4ge1 02 Rms 20190822

Mark Scheme (Results)
Summer 2019
Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

In Geography (4GE1) Paper 02
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Summer 2019
Publications Code 4GE1_02_1906_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2019
General Marking Guidance
• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the
first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded
for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their
perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be
used appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners
should always award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the
mark scheme. Examiners should also be prepared to award zero marks if
the candidate’s response is not worthy of credit according to the mark
scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the
principles by which marks will be awarded and exemplification may be
limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme
to a candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it
with an alternative response.
How to award marks when level descriptions are used
1. Finding the right level
The first stage is to decide into which level the answer should be placed in. To do this,
use a ‘best-fit’ approach, deciding which level most closely describes the quality of the
answer. Answers can display characteristics from more than one level, and where this
happens markers must use the guidance below and their professional judgement to
decide which level is most appropriate.
For example, one stronger passage at L4 would not by itself merit a L4 mark, but it
might be evidence to support a high L3 mark, unless there are substantial weaknesses
in other areas. Similarly, an answer that fits best in L3 but which has some
characteristics of L2 might be placed at the bottom of L3. An answer displaying some
characteristics of L3 and some of L1 might be placed in L2.
2. Finding a mark within a level

After a level has been decided on, the next stage is to decide on the mark within the
level. The instructions below tell you how to reward responses within a level. However,
where a level has specific guidance about how to place an answer within a level, always
follow that guidance.
Levels containing 2 marks only
Start with the presumption that the work will be at the top of the level. Move down to
the lower mark if the work only just meets the requirements of the level.
Levels containing 3 or more marks
Markers should be prepared to use the full range of marks available in a level and not
restrict marks to the middle. Markers should start at the middle of the level (or the
upper-middle mark if there is an even number of marks) and then move the mark up or
down to find the best mark. To do this, they should take into account how far the
answer meets the requirements of the level:
• If it meets the requirements fully, markers should be prepared to award full marks
within the level. The top mark in the level is used for answers that are as good as can
realistically be expected within that level
• If it only barely meets the requirements of the level, markers should consider
awarding marks at the bottom of the level. The bottom mark in the level is used for
answers that are the weakest that can be expected within that level
• The middle marks of the level are used for answers that have a reasonable match to
the descriptor. This might represent a balance between some characteristics of the
level that are fully met and others that are only barely met.
Question Answer Mark
number
1(a) AO1 (1 mark)
C a classification system for types of employment (1)
C is the correct answer as the other options do not related to

economic sectors.

number
1(b) AO1 (1 mark)
D primary
(1)
D is the correct answer since the other options exclude agriculture as
part of their activity mix.

number
1(c) AO1 (1 mark)
Award 1 mark for any of the following.
• the basic material from which a product is made (1).

• natural resources which are unprocessed (1).
• an unrefined material straight from source / in its natural state
(1).
• natural resources for use / processing by the secondary sector
(1).
• naturally occurring (resource) used to make another product (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, including forms of energy

e.g. crude oil, coal etc.
Response must include and idea of it being unprocessed, raw,

unfinished or going to be used by the secondary sector for credit.
(1)
number
1(d) AO3 (1 mark) / AO1 (1 mark)
Award 1 mark (AO3) for evidence from the image and a further mark
(AO2) for extension through explanation, up to a maximum of 2
marks:
• There are street sellers selling fruit next to a car (1) as they do not
have a fixed building to sell produce from (1)
• In the foreground there is a man on a bike carrying goods (1)

because the economy is still reliant on the cash economy (1).
Accept any other appropriate response.

(2)
Note evidence must be directly from photograph, not assumed.

number
1(e) AO1 (1 mark)
• Wind / wind turbines / wind power (1)
• Solar / solar PV / solar power / solar energy (1)
• Biomass / wood (1)
• Geothermal (1)
(1)
• Hydro / pumped storage / HEP (1)
• Tidal (1)
Accept nuclear.
number
1(f) AO2 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for a reason and a further expansion mark, up to a

maximum of 2 marks each.
• Availability of energy resources (1) places which have a lot, e.g.

oil, often consume in high amounts (1).
• Price of energy (1) will impact on supply and demand within a

region or country (1).
• Some places countries have larger populations (1) therefore will

demand more energy (1).
• In some hot countries, they require more cooling (1) so more

energy is needed to operate fridges and air-conditioning (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. related to level of

development.
(4)

number
1(g) AO1 (1 mark) / (AO3) 2 marks
Award 1 mark (AO1) for a basic reason and a further 2 marks (AO3)
for extension through explanation or description, up to a maximum
of 3 marks.
• The big increase between 2020 and 2040 350-475 BTU (1) due an
increase in global population (1) which means overall there will
be a substantial increase in consumption (1).
• The big increase between 2020 and 2040 350-475 BTU (1) due an
increase in consumption per head (1) a people become wealthier
they generally have more appliances and devices which use
more energy (1).
• Asia shows the biggest overall increase approx. 200 t0 300 BTU
over 2020-2040 (1) this may be caused by the continued growth
in manufacturing (1) which uses large amounts of energy in the
process (1).
Accept any other appropriate response. (3)

