns approximately 58.57% sshares in the company. It is one of the seven
ven Maharatna status
companies of India, apart from
fro Coal India Limited, NTPC Limited, Oil
Oi and Natural Gas
Corporation, Steel Authority
ty of India Limited, Bharat Heavy Electricals
als Limited and Gas
Authority of India Limited.
Indian Oil operates the larg

rgest and the widest network of fuel station
ions in the country,
numbering about 20,575 (16,3
,350 regular ROs & 4,225 Kisan Seva Kendra)
ra). It has also started
Auto LPG Dispensing Station
ons (ALDS). It supplies Indane cooking gas to over 66.8 million
households through a network
rk of 5,934 Indane distributors. In addition, Indian
Ind Oil's Research
and Development Center (R&
&D) at Faridabad supports, develops and prov
rovides the necessary
technology solutions to the operating
op divisions of the corporation and its cu
customers within the
country and abroad.
country’s first Public Sector Refinery as wellll as Indian

Guwahati Refinery is thee country Indi Oil’s first
Refinery serving the nation
tion since 1962. It is known as GONGOTRI of Indian Oil. Built with
Rumanian assistance, the
he initial crude processing capacity at the timee of com
commissioning of
this Refinery was 0.75 MMTPA
MTPA and the Refinery was designed to process
ocess a mix
m of OIL and
ONGC crude.
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The refining capacity was subsequently enhanced to 1.0 MMTPA and with INDMAX, the
pilot plant for first in-house technology of Indian Oil, the ISOSIV and Hydrotreater the
Refinery has been able produce eco-friendly fuels. The Refinery produces various products
and supplies them to North eastern India as well as beyond, upto Siliguri end through the
Guwahati-Siliguri Pipeline, spanning 435 KM, which was the first Pipeline of Indian Oil and
commissioned in 1964. Most of the products of Guwahati Refinery are evacuated through
pipeline and some quantity also through road transportation.
Quality LPG, Motor Spirit, Aviation Turbine Fuel, Superior Kerosene Oil, High Speed Diesel,
Light Diesel Oil and Raw Petroleum Coke are the products of this Refinery.
In line with Indian Oil’s responsibility towards the society, Guwahati Refinery has
contributed yeomen service towards developing the community, which exists around it. The
CSR agenda of the Refinery focuses on three broad areas of education, health care and
providing water supply. Initiatives taken under these heads are participative in nature with
community participation in a partnership model for ensuring sustainable development of the
community.
Guwahati Refinery is also known for its sincere efforts on development as well as
implementation of effective Safety, Health & Environment management systems and
procedures along with good performance in occupational health and safety.
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2. THERMAL POWER STATION AT GUWHATI REFINERY:
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Thermal power station(TPS) of Guwahati Refinery was commissioned in 1962 with the
collaboration of Romanian Govt. Initially, it was having 4 Romanian boilers of 20 tons/hr
capacity each, two nos. of Romanian Generators of 3 MW capacity each and water
softening plant for supplying the treated water to the boilers and refinery. During the
course of 40 years, following changes were made –
1985: Generator # 3 was commissioned of 8 MW capacity.

1986: Once through cooling water system has been converted to re-circulating system.
1992: Boiler #5 was commissioned of capacity 40 tons/hr.
1993: Water softening plant has been replaced by DM plant.
1998: TG #4 was commissioned.
2002: 3rd chain of DM plant commissioned.
2004: TG #3 and TG #4 MMI upgraded from ECIL make to ABB make.
2005: TG #5 was commissioned (12 MW capacity)
2005: TPS cooling tower reinnovated.
2006: STG #5 commissioned.
2006: Deaerator 1 and 2 condemned and removed.
2007: Rumanian boiler #2 condemned and removed.
Guwahati refinery uses thermal power station (TPS) for the generation of electricity and
process steam for the units. It uses fuel oil, refinery oil, gas, MRN as fuel for the generation
of heat energy. As the feed water in the boiler evaporates due to intense heat, it becomes high
pressurized steam (≈37.5 kg/m²). The steams passes through steam headers to the turbines, it
forces its way through the turbine thus rotating the turbine. The turbine is now connected to
generator (together turbogenerator) via a coupler. As the turbine is rotating, electrical enegy
is produces from the generator. Part of the steam supplied to the turbine is also extracted at
two sections i.e. controlled MP extraction and uncontrolled LP extraction.
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List of major equipments of Thermal Power Station (TPS) Guwahati Refinery:
Boilers:
• 2×20 TPH Romanian Boilers (Boilers #3, #4).

• 1×40 TPH IJT boiler (Boiler#5).
• 2×50 TPH Thermax Boilers (Boilers #6 , #7).
Total installed capacity : 180 TPH
Steam Turbine:
• 2×8.0 MW BHEL make extraction cum condensing steam turbines.

• 1×12.0 MW BHEL make extraction cum condensing steam turbine,
Total installed capacity : 28 MW
DM plant (De mineralization plant):
• 2×50 M3/hr DM water chains.

• 1×60 M3/hr DM water chains.
Total capacity: 160 M3/hr
Cooling Towers:
• TPS cooling tower for TPS.

• Unit cooling tower for CDU,DCU.
• Process cooling tower for HGU,HDT, INDMAX and nitrogen.
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2.2 MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DETAILS:
• Turbogenerator #3:
MAKE : BHEL
TYPE : EK-1000
Continuous rating at Generator Terminals : 8 MW
Turbine Speed : 8000 RPM
Generator Speed : 3000 RPM
Coupling : Speed Reduction Gear
Live Steam Pressure : 35 ATA
Live Steam Temperature: 435 D Centigrade
Max. Live Steam Flow: 63 MT/hr
Speed Governor : Hydro-dynamic
Governing System : SRI II
Pressure Governor : ASKANIA
Protection : Over speed, Axial Displacement, Low lube
oil pressure, Low vacuum, High Vibration.
MAKE : BHEL
TYPE : EK-1000_2
Max. Live Steam Flow: 63 MT/hr
Speed Governor : Hydro-dynamic
Governing System : SRIV
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MAKE : BHEL
TYPE : EK-100-2
Max. Live Steam Flow: 94.7 MT/hr
Speed Governor : Electronic
Governing System : Electronic
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• Typical Technical Data of Turbogenerator( #3 or #4)
Type: TGQ21822612
Apparent output: 10000 KVA
Active output: 8000 MW
Rated power factor: 0.8 pf lag
Rated voltage: 6.3 kV±5% Volts
Rated current: 916 Amps
Rated speed: 3000 rpm
Rated frequency: 50±1% Hz
SC ratio: 0.512
Generator field resistance: 0.3288 Ohm at 20 D. Cent.
Critical speed : 1900 rpm
MI of rotor: GD²=1.221 Jm²
No. of generator terminals: 6
Generator phase connections: Y
Generator brushes:
Number- 6 per ring (2 rings)
Size- 25×32 mm
Grade- HMCR
Minimum permissible diameter of slip-rings 360 mm
Maximum output with one cooler out of 7000 kVA
service:
Type of cooling: Closed circuit air cooling
Volume of air cooling: 28800 m³/hr
Designed for: Tropical climates
Insulation class (stator, rotor) : Class ‘B’
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• Typical Technical Data of exciter of TG:
Type: EX17316614
Rated output: 90 KW
Rated voltage: 220 V
Rated current: 405 A
Rated speed: 3000 rpm
Type of excitation: Separate
Ceiling Voltage: 352 V/15 sec
Type of drive: Direct
Nominal excited response: 1 min
Main pole air gap: 8 mm
Interpole air gap: 12 mm
Exciter brushes: Reaction type
Number: 6×4 sets
Grade: EG14
• Typical General Characteristics of Generator #3 / #4
Open Circuit characteristics Short circuit characteristics

(Rated voltage : 6.3 kV) (Rated current : 916 Amps)
Voc Isc( Amps) If(Amps)
(100%=6.3 kV) If(Amps)
31% 40 146.6 40
47% 60 293.12 80
63% 80 440 120
93% 120 586.2 160
100% 130 721.3 200
120% 180 865.5 240
126% 200 916 254
131% 220 1010 280
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2.3 GENERAL DETAILS OF BOILERS :
A boiler is a closed vessel in which the heat produced by the combustion of fuel is transferred
to water for its conversion into steam at the desired temperature and pressure.
To achieve this, the boiler has to perform the following functions-
Serve as a furnace where air is mixed with fuel in a controlled combustion process to
liberate large quantity of heat.
Provide a pressure tight enclosure which includes metal tubes, heaters and pressure
parts in which steam is produced as a result of the heat from combustion of fuel.
Provides a mean for raising the temperature of the steam produced to a degree of
superheat.
Boiler unit consists of Furnace, Superheater, Economizer, Air-preheater, De-superheater and

