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Introduction
Adding locally intelligent nodes can create networks that are more efficient and reliable. The smart grid makes use of communications, computing, and power electronics to create a system that is selfhealing and adaptive. The smart grid is also able to interact with end-users at the consumer, business, and industry level, and can be used to predict and prevent emergencies instead of just waiting around for something bad to happen.
IEEE 1588
The IEEE 1588v2 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is designed specifically for industrial networked measurement and control systems. In a network based on IEEE 1588v2, the grandmaster clock determines the reference time for the entire substation automation system. The Ethernet switch acts as the boundary or transparent clock, and additional devices (such as merging units, IEDs, and protection devices), and the embedded computers are designated ordinary clocks. All of these devices are organized into a master-slave synchronization hierarchy with the grandmaster clock at the top. As illustrated in the figure below, exchanging PTP packets between master and slave devices, and automatically adjusting the ordinary clocks, effectively synchronizes the entire network. Only the grandmaster clock needs a connection to GPS timekeeping; that data can be accurate distributed to the rest of the devices on the network.
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