Note: data not required as part of response.
number
1(h) AO2 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for initial explanation and an additional 1 mark for

development through further explanation or exemplification.
Maximum of 2 marks when no named developing country is
used in context, or a developed country is used instead.
A range of countries and examples could be chosen, based on

either social, economic or environmental problems.
• In China the government have promoted the use of coal to

generate electricity (1) this is because there is an energy
gap and coal is plentiful within China (1).
• People in China have become wealthier and now many

people have cars which need fossil fuel as a source of
energy (1). The increased use of cars is contributing to a
range of local as well as national pollution issues alongside
worries about enhanced greenhouse effect (1).
• In China the government has recently encouraged new

heavy manufacturing plants to relocation in some cities
that are rapidly growing (1) therefore increasing the
demand for electricity to run the machinery which is
causing local air pollution issues (1).
Note: Accept a city, e.g. Hong Kong can be accepted as China. (4)
Question Indicative content

number
1 (i) AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)
Marking instructions
Markers must apply the descriptors in line with the general marking guidance
and the qualities outlined in the levels-based mark scheme below.
Indicative content guidance

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required
to include all of it. Other relevant material not suggested below must also be
credited. Relevant points may include:
AO3
• The primary sector is working with natural resources which includes
farming, fishing, forestry mining and quarrying.
• The quaternary sector is involved in information and communications
as well as R&D and development. Universities are an important part of
this sector.
• The relative importance of primary and quaternary sectors (together
with secondary and tertiary) is a good indicator of the level of economic
development.
• In general terms a LHD / developing economy relies heavily on the
primary sector, whereas a county with VHHD has a recently, but rapidly
growing quaternary sector.
• Sectoral shifts are wedded to the development process (pathway) and it
is a result of several other factors that come into play, including rural-
urban migration, increasing wealth as well as wider considerations such
as globalisation and developments in ICT.
AO4
• Figure 1c shows the decrease in primary from the pre-industrial, to
industrial to post-industrial stages.
• On Figure 1c, it can be seen that the most dramatic (steepest) drop in
employment occurs for the primary sector during the industrial
phase.
• Figure 1c shows that absolute decline in numbers employed in
primary sector, post-industrial, are relatively low.
• Figure 1c shows that the in the post-industrial phase there is a growth
of quaternary, starting from a 0 base.
• Overall the percentage employed in quaternary remains low in the post-
industrial, peaking at about 5%
Note only credit information and discussions around primary and quaternary
employment.
Level Mark Descriptor
0 No rewardable material.
Level 1 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct
information but understanding and connections are flawed.
An unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides
limited synthesis of understanding. Judgements that are
supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
• Uses some geographical skills to obtain information with
limited relevance and accuracy, which supports few aspects
of the argument. (AO4)
Level 2 4–6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and
provide some logical connections between concepts. An
imbalanced argument that synthesises mostly relevant
understanding, but not entirely coherently, leading to
judgements that are supported by evidence occasionally.
(AO3)
• Uses geographical skills to obtain accurate information that
supports some aspects of the argument. (AO4)
provide logical connections between concepts throughout.
A balanced, well-developed argument that synthesises
relevant understanding coherently leading to judgements
that are supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
supports all aspects of the argument. (AO4)
number
2(a) AO1 (1 mark)
A Non-Governmental Organisation (1)
A is the correct answer as the other options do not have the correct
meanings of the term.

number
2(b) AO1 (1 mark)
• An impact / cause / factor / trigger which causes a bad / negative

income on the overall economy of an area (1). (1)
• A problem that leads to / triggers other issues or problems
occurring (1)
• A spiral of decline that creates other issues, e.g. depopulation or
lowers development and investment (1)
• A chain of events that leads to a negative impact on the people /
economy of an area (1).
• Decline in one area creates decline in another area, e.g. negative
feedback loop (1)
Note: Do not accept “downwards spiral of decline” or

“keeps getting worse over time” just on its own.

number
2(c) AO1 (1 mark)
D tundra
(1)
D is the correct answer as the other options are smaller scale
ecosystems, rather than biomes.

number
Award 1 mark (AO3) for a reason from the image and further mark
(AO2) for extension through explanation, up to a maximum of 2
marks:
• The land-use has changed away from growing crops to one
where there are lots of tourists (1) as this will likely be a more
profitable use of the land (1).
• Lots of visitors and families evident (1) so this is the move

away from using a farm traditionally for just crops and
livestock (1).
• Appears that barns (background) have been converted

into spaces for visitors (1) rather than their likely original (2)
use as shelter for animals or storing machinery (1).
• An area which is now for public use with families (1)

which would not be likely in a farm which had not
diversified (1).
Accept any other appropriate responses.

number
2(e) AO1 (1 mark)
• Bed and breakfast / B&B (1)
• Camping / caravanning (1)
• Vineyard (1)
• Camel farming (1)
• Organic farming (1)
• Selling farm produce / farm shop / farm café (1) (1)
• Making / selling cheese (1)
• Fruit picking / PYO (1)
• Farming crops as well as livestock / changing crops (1)
• Energy crops / solar / wind (1)
Note: Reject animal farms / petting zoo as too similar to

(2d).
number
2(f) AO2 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for an approach and a further expansion mark, up to a