Stack.
The Guwahati refinery has 5 active boilers. Two boilers have become obsolete ( boiler #1,
boiler #2). The details of the working boilers are furnished below-
Boiler #3, #4 data
MAKE: ROMANIAN
Maximum rating: 20 TPH
Peak Output: 22 TPH
Steam Drum Pressure: 39 kg/cm²
Steam temperature: 450±5 D Cen
Fuel: Oil and fuel gas
No. of oil burners: 4
No. of gas burners: 4
Oil capacity per burner(MCR): 545 kg/hr
Fuel gas capacity( MCR): 425 NM³/hr
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Boiler #5 data
MAKE ISGEC JOHN THOMPSON

MCR of the boiler 40 Tons/hr
Peak evaporation 44 Tons/hr
Steam Drum Pressure 39 kg/cm²
Steam Temperature 450±5 D Cend.
Fuel MRN/LSHS and fuel gas
No. of burners 2
Boiler #6, #7 data
MAKE THERMAX
Max. Continuous generation 57700 kg/hr
capacity(100%MCR)
Max. Allowable working pressure and design 50.0 kg/cm²
pressure
Steam outlet pressure 39.0 kg/cm²
Steam outlet Temperature 450±5 D Cend.
Feed water inlet temperature 105 D Cend.
Hydrostatic test temperature 75.0 kg/cm²
Boiler Accessories and mountings(for all the five boilers) :
Name of accessories/mountings Numbers

Deaerators 2
Boiler feed water pumps 5
Fuel oil pump 3
Induced draft fan + forced draft fan 3+5
Air preheater 3
Safety valve 10
De-superheater 5
Economizers 5
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2.4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GENERATOR:
In Guwahati refinery, continuous generation is mandatory, otherwise a huge amount of loss

will incur. So the generators are designed for continuous operation with voltage variation of
±5% of the rated voltage and frequency variation of ±1% in general. Maximum air
temperature 45 Deg. Centigrade with cooling water temperature 38 Deg. C .
Different parts of Generator:
a) Stator:
1) Stator frame: The stator frame is fabricated structure made out of mild steel plates. It
houses and supports the stator core together with the winding.
2) End Curves: The end covers are castings of aluminium alloy bolted to side plates of stator
frame. The inlet passage is specially designed with built in guide vans which ensures uniform
distribution of air to the fans.
3) Stator core: Stator core is made up of segments of insulated punching of non-grain

oriented high quality Si – Sheet steel to give minimum electrical loss.
4) Stator windings: The stator winding is a double layer multiturn/Roebel bar type lap
winding. The half coils are made of electrolytic copper strips, insulated with mica based
epoxy insulation of suitable thickness to give a long and uninterrupted service. The straight
part of the half bar is coated with a conductive varnish to prevent corona discharges in the
slot. Resistance thermometer elements are placed in the core teeth and in the windings ar
carefully selected points to measure the temperature rise of the machine. The end windings
are supported by epoxy glass laminate spacers to give a rigid structure to withstand the short
circuit forces of the winding. Six output terminals are brought out from the rings through
insulated cover.
b) Rotor: The rotor is forged from a homogeneous steel of special alloy steel properly heat
treated to meet the required metallurgical and magnetic properties. The slots are milled
throughout the active length of the rotor body. The slots are dovetailed at the top for housing
the wedges. At bottom of the slots, sub-slots are provided for entry of cooling air.
1) Rotor winding: The rotor coils are continuously wound multi turn coils made from silver
alloyed copper of rectangular cross-section. Radial cooling arrangement has been made by
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providing suitable holes in the rotor conductor strips, strip insulation and wedges. The
winding is insulated from rotor body with L-shaped troughs made of epoxy glass laminate.
The windings are kept in position by bronze wedges. In addition to keeping the winding in
position, the wedges also act as a short circuited damper windings in addition with the shrunt
fit retaining rings.
2) Retaining rings: These are made from high tensile, non-magnetic steel and shrunk onto
the spigot on the rotor body. At the other end, they are supported by forged steel hubs.
Ventilating holes are drilled for circulation of air for cooling the end windings of the rotor.
3) Rotor balancing: The rotor is balanced with the help of sophisticated balancing machines.
The balancing weights are fitted in dovetail grooves provided in the hubs and fans. The rotor
is dynamically balanced and subjected to an over speed of 20% for two minutes.
4) Slip rings: These are made of forged steel and shrunk on either side of the rotor between
the end cover and the main pedestal bearings. Mica splittings are used to insulate the slip-
rings from the rotor body. The excitation to the rotor winding is taken from these slip-rings.
The connecting leads are suitably insulated and taken through slots milled on surface of the
rotor. Wedges are provided to keep these leads in position. Class ‘B’ type of insulation is
used.
5) Brushes: Brushed used for turbogenerator are made form a combination of graphite and
other binding materials in suitable composition to have low friction co-efficient and self
lubricating properties. A pair of flexible Cu-leads is provided for each brush for carrying the
required current. The contact pressure is applied on the centre line of the brush by means of
radially mounted helical spring. The brush pressure is nearly 180 gms/cm². In order that the
wearing of the brushes is uniform, the slip ring polarities may be interchanged once n a three
months.
6) Ventilation arrangement: The turbogenerator is cooled by air circulated by means of

two axial fans. The air after circulation is cooled by air coolers. The air is drawn through
suction ducts by axial fans mounted at either side of the rotor. The warm air flow out through
exhaust at the bottom of the rotor frame.
7) Resistance temperature detector: The RTDs are made of platinum resistance elements.
The detectors are placed in a groove cut in rectangular glass laminate and embedded at
different positions like stator teeth, stator core and slots. The leads from these resistance
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thermometers are brought out and connected to a terminal board. These resistances
temperature detector operates on the principle that the resistance of the elements of the
elements will change with temperature depending on their temperature co-efficient of
resistance. The change in resistance can be accurately measured in a bridge circuit. A graph
can be drawn showing the variation of resistance with temperature, which can be used to
know the temperature rise under different operating conditions of the turbogenerator
Fig: RTD characteristics
8) Fire detectors: For the protection of the turbogenerator against any possible fire hazards.
Six protectostat fire detector relays are provided on either side of the stator windings. These
relays have two sets of normally open contacts. One set of contacts will close when
temperature surrounding the relays exceeds 80 D. Cent. The other sets of contacts closes
when temperature exceeds 100 D. Cent. Both the sets of contacts are used for automatic fire
alarm and fire extinguishing systems.
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2.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATION OF GENERATOR:
• Faults in Generator:
The accidental short circuit faults could be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Short circuit
currents which are many times higher than the rated phase currents are dangerous due
to the associated dynamic forces. Especially short circuit directly at the generator
terminals in the bus duct is more dangerous when fault occurs, and the breaker trips. It
is necessary to impact the Turbo generator after removing end cover for deformation if
any. Winding faults within the generator will need repairs and testing of the machines.
Usually an inter-turn short circuit within the rotor is difficult to locate since generator
may continue to operate satisfactorily. Multiturn shorts however manifest in increased
vibrations of rotor due to uneven magnetic fluxes.
• Bearing vibration:
The double amplitude vibration at the turbogenerator and exciter bearings at rated
speed must not be more than 50 micron. The maximum permissible value even in the
worst case however is 0.1 mm (100 microns). Such operation is considered only during
emergency, under operating authority risk. Vibrations exceeding the above limits needs
a careful study by a balancing expert, who if necessary may rebalance the rotor in case it
is found that the alignment of the bearing does not need any adjustment.
• Abnormal operating conditions:

a) Short Circuit: The short circuit may be symmetrical or asymmetrical ( 3 phase or 2
phase/ single phase). The short circuit current is dangerous due to dynamic forces. If it
lasts for a long period, it is dangerous due to its thermal effects also. Especially
dangerous are the heavy short circuit occurring directly at the terminals of the generator
or on the bus bars and the unsymmetrical short circuit. After such short circuit, an
inspection of turbogenerator must be performed during which it is necessary to
measure the insulation resistance of the stator and the rotor to dismantle the end
covers and examine the state of the stator and rotor windings. Defects found out must
be rectified. Then only the machine may be put into operation again.
b) First earth fault in rotor: Generator is permitted to operate with one earth fault in
rotor. However this earth fault should be cleared at the earliest.
c) Loss of excitation: Operation of a generator without field will cause excessive

heating. The degree to which this heating will occur depends on several conditions
including the initial load on the machines, the manner in which the generator is
connected to the system. When the excitation is lost, the generator tends to over speed
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and operates as an Induction generator. This over speed generally results in reduction of
load due to the characteristics of turbine governor, an increase in stator current and
possible low voltage at the generator terminals and is accompanied by high rotor
currents. The rotor body currents will cause extremely high and possible dangerous
temperature rise in short time. If the machine is found to be operated without field for
an unknown interval of time, it should be immediately tripped. If line and shut down for
an insulation to determine the degree of rotor damage from heating. Loss of excitation
relay can take care of this hazard.
• Effect of leading and lagging pf load:

The reactive capability curve gives the limits of loading at various power factor of a
synchronous generator. Beyond the limits of the curve will result in overheating the field
winding due to excessively high field current.
Operation with leading power factor with reduced field current will result in overheating
the ends of the stator core and the end structure of the machine due to eddy current set
up due to armature reaction and leakage flux which rotates at synchronous speed. The
heating effect of leakage flux increases with decrease in saturation of the retaining rings
resulting from the lower values of field current.
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3. PROTECTION FOR THE VARIOUS ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS OF

GUWAHATI REFINERY
3.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTION:
A power system is not only capable to meet the present load but also has the flexibility to
meet the future demands. A power system is designed to generate electric power in
sufficient quantity, to meet the present and estimated future demands of the users in a
particular area, to transmit it to the areas where it will be used and then distribute it within
that area, on a continuous basis.
To ensure the maximum return on the large investment in the equipment, which goes to
make up the power system and to keep the users satisfied with reliable service, the whole
system must be kept in operation continuously without major breakdowns.
This can be achieved in two ways:
The first way is to implement a system adopting components, which should not fail
and requires the least or nil maintenance to maintain the continuity of service. By
common sense, implementing such a system is neither economical nor feasible,
except for small systems.
The second option is to foresee any possible effects or failures that may cause long-
term shutdown of a system, which in turn may take longer time to bring back the
system to its normal course. The main idea is to restrict the disturbances during such
failures to a limited area and continue power distribution in the balance areas.
Special equipment is normally installed to detect such kind of failures (also called
‘faults’) that can possibly happen in various sections of a system, and to isolate faulty
sections so that the interruption is limited to a localized area in the total system
covering various areas. The special equipment adopted to detect such possible faults
is referred to as ‘protective equipment or protective relay’ and the system that uses
such equipment is termed as ‘protection system’.
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In Guwahati refinery, since the failure or damage of important equipments may cause a
huge loss to the company, hence the protection of various components viz motors,
generators, transformer, bus bar etc are of high importance here.
In a nutshell, main functions of power system protection are –
• To safeguard the entire system to maintain continuity of supply.

• To minimize damage and repair costs.
• To ensure safety of personnel.
The basic requirements of power system protection are-
• Selectivity: To detect and isolate the faulty item only.

• Stability: To leave all healthy circuits intact to ensure continuity of supply.
• Speed: To operate as fast as possible when called upon, to minimize damage,
production downtime and ensure safety to personnel.
• Sensitivity: To detect even the smallest fault, current or system abnormalities and
operate correctly at its settings.
The protective system should act fast to isolate faulty sections to prevent-
• Increased damage at fault location. Fault energy = I² × Rf × t, where t is time in

seconds.
• Danger to the operating personnel (flashes due to high fault energy sustaining for a
long time).
• Danger of igniting combustible gas in hazardous areas, such as methane in coal
mines which could cause horrendous disaster.
• Increased probability of earth faults spreading to healthy phases.
• Higher mechanical and thermal stressing of all items of plant carrying the fault
current, particularly transformers whose windings suffer progressive and cumulative
deterioration because of the enormous electromechanical forces caused by multi-
phase faults proportional to the square of the fault current.
Sustained voltage dips resulting in motor (and generator) instability leading to extensive
shutdown at the plant concerned and possibly other nearby plants connected to the system.
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3.2 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION-BASIC COMPONENTS:
1. Voltage transformers and current transformers: To monitor and give accurate feedback
about the healthiness of a system.
2. Relays: To convert the signals from the monitoring devices, and give instructions to open
a circuit under faulty conditions or to give alarms when the equipment being protected, is
approaching towards possible destruction.
3. Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being protected.
4. Circuit breakers: These are used to make circuits carrying enormous currents, and also to
break the circuit carrying the fault currents for a few cycles based on feedback from the
relays.
5. DC batteries: These give uninterrupted power source to the relays and breakers that is
independent of the main power source being protected.
3.3 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
Here is a brief summary of the types of faults that can occur in a power transformer:
• HV and LV bushing flashovers (external to the tank)

• HV winding earth fault
• LV winding earth fault
• Inter-turn fault
• Core fault
• Tank fault
Different protection relay that are used for transformer fault detection are as –
1) Differential protection: Differential protection, as its name implies, compares currents

entering and leaving the protected zone and operates when the differential current
between these currents exceed a pre-determined level.
The type of differential scheme normally applied to a transformer is called the current
balance or circulating current scheme as shown in Figure below.
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Fig: Differential protection

tection using
u current balance scheme (external
rnal fault conditions)
The CTs are connected in series and the secondary current circulatess between
betwee them. The
relay is connected acrosss the midpoint
mi where the voltage is theoretically
ically nil, therefore no
current passes through the relay
relay, hence no operation for faults outside
ide the p
protected zone.
Under internal fault conditions

ditions ((i.e. faults between the CTs) the relayy operates,
operate since both
the CT secondary currents
ts add up
u and pass through the relay as seen in figure
figur below.
Fig: Differential protection

tection using
u current balance scheme (internal
rnal fault conditions)
2) Buchholz protection: Failure of

o the winding insulation will result in some form
f of arcing,
which can decompose the
he oil into hydrogen, acetylene, methane, etc.
c. Localized
Localiz heating can
also precipitate a breakdown
down of oil into gas.
Severe arcing will cause a rapid release

r of a large volume of gas as well
ell as oil vapor. The
action can be so violent that the build-up of pressure can cause an oilil surge from
f the tank to
the conservator.
The Buchholz relay can detect bo

both gas and oil surges as it is mounted
ed in the pipe to the
conservator. The figure is shown below-
25
Fig: Mounting of Buchholz relay
Fig Fig
Fig: Details
Det of Buchholz relay construction
26
The unit contains two mercury switches. The production of gas in the tank will eventually
bubble up the pipe to be trapped in the top of the relay casing, so displacing and lowering
the level of the oil. This causes the upper float to tilt and operate the mercury switch to
initiate the alarm circuit. A similar operation occurs if a tank leak causes a drop in oil level.
The relay will therefore give an alarm for the following conditions, which are of a low order
of urgency:
• Hot spots on the core due to shorted laminations
• Core bolt insulation failure
• Faulty joints
• Inter-turn faults and other incipient faults involving low power
• Loss of oil due to leakage.
The lower switch is calibrated by the manufacturers to operate at a certain oil flow rate (i.e.
surge) and is used to trip the transformer HV and LV circuit breakers.
3.4 GENERATOR PROTECTION:
A generator is the heart of an electrical power system, as it converts mechanical energy into
its electrical equivalent, which is further distributed at various voltages.
It will be appreciated that a modern large generating unit is a complex system, comprising
of number of components:
• Stator winding with associated main and unit transformers

• Rotor with its field winding and exciters
• Turbine with its boiler, condenser, auxiliary fans and pumps.
Many different faults can occur on this system, for which diverse protection means are
required. The various types of electrical faults are:
Stator insulation failure, Overload, Overvoltage, Unbalanced load, Rotor faults, Loss of
excitation, Loss of synchronism.
27
Below is the detailed explanation of various faults and protection measure for
corresponding faults-
1) Stator earthing and earth faults: The neutral point of the generator stator winding is
normally earthed so that it can be protected, and impedance is generally used to limit earth
fault current.
The stator insulation failure can lead to earth fault in the system. Severe arcing to the
machine core could burn the iron at the point of fault and weld laminations together. In the
worst case, it could be necessary to rebuild the core down to the fault necessitating a major
strip-down. Practice, as to the degree of limitation of the earth fault current varies from
rated load current to low values such as 5 A.
Generators connected direct to the distribution network are usually earthed through a
resistor. However, the larger generator–transformer unit (which can be regarded as isolated
from the EHV transmission system) is normally earthed through the primary winding of a
voltage transformer, the secondary winding being loaded with a low ohmic value resistor. Its
reflected resistance is very high (proportional to the turns ratio squared) and it prevents
high transient overvoltages being produced as a result of an arcing earth fault.
When connected directly through impedance, overcurrent relays of both instantaneous and
time-delayed type are used. A setting of 10% of the maximum earth fault current is
considered the safest setting, which normally is enough to avoid spurious operations due to
the transient surge currents transmitted through the system capacitance. The time delay
relay is applied a value of 5%
2) Overload protection: Generators are very rarely troubled by overload, as the amount of
power they can deliver is a function of the prime mover, which is being continuously
monitored by its governors and regulator. Where overload protection is provided, it usually
takes the form of a thermocouple or thermistor embedded in the stator winding. The rotor
winding is checked by measuring the resistance of the field winding.
28
3) Overcurrent protection: It is normal practice to apply IDMTL relays for overcurrent

protection, not for thermal protection of the machine but as a ‘back-up’ feature to operate
only under fault conditions. In the case of a single machine feeding an isolated system, this
relay could be connected to a single CT in the neutral end in order to cover a winding fault.
With multiple generators in parallel, there is difficulty in arriving at a suitable setting so the
relays are then connected to line side CTs.
4) Overvoltage protection: Overvoltage can occur as either a high-speed transient or a

sustained condition at system frequency.
The former are normally covered by surge arrestors at strategic points on the system or
alternatively at the generator terminals depending on the relative capacitance coupling of
the generator/transformer, and connections, etc.
Power frequency overvoltages are normally the result of:
• Defective voltage regulator