• Some governments have incentivised change and particular land

management (1) e.g. CAP supporting prices for some farmers (1).
• Some governments and agencies have supported diversification

by offering grants and set-up costs (1) this has allowed the farmer
to change land practice through a financial safety-net (1).
• Farmers are paid to transform their landscape (1), e.g. there are
government subsidies available for managing woodland for
conservation (1).
• Some developers have been supported to set up new mineral

extraction areas / quarries (1) which have facilitated through
grants and planning restrictions (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. rural-urban migration or

urban-rural migration, counter urbanisation, mechanisation of
farming, increasing tourism, green-belt development.
(4)

number
Award 1 mark for an identification of a reason and a further 2 marks

for extension through explanation or description, up to a maximum
of 3 marks.
• There is an increase in the amount of grain produced 100m

tonnes (1949) to 621m tonnes (2015) (1) as farms have become
more mechanised (1). They use machines efficiently to produce
greater yields (1)
• There is an increase in the amount of grain produced 100m

tonnes (1949) to 621m tonnes (2015) (1) as farms have become
larger (1) and therefore there is more land in agricultural
production (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, which may include ideas (3)
around population increase and globalisation.
number
2(h) AO2 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for initial explanation and an additional 1 mark for

development through further explanation or exemplification.
Maximum of 2 marks when no named developing country is
used in context, or a developed country is used instead.
A range of countries and groups / organisations could be chosen,

based on either increasing production, switching to using
“greener” approaches, or reducing demand, e.g. with policies and
incentives.
• In the Vietnam Programme 133 the government has provided

credit to farmers (1) and this is linked to local investment in
infrastructure to help reduce poverty (1).
• In Vietnam, NGOs have worked with the government also to

provide better rural health and education services (1) which
has lifted some people out of poverty (1).
• UNICEF helps children in Africa have a better quality of life (1)

by providing food and shelter to some communities (1). (4)

Note: group or organisation can be implicit or explicit.

number

AO3
• The goods and services they provide are vital to sustaining well-being,
and to future economic and social development.
• All goods and services are important, but their significance will vary
both spatially and temporally, depending on a range of factors.
• There is a complex relationship between soils, climate and vegetation
which affect this overall pattern of goods and services provided by a
given biome or ecosystem; for example biomes with ample rainfall and
warm temperatures may have high productivity and a larger amount of
provisioning
• The pattern of biomes can be interrupted locally by people, e.g.
agricultural systems which can modify the vegetation, although this
map (Figure 2c) is unable to directly show these local scale effects. This
can result is modification of goods and services.
AO4
• Figure 2c shows the that there are 4 types of goods and services:
regulating, cultural, supporting and provisioning
• On Figure 2c, it can be seen that there is no hierarchy of goods and
services; all are positioned equally within the triangle
• Figure 2c shows that each of the main goods and services contains a
number of sub-ideas and linked systems related to the overarching
function.
supported by limited evidence. (AO3)
of the argument. (AO4)
(AO3)
number
3(a) AO1 (1 mark)
D population movement from urban areas to the countryside
D is the correct answer as the other options do not have the correct
meanings of the term. (1)

number
3(b) AO1 (1 mark)
• Idea of different people / groups/ cultures being separated (for

some reason) (1)
• People forced apart (1)
• People living in divided communities (1)
Accept any other appropriate response. Allow ideas around

exclusion. (1)

number
3(c) AO1 (1 mark)
C A city with a population over 10 million people

(1)
C is the correct answer as the other options do not have the correct
indication of population or accurate description of the term.

number
Award 1 mark (AO2) for a reason further mark (AO3) for extension
through explanation, up to a maximum of 2 marks:
• High density housing (1) which means that there is limited space
for new developments (1).
• Some housing appears unplanned / illegal as there is a lack of

roads (1) which is often associated with rapid urbanisation (1).
• Appears to be no evidence of traffic management, e.g. roads

(1) which is an indicated of unplanned / illegal and rapid
urban development (1).
(2)
number
3(e) AO1 (1 mark)
• (Urban) planners (1)
• Local government / local authority (1)
• National government / politicians (1)
• NGOs / charitable foundations (1)

(1)
• Developers (1)
Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. named

organisation, e.g. London Cycling Campaign, TfL, Bedzed, Oxfam,
KENSUP, CAFOD, UN, World Bank etc

number
3(f) AO2 (2+2 marks)
Award 1 mark for a management approach and a further expansion

mark, up to a maximum of 2 marks each.
• Some places have provided grants to developers to build new

housing (1) which has allowed people to more from over-
crowded areas to newer and better-quality housing (1).
• In some cities governments have planned and paid for better

access to water and electricity supplies (1) which reduces
pollution and allows people to do away with fires for cooking and
lighting (1).
• Transport routeways and nodes can influence urban quality of

life so improving traffic speeds and flows is a solution (1) which
will likely go on to improve local air quality conditions (1).
• London congestion charge (1) means that people are encouraged

to take public transport which reduces city pollution (1).

(4)
number
Award 1 mark for an identification of a link and a further 2 marks

for extension through explanation or description, up to a
maximum of 3 marks.
Note any factor can be chosen, based on the information in Figure

3b.
• When there is better environmental quality there may be less

pollution locally (1) which means that people can work more
with less day’s sick (1) which means that they have more
disposable income and higher overall quality of life (1).
• When there is greater community diversity there is often

better community cohesion (1) which means that there may
be less crime in an area (1) as the local community is more
vigilant and more away and looks after members of their
community (1).

number
3(h) AO2 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for initial development idea and an additional 1

mark for development through further explanation or
exemplification. Maximum of 2 marks when no named
developing country is used in context, or a developed country
is used instead.
A range of countries and examples could be chosen, e.g. switching

to using “greener” energy, ways of improving quality of life,
“horsiculture”, housing, transport etc.
• In urban areas of Spain, the government have promoted the

use of solar panels to generate electricity (1) this generates
farm income for people in the rural-urban fringe (1).
• In Spain, NGOs have worked with the government to pay for

infrastructure improvements (1) which have lifted some
people out of poverty as they can travel more easily from the
rural area to the cities offering better employment (1).
• Adding infrastructure such as public transport (1) which makes

it easier for people to commute to work (1).