• Manual control error (sudden variation of load)
• Sudden loss of load due to other circuit tripping.
Overvoltage protection is therefore only applied to unattended automatic machines, at say

a hydroelectric station. The normal setting adopted are quite high almost equal to 150% but
with instantaneous operation.
5) Rotor faults: The rotor has a DC supply fed onto its winding which sets up a standing flux.
When this flux is rotated by the prime mover, it cuts the stator winding to induce current
and voltage therein. This DC supply from the exciter need not be earthed. If an earth fault
occurs, no fault current will flow and the machine can continue to run indefinitely, however,
one would be unaware of this condition. Danger then arises if a second earth fault occurs at
another point in the winding, thereby shorting out portion of the winding. This causes the
field current to increase and be diverted, burning out conductors.
In addition, the fluxes become distorted resulting in unbalanced mechanical forces on the
rotor causing violent vibrations, which may damage the bearings and even displace the
rotor by an amount, which would cause it to foul the stator. It is therefore important that
29
rotor earth fault protection

tion be installed.
in This can be done in a varietyy of way
ways as explained
below-
Potentiometer method
ethod: The field winding is connected with a resistance
resista having
center tap. The tap point is connected to the earth through a sensitiv
sensitive relay R. An
earth fault in the field winding
wi produces a voltage across the relay. The maximum
voltage occurs for
or faults at end of the windings. However, there
ere are chances that the
faults at the center
ter of the winding may get undetected. Hence,
ce, one lo
lower tap is
provided in the resistance.
resistanc Though normally, the center tap is connected,
connec a
pushbutton or a bypass sswitch is used to check for the faults at the center
ce of
winding. A proper
er operat
operating procedure shall be established to
o ensure that this
changeover is done at least
lea once in a day.
Fig: Potentiometer method
AC injection method:: This method requires an auxiliary supply,

ly, which is injected to
the field circuit through
hrough a coupling capacitance. The capacitorr preven
prevents the chances
of higher DC current
rent passing
pass through the transformer. An earth
rth fault at any part of
the winding givess rise to the field current, which is detected by the sensitive
se relay.
Care should be taken
aken to eensure that the bearings are insulated,
ed, since there is a
constant currentt flowing to the earth through the capacitance.
30
Fig: AC injection method
DC injection method:: This method avoids the capacitance currents

rrents by
b rectifying the
injection voltage adopted in the previous method. The auxiliary
ary voltage
volta is used to
bias the field voltage
ltage to b
be negative with respect to the earth.
h. An ear
earth fault causes
the fault current to flow through the DC power unit causing the sensitive
sensi relay to
operate under fault
ault cond
conditions.
Fig: DC injection method

31
6) Loss of excitation: If the rotor field system should fail for whatever reason, the generator
would then operate as an induction generator, continuing to generate power determined by
the load setting of the turbine governor. It would be operating at a slip frequency and
although there is no immediate danger to the set, heating will occur, as the machine will not
have been designed to run continuously in such an asynchronous fashion. Some form of
field failure detection is thus required, and on the larger machines, this is augmented by a
mho-type impedance relay to detect this condition on the primary side.
7) Loss of synchronization: A generator could lose synchronism with the power system
because of a severe system fault disturbance, or operation at a high load with a leading
power factor. This shock may cause the rotor to oscillate, with consequent variations of
current, voltage and power factor. If the angular displacement of the rotor exceeds the
stable limit, the rotor will slip a pole pitch. If the disturbance has passed, by the time this
pole slip occurs, then the machine may regain synchronism otherwise it must be isolated
from the system. Alternatively, trip the field switch to run the machine as an asynchronous
generator, reduce the field excitation and load, then reclose the field switch to
resynchronize smoothly.
3.5 BUS BAR PROTECTION:
Buses exist throughout the power system and, particularly, wherever two or more circuits
are interconnected. The number of circuits that are connected to a bus varies widely. Bus
faults can result in severe system disturbances, as high fault current levels are typically
available at bus locations and because all circuits supplying fault current must be opened to
isolate the problem. Thus, when there are more than six to eight circuits involved, buses are
often split by a circuit breaker (bus tie), or a bus arrangement is used that minimizes the
number of circuits, which must be opened for a bus fault. There are many bus arrangements
in service dictated by the foregoing and by the economics and flexibility of system
operation. In Guwahati refinery, two buses system is present to ensure more reliability and
continuity. The general protection schemes for double bus system is explained below-
32
SINGLE BREAKER–DOUBLE
BLE BUS:
BUS
Fig: Typical four circuit

it single breaker
b double bus and bus differential protection
pro zones.
This arrangement (shown

n in figure)
figu provides high flexibility for system
m operation.
oper Any line
can be operated from either
ither of the
t buses, the buses can be operated
d together,
togethe as shown, or
independently, and one bus can be used as a transfer bus if a line breaker
eaker is out of service.
The disadvantage is that it requires
requi complicated switching of the protection
tection for both the bus
differential and line protection.
tection. Two
T differential zones for the buses are required.
requ In the
Figure, lines 1 and 2 are shown cconnected to bus 1, with lines 3 and 4 connected
connec to bus 2.
For this operation, the differenti
ifferential zones are outlined dashed for buss 1, and d
dash-dot for bus
2.
33
Faults on either buses orr associated

associa circuits require tripping of all circuits
rcuits connected
con to the
bus at that time. Faults in the bu
bus tie breaker must trip both buses and
nd all circuits.
cir VTs for
protection are required for each bus, as shown. However, line-side VTs
Ts are preferable
p to
avoid switching if voltagee is required
requ for line protection. Modern microproce
croprocessor relays
need to be applied to reduce
duce com
complications by using the flexibility of such relays
re and the
programmable logic, which
ich are provided
p for such devices.
DOUBLE BREAKER–DOUBLE
BLE BUS:
BUS
Fig: Typical four-circuit double

uble breaker–double
bre bus and the bus differential
ial prote
protection zones.
This is a very flexible arrangeme

rangement that requires two circuit breakers per circuit.
circ Each bus is
protected by a separate differential,
differen with zones as illustrated. The line
ne protection
protec operates
from paralleled CTs, and this provides
pro protect ion for the bus area between
etween the
t two zones
overlapping the two breakers.
akers. Line
Li protection operates to trip both breakers.
breakers
With all disconnected switches

witches n
normally closed (NC), as shown, a fault on either of the
buses does not interrupt service on the lines. All switching is done with
ith breakers,
break and either
34
bus can be removed for maintenance. Line-side voltage, either VTs o r CCVT s, is necessary if
required by the line protection.
Differential protection for buses: Complete differential protection requires that all circuits
connected to the bus be involved, because it compares the total current entering the zone
with the total current leaving the zone. Except for a two-circuit bus, this means comparisons
between several CTs that are operating at different energy levels and often with different
characteristics. The most critical condition is the external fault just outside the differential
zone. The CTs on this faulted circuit receive the sum of all the current from the other
circuits. Thus, it must reproduce a potential high-current magnitude with sufficient accuracy
to match the other CT secondary currents and avoid mis-operation. Therefore, CT
performance is important. The relays and CTs are both important members of a ‘‘team’’ to
provide fast and sensitive tripping for all internal faults, at the same time, restrain for all
faults outside the differential zone. Two major techniques are in use to avoid possible
unequal CT performance problems: (1) multirestraint current and (2) high- impedance
voltage. A third system employs air-co re transformers to avoid the iron-core excitation and
saturation problems. All are in practical service. They exist with various features, depending
on the design. Each feature has specific application rules. These should be followed
carefully, for they have been developed to overcome the inherent deficiencies of
conventional CTs on both symmetrical and asymmetrical fault currents.
3.6 MOTOR PROTECTION:
The protection of motors varies considerably and is generally less standardized than the
protection of the other apparatus or parts of the power system. This results from the wide
variety of sizes, types, and applications of motors. The protection is principally based on the
importance of the motor, which usually is closely related to the size.
35
The potential hazards normally considered are-
1. Faults: phase or ground
2. Thermal damage a. From Overload (continuous or intermittent)
b. From Locked rotor (failure to start or jamming)
3. Abnormal conditions-
a. Unbalanced operation
b. Undervoltage and overvoltage
c. Reversed phases
d. High-speed reclosing (reenergizing while still running)
e. Unusual ambient or environmental conditions(cold, hot, and damp)
f. Incomplete starting sequence
These are for induction motors, which represent the large majority of all
motors in service. For synchronous motors, additional hazards are
4. Loss of excitation (loss of field)
5. Out-of-step operation (operation out of synchronism)
6. Synchronizing out of phase
These can be reclassified relative to their origins:

A. Motor induced -
1. Insulation failure (within motor and associated wiring)
2. Bearing failure
3. Mechanical failures
4. Synchronous motors: loss of field
B. Load induced-
1. Overload (and underload)
2. Jamming
3. High inertia
36
C. Environment induced -
1. High ambient temperature
2. High contaminant level: blocked ventilation
3. Cold, damp ambient temperature
D. Source or system induced-
1. Phase failure (open phase or phases)
2. Overvoltage
3. Undervoltage
4. Phase reversal
5. Out-of-step condition resulting from system disturbance
E. Operation and application induced-
1. Synchronizing, closing, or reclosing out of phase
2. High duty cycle
3. Jogging
4. Rapid or plug reversing
The various protection schemes for important abnormal operating conditions are described
below –
• OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION:
The overall result of an overvoltage condition is a decrease in load current and poor
power factor.
Although old motors had robust design, new motors are designed close to saturation
point for better utilization of core materials and increasing the V/Hz ratio cause
saturation of air gap flux leading to motor heating.
The overvoltage element should be set to 110% of the motors nameplate unless
otherwise started in the data sheets.
• UNDERVOLTAGE PROTECTION:
The overall result of an undervoltage condition is an increase in current and motor
heating and a reduction in overall motor performance.
37
The undervoltage protection element can be thought of as backup protection for the
thermal overload element. In some cases, if an undervoltage condition exists it may
be desirable to trip the motor faster than thermal overload element.
The undervoltage trip should be set to 80-90% of nameplate unless otherwise stated
on the motor data sheets.
Motors that are connected to the same source/bus may experience a temporary
undervoltage, when one of motors starts. To override this temporary voltage sags, a
time delay set point should be set greater than the motor starting time
• UNBALANCE PROTECTION:
Indication of unbalance -> negative sequence current / voltage
Unbalance causes motor stress and temperature rise
Current unbalance in a motor is result of unequal line voltages
o unbalanced supply, blown fuse, single-phasing
Current unbalance can also be present due to:
o Loose or bad connections
o Incorrect phase rotation connection
o Stator turn-to-turn faults
For a typical three-phase induction motor:
o 1% voltage unbalance relates to 6% current unbalance.
o For small and medium sized motors, only current transformers (CTs) are
available and no voltage transformers (VTs). Measure current unbalance and
protect motor.
o The heating effect caused by current unbalance will be protected by enabling
the unbalance input to the thermal model
o For example, a setting of 10-15% x FLA for the current unbalance alarm with
a delay of 5-10 seconds and a trip level setting of 20-25% x FLA for the
current unbalance trip with a delay of 2-5 seconds would be appropriate.
• GROUND FAULT PROTECTION:

A ground fault is a fault that creates a path for current to flow from one of the
phases directly to the neutral through the earth bypassing the load
38
Ground faults in a motor occur:

o When its phase conductor’s
co insulation is damaged forr exampl
example due to voltage
stress, moisture
oisture o
or internal fault occurs between the conductor
conducto and ground.
To limit the levell of the ground
g fault current connect impedance
nce betw
between the
supplies neutral and ground.
grou This impedance can be in the form
rm of a resistor or
grounding transformer
former sized
si to ensure maximum ground fault
lt curren
current is limited.
Zero Sequence CT Connec

onnection
o Best method.
o Most sensitive
sitive & inherent noise immunity.
All phase conductors

ctors are passed through the window of the same CT referred to as
the zero sequence CT..
Under normal circumstan
rcumstances, the three phase currents will sum
um to zero
ze resulting in
an output of zero
o from th
the Zero Sequence CT’s secondary.
If one of the motors
tors phas
phases were too shorted to ground, the sum of tthe phase
currents would no
o longer equal zero causing a current to flow in the ssecondary of
the zero sequence.
ce. This ccurrent would be detected by the motor
otor relay
rela as a ground
fault.
39
Residual Ground Fault Connection

Connecti
o Less sensitive.
o Drawbacks
ks due to asymmetrical starting current and un-matc
matched CTs.
For large cables that can

cannot be fit through the zero sequencee CT’s wi
window, the
residual ground fault configuration
con can be used.
This configuration
on is inherently
inhe less sensitive than that of thee zero se
sequence
configurations owing
wing to the fact that the CTs are not perfectly
ly matched.
match
During motor starting,
arting, th
the motor’s phase currents typically rise to m
magnitudes
excess of 6 timess motors full load current and are asymmetrical.
The combination
n of non
non-perfectly matched CTs and relative large phase
pha current
magnitudes produce
duce a false
fa residual current. This current will be misinterpreted
mis by
the motor relay as a ground
grou fault unless the ground fault element’s
ment’s p
pickup is set
high enough to disregard this error during starting.
• DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTI
ROTECTION:
Differential protection
ection m
may be considered the first line of protection
tection for internal
phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground
phase faults. In the event of such
ch faults
faults, the quick
response of the differential
different element may limit the damage that
at may have
h otherwise
occurred to the motor.
40
Core balance method:
o Two sets of CT’s, one at the beginning of the motor feeder,

eeder, and
an the other at
the neutral
ral point
o Alternatively,
vely, one set of three core-balance CTs can also
lso be us
used
o The differential
rential element
e subtracts the current comingg out of each
e phase from
the current
nt going into each phase and compares the result or difference with
the differential
rential pickup
pi level.
Summation method with

th six CTs:
CTs
If six CTs are used

d in a su
summing configuration, during motor starting, the values from
the two CTs on each
ach pha
phase may not be equal as the CTs are not perfectly
perfe identical
and asymmetrical currents
curren may cause the CTs on each phase to have different
outputs.
To prevent nuisance
nce tripping
tripp in this configuration, the differential
ntial level
lev may have to
be set less sensitive,
tive, or the
th differential time delay may have to be extended to ride
through the problem period
per during motor starting.
The running differential
erential d
delay can then be fine tuned to an applicatio
pplication such that it
responds very fast
st and is sensitive to low differential current levels.
41
Biased differential protection

ection - six CTs:
Biased differential
ial protec
protection method allows for different ratios
tios for system/line
s and
the neutral CT’s.
This method hass a dual sslope characteristic. Main purpose off the percent-slope
per
characteristic is to prevent
preven a mis-operation caused by unbalances
nces bet
between CTs
during external faults. CT unbalances arise as a result of CT accuracy
ccuracy errors
e or CT
saturation.
Characteristic allows
llows for very sensitive settings when the fault
lt current
curren is low and less
sensitive settingss when the
t fault current is high and CT performance
rmance may produce
incorrect operating
ing signals.
signa
42
• Short circuit protection:

The short circuit element provides protection for excessively high overcurrent faults.
Phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults are common types of short circuits.
When a motor starts, the starting current (which is typically 6 times the Full Load
Current) has asymmetrical components. These asymmetrical currents may cause one
phase to see as much as 1.7 times the RMS starting current.
To avoid nuisance tripping during starting, set the short circuit protection pick up to
a value at least 1.7 times the maximum expected symmetrical starting current of
motor.
The breaker or contactor must have an interrupting capacity equal to or greater than
the maximum available fault current or let an upstream protective device interrupt
fault current.
• Stator RTD Protection:

A simple method to determine the heating within the motor is to monitor the stator
with RTDs.
Stator RTD trip level should be set at or below the maximum temperature rating of
the insulation.
For example, a motor with class F insulation that has a temperature rating of 155°C
could have the Stator RTD Trip level be set between 140°C to 145°C, with 145° C
being the maximum (155°C - 10°C hot spot).
The stator RTD alarm level could be set to a level to provide a warning that the
motor temperature is rising.
43
3.7 RELAYS:
Relay is a protective device which closes the contacts of trip circuit and thereby sends a
signal to respective circuit breaker, if any abnormal condition occurs in that protected
circuit where the relay operation is specified. Earlier in Guwahati refinery, various
electromechanical relays were installed, but with the advancement in technology,
numerical relays are now being installed in the refinery to enhance reliability , speed,
sensitivity etc. The following numerical relays are installed in Guwahati Refinery-
Siemens make relay (installed in new units HT substation and 33kV Switch Gear)
• 7SJ600 Over Current Relay

• 7RW600 Over/Undervoltage relay
• 7VK512 Check synchronization relay
• 7UT512 Differential relay
ABB make relay: (installed in new unit substation)
• SPI30UC Over/undervoltage relay

• SPAD346 C2 differential relay
Alstom make relay (installed at 6.3 kV generation bus alstom section)
Micom P-121,127,221,921,111,211
CS PC
PL300NC (CDV relay)
Easun Reyrolle
RHO-3 motor protection relay
Under frequency relay