number

AO3
• Urbanisation is the increasing proportion of a countries population
living in towns, cities and other urban areas.
• Towns and cities are growing in size in most parts of the world.
• Globally there is an uneven pattern of both urbanisation and rural living
with traditionally lowest levels of urbanisation found in parts of Africa
and South-East Asia.
• Nowadays some of the most rapid rates of urbanisation can be seen in
parts of China as well as India.
• There are a number of drivers, but importantly high rates of
urbanisation are found in developing economies because most new
economic developments are found in big cities and there are push
factors operating to drive people away from rural areas.
• Projections may not be reliable long-term, so caution should be heeded,
especially with regard to the overall population increase.
AO4
• On Figure 3c, it can be seen that there is an overall (linear) increase in
total population from 2.5 billion to projected 8+ billion in 2030.
• The worlds rural population peaks around 2005 and then there is a
small relative decreased projected up to 2030.
• The worlds urban population shows a gradual and even rise from
1950 to a predicted rise of up to 5billion in 2030.
• Between 2005 and 2010 urban populations overtake rural
populations, as a proportion, for the first time.
supported by limited evidence. (AO3).
of the argument. (AO4).
(AO3)
number
4(a)(i) AO3 (1 mark)
• Systematic (1)
• Stratified (1)
• Random (1)
• Pragmatic (1)
• Opportunistic (1)
Note: Title not required for credit. (1)

number
4(a)(ii) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for a reason further mark for extension through

explanation, up to a maximum of 2 marks:
• It allowed find out about the spatial variation in the area of study
(1) so that we knew that we would get good spatial coverage to
minimise bias (1).
• Stratified sampling was used as we had census data about the

towns population (1) so we could design a fair sampling frame for
the questionnaire about energy that we were using (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. asking “different people”

is allowable.
(2)
number
4(b) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for identifying a risk and a further expansion mark

up to a maximum of 2 marks.
Nature of risk, and risk management will vary depending on the

location as well as the context of the investigation.
• In the urban area there was lots of traffic so risk the was
being struck by a vehicle (1). This was managed by only
using a designed crossing (1).
• Fieldwork was carried out in winter so there was a small

risk of hypothermia (1). Lots of warm clothes were used
(1).
• The wet pavements in the town presented a slip and trip

risk. (1). Non-slip shoes were used to minimise the risk
of falling over (1).
• I knew that the title focus had published secondary data (1)
therefore it was achievable in terms of testing against
someone else’s findings – reducing risk (1).

Note – credit ideas related to risk of poor-quality data collection.
(2)

number
4(c) AO3 (3 marks)
Award 1 mark for each of the following identifiers:
• Locations that can be identified e.g. places (1)

• Site numbers along a street / locations of sampling etc (1).
• Justifications and reasons, developed through explanation and
clear geography (2).
• Scale and direction arrows, titles, key etc (award a max of 1
mark total) (1).
Note: If work does not include annotations or descriptive

labels, then max 2 marks. (3)
number
4(d) AO3 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for limitation of a method and a further expansion

mark, up to a maximum of 2 marks each.
Nature of qualitative techniques utilised will vary depending on

the location as well as the context of the investigation.
• Interview data from a number of respondents were used to

find out about attitudes towards energy use (1) but it was
only a small sample (1) so we could not be convinced about
the strength of the conclusions (1).
• Digital photographs were taken of the fieldwork equipment to

measure noise (1) so that this could be later used to help
evaluate the methods and their reliability (1) but the photos
did not include an effective scale (1).
• Field notes recorded aspects of the site location and a

description (1). The notes difficult to do since we did not
know the history of the area (1) so I was unable to trust their
validity (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, allow questionnaires and

EQA / Bi-polar (as opinion) as being qualitative data. (4)

number
4(e) AO3 (4 marks)/AO4 (4 marks)
Markers must apply the descriptors in line with the general marking guidance and
the qualities outlined in the levels-based mark scheme below.

The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to
include all of it. Other relevant material not suggested below must also be
AO3
● Both Figures 4a and 4b do show some outcomes from the fieldwork
surveys, therefore it is possible to make some sense of what the student
found.
● Perhaps not all data has been presented.
● Figure 4a seems incomplete as the nature of the questions asked is not
present on the key so it’s difficult to draw conclusions.
● Figure 4b only shows one picture, so this might be biased as some could
have been missed, therefore this technique is limited in its
appropriateness.
● Recognition of issue in presentation (both Figure 4a and b) may be
flawed in terms of approach and usage.
● An evaluation of how far the presentation techniques can be trusted
may be provided.
AO4
● In Figure 4a there is no totals column for the Peoples Responses
● In Figure 4a, some rows have incorrect addition
● In Figure 4a the strongly agree category has been
● In Figure 4a the colours may be the wrong choice of plot technique
● In Figure 4b only 2 opinions are shown (there may have been more).
● In Figure 4b the viewer doesn’t know anything about the time the photo
was taken, and therefore the frequency of lorry movements etc.
● In Figure 4b don’t anything about the area / context of where the image
is take.

0 No acceptable response.
Level 1 1–3 ● Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information
but understanding and connections are flawed. An unbalanced
or incomplete argument that provides limited synthesis of
understanding. Judgements are supported by limited evidence.
(AO3)
● Few aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills to obtain information, which has limited
relevance and accuracy. Communicates generic fieldwork
findings and uses limited relevant geographical terminology.
(AO4)
Level 2 4–6 ● Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide
some logical connections between concepts. An imbalanced
argument that synthesises mostly relevant understanding, but
not entirely coherently, leading to judgements that are
supported by evidence occasionally. (AO3)
● Some aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use
of geographical skills. Communicates fieldwork findings with
some clarity, using relevant geographical terminology
occasionally. (AO4)
logical connections between concepts throughout. A balanced,
well-developed argument that synthesises relevant
understanding coherently, leading to judgements that are
supported by evidence throughout. (AO3)
● All aspects of the enquiry process are supported by the use of
geographical skills. Communicates enquiry-specific fieldwork
findings with clarity, and uses relevant geographical
terminology consistently. (AO4)
number
• Systematic (1)
• Stratified (1)
• Random (1)
• Pragmatic (1)
• Opportunistic (1) (1)
Note: Title not required for credit.

number

minimise bias (1).

village population (1) so we could design a fair sampling frame for
the questionnaire about energy that we were using (1).

is allowable. (2)

number
5(b) AO3 (2 marks)


(1).


Note – credit ideas related to risk of poor-quality data collection. (2)

number
5(c) AO3 (3 marks)

clear geography (2).
mark total) (1).
Note: If work does not include annotations or descriptive (3)

labels, then max 2 marks.

number
5(d) AO3 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for a method and a further expansion mark, up to a


find out about attitudes towards change in rural areas (1) but
it was only a small sample (1) so we could not be convinced
about the strength of the conclusions (1).


validity (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, allow questionnaires and

EQA / Bi-polar (as opinion) as being qualitative data. (4)

number

AO3
found.
appropriateness.
● Recognition of issue in presentation (both Figure 5a and 5b) may be
may be provided.
AO4
● In Figure 5a the is no strongly agree category
is taken.

(AO3)
(AO4)
occasionally. (AO4)
number
• Systematic (1)
• Stratified (1)
• Random (1)
• Pragmatic (1)
• Opportunistic (1)
Note: Title not required for credit. (1)

number

minimise bias (1).

towns population (1) so we could design a fair sampling frame for
the questionnaire about urban change that we were using (1).

is allowable. (2)
number
6(b) AO3 (2 marks)



(1).


Note – credit ideas related to risk of poor-quality data collection.
(2)

number
6(c) AO3 (3 marks)

clear geography (2)
mark total) (1).
Note: If work does not include annotations or descriptive (3)

labels, then max 2 marks.
number
6(d) AO3 (4 marks)
Award 1 mark for a method and a further expansion mark, up to a



find out about attitudes towards change in urban areas (1)
but it was only a small sample (1) so we could not be
convinced about the strength of the conclusions (1).


validity (1).

(4)

number

AO3
found.
appropriateness.
● Recognition of issue in presentation (both Figure 6a and 6b) may be
may be provided.
AO4
● In Figure 6a the is no strongly agree category
is taken.

(AO3)
(AO4)
occasionally. (AO4)

number
• Water vapour
• Carbon dioxide / CO2
• Methane / CH4
• Nitrous oxide / NO
• Ozone / O3
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (incl. HCFCs and HFCs)
(1)
Reject burning fossil fuels with no gas stated.
Reject carbon monoxide as it is not considered a greenhouse
gas.

number
7(a)(ii) AO1 (1 mark)
B warming of the Earth’s atmosphere resulting from human (1)

activities
B is the correct answer as the other options do not have the correct

number
7(a)(iii) AO1 (1 mark)
(1)
A cyclical movement of the Earth's orbit around the sun
number
7(b)(i) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for any of the following, up to a maximum of

2 marks.
Most = China (1)

Least = Kenya (1) (2)

number
7(b)(ii) AO2 (2 marks) / AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a possible reason for the

pattern shown on Figure 7a (AO3) and a further mark for an
explanation of the reason (AO2), up to a maximum of 2 marks
per idea.
• Energy consumption can be linked to development (1) so

countries which are rich and developed, e.g. USA have
greater energy demands (1).
• Low population densities mean that there is least energy

consumed (1) so smaller amount of total emissions (1).
• Manufacturing in places like China (1) helps explain the

countries high total carbon footprint (1).
• Cheap availability of oil, e.g. Middle East creates demand for

carbon-based energy (1) as the fuel is lower cost and
affordable (1)

(4)

number
7(c) AO1 (2 marks) / AO2 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark (AO1) for identification of effect and a

further mark (AO2) for an explanation of the reason, up
to a maximum of 2 marks per idea:
• Loss of species richness from increased heat and heatwaves (1)

so this means increased temperatures will greatly affect places
where ecosystems are already under stress (1).
• Sea level rise affecting many low lying coastal areas and world
cities (1). Linked effects of salinization and loss of biodiversity
(1).
• Droughts, and prolonged drought for some areas (1) leading to
loss of health and ecosystem stress (1).
• Knock-on effects may be increased tensions over natural

resources at risk from climate change (1) and even greater risk
of conflict in areas with fragile environments (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. can be linked effects on

people through environmental degradation. (4)

number
7(d)(i) (AO4) 2 marks
Award 1 mark for a correct answer and one mark for working:
1960 = 0.1 and 2015 = 2.7 (1) or working out with similar numbers,
i.e. understands idea of difference / subtraction (highest and lowest
values).
Range = 2.6 (1)
Allow 2.4-2.8 as correct.