44
3.8 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Circuit breaker (CB) is a switchgear,

switchge which can make or break a circuit
it manually
manua and breaks
the circuit automaticallyy under ffault conditions. The CB has two contacts- one is fixed
contact other one is termed
med as moving contact. Under fault condition,
n, the trip coil is
energized and this trips the breaker
brea by moving the contacts apart. The
he arc pr
produced
between the contacts is extingui
extinguished by air, oil and vacuum medium.. Based on this
classification, in Guwahati
ati refine
refinery, the following types of breakers are
re use-
use
1) AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER: Interru

nterrupting contacts situated in air. Arc is chopped into a number
of small arcs by the Arc-chute
hute as it rises due to heat and magnetic forces.
rces. The air circuit
breakers are normally employed
mployed for 380-480 V range.
Fig: Air Circuit breaker
These circuit breakers are

re used in LT breakers in Guwahati refinery.
2) OIL IMMERSED CIRCUIT

UIT BREA
BREAKER: In this design, the main contacts
cts are im
immersed in oil
and the oil acts as the ionizing
nizing m
medium between the contacts. The oilil is mineral
mine type, with
high dielectric strength to withstand
withst the voltage across the contacts under n
normal
conditions.
45
Fig: Single break oilil circuit breaker Fig: Double break

ak oil circuit
circ breaker
Oil has the following advantages
vantages:
• Ability of cool oil to flow into the space after current zero and
nd arc goes
g out
• Cooling surfacee presented

presen by oil
• Absorption of energy by
b decomposition of oil
• Action of oil as an insul

insulator lending to more compact design
n of switchgear.
swit
And Disadvantages are:
• Inflammability (especia
(especially if there is any air near hydrogen)
• Maintenance (changing
changing and purifying).
In Guwahati Refinery, Oilil circuit breakers are used in the following substation
ubstations-
i) NE panel breakers in Thermal Power station (TPS).
ii)12/02 substation HT breakers.

breakers
iii) DM&S substation HTT breake

breakers.
46
3) VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
A vacuum circuit breaker is suitable for mainly medium voltage application circuit breaker
where the arc quenching takes place in vacuum. The major parts of vacuum circuit breaker
are breaker contacts, vapour condensing shields, metallic bellows, end flanges and
enclosure. The pressure of vacuum inside vacuum CB is normally maintained at 10⁻⁶ bar.
Fig: Vacuum Circuit Breaker
In Guwahati refinery, the following substations have Vacuum CB-
i) All HT breakers of new substation (MAKE Siemens).
ii) All HT breakers in TPS HT generating section (MAKE Areva and Alstom).
iii) All HT breakers at old HT substation (MAKE Jyoti).
iv) All HT breakers in new intake substation (MAKE Areva).

47
4. INSTRUMENTATION
4.1 IMPORTANNCE AND RELEVANCE:
Instrumentation technology
technolo is provided to optimize the Plantt efficien
efficiency without
compromising thee safety and environment around working area.
It provides control
ol to res
restrict things to go beyond operator control.
ontrol. If somehow
things go beyondd contr
control, it automatically shutdown the plantt in a safe
saf way.
Leads to a safer life in an explosive environment.
4.2 DIFFERENT TYPES

YPES OF INSTRUMENTS IN GUWAHATI
TI REFINERY
REFINE :
4.2.1 FLOW MEASUREM

ASUREMENT:
• Local indicator ( Rotamet

Rotameter , differential pressure gauge)
• Remote indicatorr ( Differential
Differ pressure transmitter , orifice, venturim
venturimeter,
Ultrasonic flow meter)
eter)
LOCAL INDICATOR:
• ROTAMETER:
Fig: Rotameter
Rotameter (also known as a variable area flow meter) are typically

cally made
mad from a
tapered glass tube
be that is positioned vertically in the fluid flow.
w. A float
floa that is the
same size as the base of the glass tube rides upward in relation on to the amount of
flow. Because thee tube is larger in diameter at the top of the glass than
tha at the
bottom, the floatt resides at the point where the differential pressure between the
upper lower surfaces
faces bal
balance the weight of the float. In mostt rotameter
rotame applications
48
the flow rate is read directly from a scale inscribed on the glass; in some cases an
automatic sensing device is used to the float and transmits a flow signal.
These transmitting rotameters are often made from stainless steel or other
materials for various fluid applications and high pressures. Rotameter may range in
size from ¼ inch to greater than 6 inch. They measure a wider band of flow(10 to 1)
than an orifice plate with an accuracy of ±2% and a maximum operating pressure of
300 psi when constructed of glass. Rotameters are commonly for purge and levels.
• DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE GAUGE:
Differential pressure gauges are often found in industrial process systems and yet,
they are easily overlooked or misunderstood. In fact, a differential pressure gauge
can often times provide multiple solutions to everyday problems.
Differential (Dp or Δp) is the difference between two applied pressures. For example,
the pressure at point ‘A’ equals 100 psi and the pressure at point ‘B’ equals 60 psi.
The differential pressure is 40 psi (100 – 60=40 psi).
A differential pressure gauge is a visual indicator, designed to measure ad display the

difference in pressure between two pressure points in a process system. They
typically have two inlet ports, each connected to the pressure points that are being
monitored. In effect, the differential pressure gauge performs the mathematical
operation of subtraction through mechanical means. This eliminates the need for an
operator or control system to watch two separate gauges and determine the
difference in readings.
Differential pressure gauges are also used to measure the flow of a liquid inside a
pipe. Utilizing an orifice plate, venture, or flow nozzle to reduce the diameter inside
the pipe; the differential pressure gauge measures the pressure before and after
orifice. The pressure drop across the orifice is then mechanically translated by the
difference pressure gauge into the flow rate. Differential pressure gauges are an
uncomplicated solution for a visual indicator when measuring process flow.
• DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER(DPT):
The most common and useful industrial pressure measuring instrument is the
differential pressure transmitter. This equipment will sense the difference in
pressure in two ports and produce an output signal with reference to a calibrated
pressure range.
49
The industrial DPTs

PTs are m made of two housings. Pressure sensing
sing element
elem is housed
in the bottom half,lf, and the
th electronics are housed at the top half. It will
w have two
pressure ports marked
arked as ‘High’ and ‘Low’. It is not compulsory
ry that tthe high port will
be always at high h pressure
pressur and low port will be always at low pressur
pressure. This labelling
has its relation to
o the effect
eff of the port on the output signal.
• ORIFICE FLOW METER:

ETER:
An orifice flow meter

eter is tthe most common head type flow measuring
easuring device. An
orifice plate is inserted
serted in the pipeline and the differential pressure
essure across
ac it is
measured.
Fig: Orifice flow meter
The orifice plate inserted in the pipeline causes an increase in

n flow ve
velocity and a
corresponding decrease
ecrease in pressure. The flow pattern shows an effective
effec decrease in
cross section beyond
yond the orifice plate, with a maximum velocity
city and minimum
m
pressure at the vena con
contracta.
A concentric orifice
fice plate is the simplest and least expensive of the hehead meters
acting as a primary
ary devic
device, the orifice plate constricts the flow
w of a fluid
flu to produce a
differential pressure
sure acro
across the plate. The result is a high pressure
ssure upstream
up and a
low pressure downstream
wnstream that is proportional to the square of the flo flow velocity. Ann
orifice plate usually
ally prod
produces a greater overall pressure less than othother primary
devices. A practical
ical advantage
advan of this device is that cost does not incr
increase
significantly with pipe size.
siz
50
• VENTURI TUBES:
Venturi tubes aree differential

differe pressure producers, based on Bernoulli
ernoulli’s Theorem.
General performance
ance and calculations are similar to those of orifice plates.
p
It consists of a cylindrical
ylindrical inlet section equal to the pipe diameter;
eter; a cconverging
conical section inn which tthe cross-sectional area decreases causing
ausing the
th velocity to
increase with a correspon
orresponding increase in velocity head and a decrease
decrea in the
pressure head; a cylindric
cylindrical throat section where the velocityy is constant
const so that the
decreased pressureure head can be measured; and a diverging recovery
ecovery cone where the
velocity decreaseses and almost
al all of the original pressure head
d is recovered.
reco The
unrecovered pressure
ssure head
he is commonly called as head loss.
Fig: Venturi tube
In the venturi meter,

eter, velocity
velo is increased and the pressure iss decreas
decreased in the
upstream cone.
• ULTRASONIC FLOWMETE
OWMETER:
It provides volumetric
etric flow
flo rate. We typically use the transmit-timetime method,
m where
sounds wave transmitted
nsmitted in the direction of fluid flow travelss faster than
t those
travelling upstream.
am. The transmit-time difference is proportional
ional to the
t fluid
velocity. Ultrasonic
nic flow meter have negligible pressure drop,, have hi high turn down
capability, and can
an handl
handle a wide range applications. Crude oilil produ
production,
transportation and
nd processing
proce are typical applications for thiss technology.
techno
4.2.2 PRESSURE
RE MEASUREMENT:
MEA
When a fluid is in
n contact with a boundary, it produces a forcee at righ
right angles to that
boundary. The force
orce per unit area is called the pressure. ( /
There are three basic methods

m for pressure measurement:
The simplest method

thod inv
involves balancing the unknown pressure
re against
again the pressure
produced by a column
olumn of liquid of known density.
The second method

hod involves
invo allowing the unknown the unknownown pre
pressure to act on
a known area and
d measu
measuring the resultant force either directly
tly or indirectly.
ind
51
The third method involves allowing the unknown pressure to act on an elastic
membrane of known area and measuring the resultant stress or strain.
• Pressure measurement by balancing a column of liquid of known density:
The simplest form of instrument for this type of measurement id U-type manometer.
Consider a simple U-tube containing a liquid of density D as shown in the figure. The
points A and B are at the same horizontal level, and liquid at C stands at a height h mm
above B. Then,
Pressure at A=Pressure at B=atmospheric pressure +pressure due to column of liquid