(2)
Note units not required.

number
7(d)(ii) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a trend and 1 mark for

further detail through evidence from the resource from the resource,
• Overall there has been a substantial increase in CO2

emissions 0.3- just under 10 gigatonnes (1). The greatest
increase was in the last 15 years (1).
• Overall there has been a substantial increase in CO 2

emissions 0.3- just under 10 gigatonnes (1). The rate of
increase was however slower between 1960 1995 compared
to the period after that (1).
Accept any other appropriate response. Must state an overall trend,

i.e. increase, for credit. Data not required for credit. (2)
number
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not
required to include all of it. Other relevant material not suggested below must
also be credited. Relevant points may include:
AO3
• The most important factors locally are likely to be conversion of forest
to agriculture, illegal logging and mining. But the impacts of these will
vary spatially and will depend on the geo-political arrangements in
that country / region.
• Longer term climate-change is a worrying factor because of its scale of
impacts and the positive feedback / amplification mechanism so,
conversation of forest to livestock farming is an example
• Development and globalisation are underlying factors that drive air
travel, and increasing demand for energy. These are linked to
population growth in some parts of the world so play a significant
role.
• Drivers are often interlinked and there can be a chain of effects that
increase the likelihood of climate change.
AO4
• Figure 7c shows a range of different drivers which are all linked to
human activity and climate change.
• Figure 7c shows drivers that can operate at different geographical
scales and have very different root causes.
• Figure 7c shows that deforestation has an indirect impact, whereas
the others are more direct causes and rivers.
• Figure 7c indicates that there is only a limited number of drivers, but
for some places there may be more which are no on the diagram.
Level 1 1–3 • Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information
understanding. Judgements that are supported by limited
evidence. (AO3)
limited relevance and accuracy, which supports few aspects of
the argument. (AO4)
Level 2 4–6 • Applies understanding to deconstruct information and provide

number
7 (f) AO2 (4 marks), AO3 (4 marks), AO4 (4 marks)
and the qualities outlined in the
levels-based mark scheme below.
AO2
• Responses to climate change are many and varied.
• Responses can be shorter-term as well as longer term and they can be
mitigate (reduce cause) or adaptation (live with impacts)
• Responses can be localised, e.g. managing traffic, more sustainable
buildings and heating systems.
• Responses can be based round “polluter pays” principle or more of an
incentivised solution, e.g. FITs to encourage green energy technology.
AO3
• Countries, places and regions which have the greatest carbon
footprints do not always have the most robust solutions in terms of
responses.
• Cutting of CO2 emissions is complex, controversial and politically
difficult, especially taken as a long-term objective where growth and
development might be at risk.
• In order for mitigation responses to be effective, many would argue
that they need top be global, rather than country or even regionally-
based.
• Some places might see adaptation as the best responses as they have
the resources and technical capability to withstand shorter and longer-
term climate change shocks and impacts.
• The development pathways to secure money for climate change
responses going from the richest nations to the poorest to counter the
most significant drivers is seen as a good approach.
AO4
• Figure 7a shows “hotspots” in China, India and USA especially as well as

much of Europe if taken as a region in itself.
• Figure 7a shows some countries and regions have made very little
contribution to carbon emissions, e.g. parts of Sub- Saharan Africa.
number
• Figure 7b shows a range of different drivers which are all linked to human
activity and climate change.
• Figure 7b shows causes that can operate at different geographical
scales.
• Figure 7b shows that deforestation can be linked to agricultural land
conversion e.g. livestock farming.
Level 1 1–4 • Demonstrates isolated elements of understanding of
concepts and the interrelationship between places,
environments and processes. (AO2)
• Attempts to apply understanding to deconstruct information
but understanding and connections are flawed. An
unbalanced or incomplete argument that provides limited
synthesis of understanding. Judgements are supported by
limited evidence. (AO3)
of the argument. (A04)
Level 2 5–8 • Demonstrates elements of understanding of concepts and
the interrelationship between places, environments and
processes. (AO2)
• Applies understanding to deconstruct information and
understanding, but
Level 3 9–12 • Demonstrates accurate understanding of concepts
and the interrelationship of places, environments
and processes. (AO2)
provides logical connections between concepts throughout. A
balanced, well-developed argument that synthesises relevant
number
C people moving across international borders (1)
meaning of the term.

number
8(a)(ii) AO1 (1 mark)
C International Monetary Fund (1)

number
8(b) AO1 (1 mark)
Award 1 mark for any of the following:

(1)
• The reasons why people leave a particular area (1)
• Negative factors / influences causing people to move away from a
particular area (1).
Accept any other reasonable interpretation.

number
8(c)(i) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for any of the following, up to a maximum of 2 marks.
Highest: Sweden (1)

Lowest: Madagascar (1)
(2)
number
8(c)(ii) AO2 (2 marks) / AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a pattern shown on the map

(AO3) and a further mark for an explanation of the reason (AO2), up
to a maximum of 2 marks.
per idea.
• Low connectivity (red) e.g. places in SE Asia (1) due to

government corruption so no money spent on infrastructure
(1).
• Low levels of internet speeds in parts of Africa (1) due to low

levels of a country’s development (1).
• High levels of connectivity such as USA (1) as the country /

region is wealthy has a good R&D base (1).
(4)
• Places that have wars and conflict have low speeds (1) this is
because of a lack of government stability (1).
Accept any other appropriate response. Idea must be based on

something from the map.

number
8(d) AO1 (2 marks) / AO2 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark (AO1) for identification of impact and a

further mark (AO2) for an explanation of the reason, up
• A bigger pool and choice of labour (1) so this means increased

efficiency in local economy (1).
• Wealth is generated locally by migrants (1) so local shops and

other services all benefit from the spending power of migrants
in the destination country. (1).
• Migrants often do many unskilled jobs for a very little wage (1)
so returns by employers on productivity gains can be realised
(1).
• Immigrants provide the cultural diversity in many places (1).

Diversity helps people to better appreciate humanity and
human rights in general (1).
(4)
number
8(e)(i) AO4 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for a correct answer and one mark for working:
Highest score = 78 and lowest = 20 (1) or working out with similar

numbers, i.e. understands idea of difference / subtraction (highest
and lowest values). (2)
Range = 58 (1).
Allow 56-60 as correct.

number
8(e)(ii) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a difference and 1 mark for

further detail through description, OR an additional difference from
the resource, up to a maximum of 2 marks.
• There is considerable variation in averages between Europe

and Sub-Saharan (1) where the average score is about 20
points lower (1).
• Europe has a much higher “lowest” score than S-S Africa (1)
but the means are closer together (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, including those that use

range data for comparison. Must use comparison / difference for (2)
credit.
Note: Explicit data not required for 2 marks.

number
8(f) AO3 (3 marks)/AO4 (3 marks)
AO3
• There is now a global economy and few regions are not affected, or
part of globalisation although they have different levels of
connectivity.
• The most important factors are likely to be transport technology and
ICT. But the effects of these will vary spatially and will depend on the
geo-political arrangements in that country / region.
• Others would argue global shift and changes in the operations of
TNCs (remote-working and outsourcing) have been a key driver and
some places, this is a factor that in the future will likely be very
significant.
• Causal factors are often interlinked and there can be a chain of events
that encourage and enable globalisation
• There could be some factors that in some regions are local or cultural
which are not on this list and should not be overlooked.
AO4
• Figure 8c shows a range of different causes which are all possible
drivers of globalisation
• Figure 8c shows causes that can operate at different geographical
scales.
• Figure 8c indicates that there is only a limited number of causes, but
for some places there may be more.
evidence. (AO3)
the argument. (AO4)

number
8 (g) AO2 (4 marks), AO3 (4 marks), AO4 (4 marks)
AO2
• The term globalisation is complex; it can be defined in a range of ways,
often to suit different arguments
• There are a range of impacts of globalisation, some negative and some
positive affecting people and their economies. It creates winners and
losers
• The causes of globalisation are many and varied. They include:
communication technology, transport technology, TNCs and global
businesses as well as the removal of trade barriers.
AO3
• The distributed impacts of globalisation depends on the operation of
the causes and process, e.g. global shift of manufacturing, increased
connectivity etc.
• Unquestionably globalisation has delivered many befits for many
people including greater consumer choice, poverty reduction. But is
has been coupled with losses of jobs in some areas where other places,
especially SE Asia have seen big job increases in the last 20-40 years.
• The challenge of globalisation of the issue is that crosses international
boundaries – and therefore international cooperation is crucial– but
these agreements are never straight forward to arrive at, or to
implement. Different countries and places will have different
approaches to trade agreements and barriers.
• Globalisation is very strongly linked to mass and international
migration. In the future as people become more connected, then
globalisation will increase globally in otherwise “unconnected” areas
(e.g. those in Figure 8a).
• Globalisation impacts which are viewed as negative by some can vary
spatially and temporally, which means that management solutions
often have to be tailored locally or regionally, so the global aspect is
difficult.
number
• Globalisation remains a hotly contested idea and there is a curtly and
anti-globalisation movement growing in some political circles.
AO4
• Figure 8a shows red “not-spots” of central Africa and parts of the Middle
East, South America and SE Asia.
• Figure 8a shows that Europe, N America and Australia for example have
high scores of internet speed.
• Figure 8b Shows there is variation in ease of doing business across
regions, but highest scores are similar, between 70-80.
• Figure 8b Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa have the lowest scores,
with Sub -Saharan Africa having the lowest average.
• Figure 8c shows a range of different causes which are all possible drivers
of globalisation
scales.
• Figure 8c indicates that there is only a limited number of causes, but for
some places there may be more.
processes. (AO2)
understanding, but
number

number
A a person’s well-being in terms of health and happiness (1)

number
9(a)(ii)
D unequal access to resources and services (1)
D is the correct answer as the other options do not have the correct

number
9(b) AO1 (1 mark)
• The widening difference in levels of development between the

world's richest and poorest countries (1).
• Differences in development between countries (1).
• Differences in development within a country (1).
• A “gap” or disparity between the richest and poorest people (in
the world) (1).
Accept any other appropriate response, including ideas around

inequality and uneven development globally, regionally or within a
country. (1)
number
9(c)(i) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for any of the following, up to a maximum of

2 marks.
• Highest = South Africa (1)

• Lowest = Norway (1) (2)

number
9(c)(ii) AO2 (2 marks) / AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a possible reason for the

pattern shown on Figure 9a (AO3) and a further mark for an
explanation of the reason (AO2), up to a maximum of 2marks
per idea.
• In countries with high inequality, e.g. China (1) have different

historical contexts which have lead to inequality (1).
• In countries with high inequality such as many LICs (1) they

are less wealthy and possibly more corrupt (1).
• In countries with low inequality such as Norway (1) then they

have fairer political systems (1).