BC=atmospheric pressure +hDg
If the liquid is water the unit of measure is mm water, and if the liquid is mercury then
the unit of measure is mm Hg. The corresponding SI unit is Pascal and
1 mm water=9.80665 Pa
1 mm Hg=133.322 Pa
52
• Pressure measurements by allowing the unknown pressure to act on a known area

and measuring the resultant force:
The simplest method for determining a pressure by measuring the force that is
generated when it acts on a known area in Dead weight tester but this system is used for
calibrating instruments rather than measuring unknown pressures.
• Pressure measurement by allowing the unknown pressure to act on a flexible

member and measuring the resultant motion:
The great majority of pressure gauges utilize a Bourdon, tube, stacked diaphragms, or a
bellows to sense the pressure. The applied pressure causes a change in the shape of the
sensor that is used to move a pointer with respect to a scale.
The Bourdon tube is a hollow tube with an elliptical cross section. When a pressure
difference exists between the inside and outside, the tube tends to straighten out and the
end moves. The movement is usually coupled to a needle on a dial to make a complete
gauge. It can also be connected to a secondary device such as an air nozzle to control air
pressure or to a suitable transducer to convert it into an electric signal. This type can be
used for measuring pressure difference.
PRESSURE GAUGE: Pressure gauges are based on the principle of Bourdan tube(C
type).The bourdan tube is a non-circular elliptical cross sectional C shaped hollow tube.
When a pressure difference exists between inside and outside the tube, it tends to
straighten out and the end moves. The movement is usually coupled to a needle on a dial
53
to make a complete gauge. It can also be connected to a secondary device such as an air
nozzle to control air pressure or to a suitable transducer to convert it into an electric
signal. This type can be used for measuring pressure difference.
4.2.3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT:
• LEVEL GAUGE: A level gauge is a device which is used to indicate the level of
liquid in a chamber. Level gauge may be of different types. Some of them are:
Plastic tube type
Glass tube type
Magnetic type
• MAGNETIC LEVEL GAUGE: Magnetic Level Gauges provides clear, high clarity
indication of liquid level. Magnetic Level Gauges are principally designed as an
alternative to glass level gauges. MLGs are now widely used in all industries as they
avoid direct contact with indicator system; it eliminates need of glass for direct level
indication and prevents chemical spillage due to breakage of glass.
A magnetic level gauge includes a “floatable” device that can float both in high
density and low density fluids. They can also be designed to accommodate sever
environmental conditions up to 210 bars at 370 degree Celsius.
In a magnetic level gauge, its level gauge body colour changes with the level of fluid.
This is due to the magnetic property of the float inside the level gauge.
Magnetic Level Gauges operates on the principle of magnetic field coupling to
provide fluid level information. Float chamber is typically constructed with non
magnetic pipe having process connections that matches to the vessel connections.
Float size and weight is determined by the process fluid, pressure, temperature and the
specific gravity of the process fluid. Float contains magnets to 0 provide 360 magnetic
flux field.
• MAGNETIC LEVEL GAUGE – FLAPPER: Indicator system is consists of

bicolour rollers equipped with magnets mounted on rail inside the housing. As the
level starts rising or falling magnetic float also travels with liquid level in non
54
magnetic chamber. The magnetic interaction between magnets in float and bicolour 0
rollers causes each roller to rotate 180.
• MAGNETIC LEVEL GAUGE - CAPSULE SHUTTLE: Indicator system consists

of capsule huttle housed in the glass tube inside the housing. As the level starts rising
or falling magnetic float also travels with liquid level in non magnetic chamber. The
magnetic interaction between magnets in float and capsule shuttle causes capsule to
travel along the magnetic float.
• LEVEL TROLL: Level troll works on the principle of feeling of weightless or loss
of weight when some object is immersed in the liquid level. This is due to the
buoyancy force exerted by the liquid surface on the object. Buoyancy force depends
on the volume of the object immersed in the liquid.
The variation in level of buoyancy resulting from a change in liquid level varies the
net weight of the displacer increasing or decreasing the load on the torque arm. This
change is directly proportional to change in level and specific gravity of the liquid.
The resulting torque tube movement varies the angular motion of the rotor in RVDT
providing a rotor change proportional to the rotor displacement, which is converted
and amplified to a D.C. current.
RADAR TYPE LEVEL: Radar level measurement is based on the principle of

measuring the time required for the microwave pulse and its reflected echo to make a
55
complete return trip between the non-contacting transducer and the sensed material
level. Then, the transceiver converts this signal electrically into distance/level and
presents it as an analogue and/or digital signal. The transducer’s output can be
selected by the user to be directly or inversely proportional to the span.
GWR transmitter sends low power pulses guided along a probe immersed in the
process media. When the pulse reaches the surface of the material to be measured,
part of the energy is reflected back to the transmitter and the time difference between
the generated pulse and reflected pulse is converted into a distance from which the
total level is calculated.
The benefits of radar as a level measurement technique are clear.
Radar provides a non-contact sensor that is virtually unaffected by changes in
process temperature, pressure or the gas and vapour composition within a
vessel.
The measurement accuracy is unaffected by changes in density, conductivity
and dielectric constant of the product being measured or by air movement
above the product.
The echoes derived from pulse radar are discrete and separated in time. This
means that pulse radar is better equipped to handle multiple echoes and false
echoes that are common in process vessels and solids silos.
56
4.2.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
Measurement of temperature is done with the help of various devices. The devices
which are being used in IOCL guwahati refinery for the measurement of temperature
are as follows:
Temperature gauge
Thermocouple
RTD
Temperature transmitter
None of these devices are connected directly to the line for it may damage the
instrument. An additional device known as thermo well is necessary to be installed in
order to use these instruments for the measurement of temperature of various process
fluids.
A description of these instruments is given below:
• TEMPERATURE GAUGE: This is a local indicator of temperature. The principle
behind the working of this instrument is bimetallic strip. A bimetallic strip consists of
two strips of different metal which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually
steel and copper is used as the two metals and sometime brass is used in place of
copper. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or
welding. The different rate of expansion of the two metals forces the flat strips to
bend one way if heated and the opposite way if cooled below its initial temperature.
Fig: Temperature gauge Fig: A bimetallic strip

57
• THERMOCOUPLE: This is a remote indicator of temperature. Here the

temperature measurement is done by exploiting the principle called ‘Seeback Effect’.
According to this effect when two dissimilar metal are joined together to form
two junction are the junctions are kept at different temperatures then there is a
current flow occurring across the loop and if any portion is chipped off then
there will be a potential developed across the two ends of the chipped off portion.
Some signal conditioning is required to be done for using the thermocouple as a
temperature measuring device in an industry. These are as follows:
Amplification of the emf generated as it is very low.
Cold junction compensation(Since the emf produced is dependent on the
temperature difference of the two junctions hence the cold junction needs to be at zero
for ensuring that the temperature shown by the device is same as the temperature
which is being measured. Since it is not possible to provide a physical zero hence this
is provided by signal conditioning of the output).
Fig: A thermocouple
Fig: EMF due to Seeback effect

58
• RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR (RTD): This is a remote indicator

of temperature. RTD stands for Resistance Temperature Detector. This device is
based on the principle that resistance of a wire is dependent on its temperature.
Resistance of a metal strip is given by the equation R=DL/A, where D is the
resistivity of the material of the metal strip, L is the length of the metal strip and A is
the cross-sectional area of the metal strip. As the temperature is changed the
dimensions of the metal strip i.e. the length L and the cross sectional area A changes
(D does not change appreciably) due to which the value of resistance R changes. By
measuring this change in resistance we can measure the change in temperature. The
material used for RTD is Platinum (Pt 100) and it is used in such dimensions so that at
00 the resistance is 100Ω.
Fig: RTD
• TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER: It is a remote indicating type instrument. The

temperature which is measured is transmitted to the control room. The device consists
of a temperature sensor and an inbuilt signal conditioning circuit. The sensor can be a
Thermocouple or an RTD. If it is a thermocouple then the change in voltage is
converted to 4-20 ma signals and then transmitted and if it is an RTD the change in
resistance is converted to 4-20ma signal and then transmitted.
Fig: Temperature transmitter