(4)
Note: Specific countries or regions do not need to be identified
for credit.

number
9(d) AO1 (2 marks) / AO2 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark (AO1) for the identification of a strategy and a further

mark (AO2) for an explanation of the reason, up
• Official aid can be used to provide loans to some people (1) so

that they are able to buy equipment in order to farm more
efficiently (1).
• Bilateral aid works by a government giving aid to another

countries government (1) so this could be used to help an
economy develop, e.g. supporting the development of natural
resources (1).
• Trade can be used as a tool to stimulate economic development
(1) by encouraging the flows of goods and services between
nations (1).

number
9(e)(i) AO4 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for a correct answer and 1 mark for working:
1980 = 0.495 (or 0.49) and 2016 = 0.74 (1) or working out with
similar numbers, i.e. understands idea of difference / subtraction
(highest and lowest values).
Range = 0.25 or 0.245 (1)
Allow 0.24 - 0.26 as correct. (2)

number
9(e)(ii) AO3 (2 marks)
Award 1 mark for the identification of a change and 1 mark for

further detail through description from the resource, up to a
maximum of 2 marks.
• It has increased (1) but then decreased since 2010. (1).
• It has increased (1) but rates of increase vary considerably

over the time period. (1).
• It has overall increased (1) with the steepest rate of increase

between 1980 and 2000 (1).
• There is mostly a gentle rate of increase (1), although the

period 2000-2010 shows a more rapid rate of change (1).
(2)
Explicit data not required for 2 marks.

number
9(f) AO3 (3 marks)/AO4 (3 marks)
AO3
• The most important factors are likely to be governments and the
availability of resources. But the effects of these will vary spatially and
will depend on the geo-political arrangements in that country / region.
• Longer term, climate change is perhaps most significant as nations
become both more developed and more populous – therefore the
scale of this one is large.
• Food and water security may be more localised in some regions and
some places, but with increased globalisation, this is a factor that in
the future will likely be very significant.
• Causal factors are often interlinked and there can be a chain of events
that encourage uneven development
• There could be some factors that in some regions are local or political
which are not on this list and should not be overlooked.
AO4
• Figure 9c shows a range of different causes which are all possible
drivers of uneven global development.
scales.
• Figure 9c indicates that there is only a limited number of causes, but
for some places there may be more.
evidence. (AO3)
the argument. (AO4)
number
9 (g) AO2 (4 marks), AO3 (4 marks), AO4 (4 marks)
AO2
• There are arrange of factors that control uneven development
including social, economic, political as well as environmental
• Uneven development is strongly associated with the development gap
• There are different strategies from local, regional, national and
international that can be used in an attempt to reduce inequality
AO3
• A main impact of inequality lack of available and access to resources.
However, different groups of people have different opinions about
which strategy is the best/most effective – so this is complex to
manage.
• The challenge of global management of the issue is that crosses
international boundaries – and therefore international cooperation is
crucial– but these agreements are never straight forward to arrive at, or
to implement. Different countries and placers will have different
approaches to sustainability.
• Fertility and IMR is very strongly linked to sustainable development, and
some would argue the “gap”. Solutions based on family planning may
be national as well as international
• Inequality can vary spatially and temporally, which means that
management solutions often have to be tailored locally or regionally, so
the global aspect is difficult.
• Each (sustainable) development strategy has its own advantages and
disadvantages.
AO4
• Figure 9a shows that big differences global inequality rates in 2017

• Figure 9a shows red “hotspots” of South Africa and parts of the S
America, Russia and China, whereas the lowest rates are in Canada and
Scandinavia in northern Europe
• Figure 9b shows a range of different trends for different regions based on
HDI.
• Figure 9b shows Tunisia and Brazil have had marked decreases in the
HDIs since 2010.
number
• Figure 9b shows on comparison most regions have had similar rates of
increase in HDI, but since 2010 the rates have increase has slowed in
most regions.
scales.
• Figure 9c indicates that there is only a limited number of causes, but for
some places there may be more.
processes. (AO2)
understanding, but
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Mark Scheme (Results)

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE

Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere

2. Finding a mark within a level

C a classification system for types of employment (1)

C is the correct answer as the other options do not related to

Question Answer Mark

Question Answer Mark

Award 1 mark for any of the following.

• the basic material from which a product is made (1).

Accept any other appropriate response, including forms of energy

Response must include and idea of it being unprocessed, raw,

• In the foreground there is a man on a bike carrying goods (1)

Accept any other appropriate response.

Question Answer Mark

Award 1 mark for any of the following.

• Wind / wind turbines / wind power (1)

• Solar / solar PV / solar power / solar energy (1)

• Biomass / wood (1)

Award 1 mark for a reason and a further expansion mark, up to a

• Availability of energy resources (1) places which have a lot, e.g.

• Price of energy (1) will impact on supply and demand within a

• Some places countries have larger populations (1) therefore will

• In some hot countries, they require more cooling (1) so more

Accept any other appropriate response, e.g. related to level of

Question Answer Mark

Accept any other appropriate response. (3)

Award 1 mark for initial explanation and an additional 1 mark for

A range of countries and examples could be chosen, based on

• In China the government have promoted the use of coal to

• People in China have become wealthier and now many

• In China the government has recently encouraged new

Accept any other appropriate response.

Question Indicative content

Indicative content guidance

A Non-Governmental Organisation (1)

Question Answer Mark

• An impact / cause / factor / trigger which causes a bad / negative

Accept any other appropriate response.

Note: Do not accept “downwards spiral of decline” or

Question Answer Mark

Question Answer Mark

• Lots of visitors and families evident (1) so this is the move

• Appears that barns (background) have been converted

• An area which is now for public use with families (1)

Accept any other appropriate responses.

Question Answer Mark

Award 1 mark for any of the following.

• Bed and breakfast / B&B (1)

• Camping / caravanning (1)

• Camel farming (1)

• Organic farming (1)

• Selling farm produce / farm shop / farm café (1) (1)

• Making / selling cheese (1)

• Fruit picking / PYO (1)

• Farming crops as well as livestock / changing crops (1)

• Energy crops / solar / wind (1)

Accept any other appropriate response.

Note: Reject animal farms / petting zoo as too similar to