59
• THERMO WELL: This is a device which is used to avoid direct contact of the
temperature measuring device with the process fluid. Direct contact of the fluid with
the device may result in corrosion of vital parts of the device. Thus a thermo well acts
as a protective device and an interface between process medium and temperature
measuring device.
Fig: Thermowell
4.2.5 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS USED IN REFINERY:

I/P CONVERTER: A typical I/P transducer is a force-balance device in which a coil
suspends and hang in the field of a permanent magnet. Current flowing through the coil
makes it an electromagnet and causes a force of repulsion between the electromagnet and
permanent magnet. An increase in current through the coil increases the repulsive force,
thereby moving the link connected to the flapper upward. It reduces the gap between the
flapper and nozzle. The relative position of flapper to the nozzle results in an Air Gap that
causes leakage of air. The remaining of supply pressure after leakage is the back pressure
which acts as a pilot pressure to control the outlet pressure.
The I/P transducer must be supplied with air usually at a pressure of 20 Psi (Hence supply
pressure = 20 Psi). When the input current is at maximum (20 mA) the repulsion between
permanent magnet and electromagnet will also be the maximum, such that there will be
no gap between the flapper and nozzle. So the entire 20 Psi will be available as back
60
pressure. But the I/P transducer should be linearly calibrated such that 4-20 mA input = 3-
15 Psi output. That is when input current is 20 mA, the output should be only 15 Psi. The
valve plug is the device which helps in restricting the output at 15 Psi. The valve plug
(mechanical equivalent of Zener diode) is designed such as to give a maximum output of
15 Psi. The remaining excess pressure is given out through exhaust. When input current is
minimum (4 mA), the repulsion between the two magnets will be the minimum and it
result in a larger Air Gap. Through this Air Gap 17 Psi pressure will leak out. The
remaining 3 Psi (20 – 17 Psi) will be the output pressure of transducer.
ANALYZERS: Analyzers are devices that measures and transmit information

about chemical composition, physical properties or chemical properties of the sample.
The analyzers in use in IOCL Noonmati are as follows:
1. Gas detector
2. Oxygen analyzer
3. PH meter
4. SOX analyzer
5. NOX analyzer
Gas detector: Hydrocarbon gas detector works on the principle of the absorption
of infra red rays by hydro carbon molecules present in the atmosphere. The amount of
61
absorption depends on amount of hydrocarbon components present. Higher the

amount of absorption higher will be the concentration of hydrocarbon present.
Oxygen analyzer: This works on the principle of the difference in the partial
pressure on either side of the cell. On one side of the cell, we have instrument air (as
reference) and the other side faces the air whose oxygen concentration is to be
measured. Due to difference in partial pressure of oxygen across the cell, an EMF is
generated guided by Nernst’s Eqn. The equation is given by:
E=A T log (% of O2 in instrument air/ % of O2 in air to be monitored)
Where, A=R/nF
R = gas constant, which is 8.31 (volt-coulomb)/ (mol-K)
T = temperature (K)
n = number of moles of electrons exchanged in the electrochemical reaction (mol)
F = Faraday's constant, 96500 coulombs/mol
pH meter: It is an instrument used to measure the pH of a liquid. A pH meter
consists of a glass electrode having a reference pH solution. Whenever a liquid whose
Ph is to be measured comes in contact with the electrodes, a voltage is generated
depending on the pH value of the measured liquid. This voltage is then converted to
universal pH scale by auxiliary circuits associated with the pH meter transmitter.
SOX analyzer: Works on the principle that sulphur will emit light known as
fluorescence, in presence of UV radiation. A detection chamber is there to detect the
wavelength of emitted light waves. For a specified range this radiation is measured by
a photometer which provides us the required data.
NOX analyzer: This works on the principle that NO will emit light known as
chemilumeniscence, in presence of highly oxidising ozone molecules. A detection
chamber is there to detect the wavelength of the emitted light waves. For a specified
range, this radiation is measured by a photometer which provides the required data
62
5. CONCLUSION: Guwahati refinery, known as Gangotri of Indian Oil is well known

for its achievements during the last 53 years and all together, IOCL is always holding the
fame of best Public Sector Unit in India. Notwithstanding IOCL Guwhati has incorporated
and installed various extra ordinary and efficient equipments in electrical section, but still
more modernization (specially in Thermal Power Station) is required to keep the pace in the
race. As we observed during the internship session, the overall efficiency of the STG was
around 50%, which is generally a good value, but still it could be increased if the obsolete
components are removed and new instruments incorporated with electronics are installed.
Immediate replacement of the highly priced equipments is not at all possible, but through a
proper plan or arrangement, it could be done within the coming years. Microprocessor relay
should be installed in order to increase the reliability and stability of the power system and
the operational and maintenance instructions for such relays should be given to the people
concerned by the experts. It is obvious that IOCL Guwahati has been striving hard to improve
its efficiency and performance and to give quality products to the consumers, and to
achieve the peak and to maintain its glory; the structural reforms should be coupled with
operational reforms.
63
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Practical power system protection; L.G. Hewitson, Mark Brown & Ramesh Balakrishnan;.
2. Protective Relaying-Principles and Applications; J. Lewis Blackburn , Thomas J. Domin; 3rd

edition.
3. Power system analysis; Hadi Sadat; 3rd edition.
4. Motor Protection Principles; Craig Wester, GE Multilin &Craig. Wester.
5. Operating manuals of STG; IOCL Guwhati, 2011 edition.
6. Power system protection and Switchgear; Badri Ram, D.N. Vishwakarma; 2nd edition.
7. Electrical power system; C.L. Wadhwa; 6th edition.

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1

SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted by: BISHAL SARMA

Submitted on: 4th July,2016

The knowledge of any subject is incomplete until it is done practically.

I would like to acknowledge my profound and sincere gratitude Ms. Padmashri

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I

Abbrv. Full meaning Abbrv. Full meaning

RPM Rotation per minute

Indian Oil Corporation Li

Indian Oil operates the larg

country’s first Public Sector Refinery as wellll as Indian

2. THERMAL POWER STATION AT GUWHATI REFINERY:

1985: Generator # 3 was commissioned of 8 MW capacity.

List of major equipments of Thermal Power Station (TPS) Guwahati Refinery:

• 2×20 TPH Romanian Boilers (Boilers #3, #4).

Total installed capacity : 180 TPH

• 2×8.0 MW BHEL make extraction cum condensing steam turbines.

Total installed capacity : 28 MW

DM plant (De mineralization plant):

• 2×50 M3/hr DM water chains.

Total capacity: 160 M3/hr

• TPS cooling tower for TPS.

2.2 MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT DETAILS:

• Typical Technical Data of Turbogenerator( #3 or #4)

• Typical Technical Data of exciter of TG:

• Typical General Characteristics of Generator #3 / #4

Open Circuit characteristics Short circuit characteristics

2.3 GENERAL DETAILS OF BOILERS :

To achieve this, the boiler has to perform the following functions-

Boiler unit consists of Furnace, Superheater, Economizer, Air-preheater, De-superheater and

Boiler #3, #4 data

MAKE ISGEC JOHN THOMPSON

Boiler #6, #7 data

Boiler Accessories and mountings(for all the five boilers) :

Name of accessories/mountings Numbers

2.4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF GENERATOR:

In Guwahati refinery, continuous generation is mandatory, otherwise a huge amount of loss

Different parts of Generator:

3) Stator core: Stator core is made up of segments of insulated punching of non-grain

6) Ventilation arrangement: The turbogenerator is cooled by air circulated by means of

Fig: RTD characteristics

2.5 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OPERATION OF GENERATOR:

• Abnormal operating conditions:

c) Loss of excitation: Operation of a generator without field will cause excessive

• Effect of leading and lagging pf load:

3. PROTECTION FOR THE VARIOUS ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS OF

3.1 IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTION:

This can be achieved in two ways:

In a nutshell, main functions of power system protection are –

• To safeguard the entire system to maintain continuity of supply.

The basic requirements of power system protection are-

• Selectivity: To detect and isolate the faulty item only.

• Increased damage at fault location. Fault energy = I² × Rf × t, where t is time in

3.2 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION-BASIC COMPONENTS:

3. Fuses: Self-destructing to save the downstream equipment being protected.

3.3 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:

• HV and LV bushing flashovers (external to the tank)

1) Differential protection: Differential protection, as its name implies, compares currents