BTO3013

Strength
of Material
By: Dr. Nor Hanimah Hamidi
NH HAMIDI
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 Chapter

02.
Stress & Strain under

Axial Loading
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Chapter Contents
Part A Part B
01 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 09 Static Indeterminacy

02 Normal Strain 10 Thermal Stresses

03 Stress-Strain Test 11 Poisson’s Ratio

04 Stress-Strain Diagram 12 Generalized Hooke’s Law

05 Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity 13 Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

06 Elastic vs. Plastic Behaviour 14 Shearing Strain

07 Fatigue 15 Relation Among E, v, and G

08 Deformations under Axial Loading NH HAMIDI

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Chapter Contents
Part C
16 Composite Materials

17 Saint-Venant’s Principle

18 Stress Concentration: Hole

19 Stress Concentration: Fillet

20 Elastoplastic Materials

21 Plastic Deformations

22 Residual Stresses

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 DECORATIVE
ELEMENTS

PART A
DROP
SHADOW
BASE LINE

SWASH

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 NH HAMIDI
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01 Stress-Strain: Axial Loading

Stress Strain
Quantity that describes the Quantity that describes the
distribution of internal forces across deformation that occur within the
the body body

Normal Stress (𝜎) Shear Stress (𝜏) Normal Strain (ε) Shear Strain (γ)
Force act perpendicular to Force act parallel to the area Force act perpendicular to Force act parallel to the area
the area the area
P
P
A
A A
P’ P A 𝛾 = tan 𝜃
P L
∆𝑥
L 𝛿 L 𝛾=
P’ 𝐿
𝜃
𝑃 𝛿 ∆𝑥
𝜎= 𝑃
𝐴 𝜏= 𝜀=
𝐴 𝐿 A
Normal Strain (𝜀)
stress

stress
𝑃
stress
2𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
𝜎= 𝜎= = 𝜎=
𝐴 2𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
strain

strain
2𝛿 𝛿
strain

𝛿
𝜀= 𝜀= 𝜀= =
𝐿 𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿
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 P’

Stress-Strain Test

Lo L

𝐿 > 𝐿𝑜
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 Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

𝜎𝑌 = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

𝜎𝑈 = 𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑)
𝜎𝐵 = 𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒) NH HAMIDI
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 Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

Without any
noticeable prior
change in the rate of
elongation

Example: cast iron, glass, stone etc.

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 Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity

• Most engineering structures are designed to undergo

relatively small deformations, involving only straight-line
portion of the corresponding stress-strain diagram. Therefore,
below the yield stress 𝜎 is directly proportional to strain, 𝜀:

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

E = Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity

• Strength is affected by alloying, heat treating, and

manufacturing process but stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity)
is not.

All of these metals possess the same

stiffness (ability to resist deformation) within
the linear range.
Elastic vs Plastic Behavior
• If the strain disappears when the stress is
removed, the material is said to behave
elastically.

• The largest stress for which this occurs is called

the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return to zero after the

stress is removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

• Elastic limit is different from YIELD STRESS, in

which, its value is less than that of yield stress.
Fatigue

• Fatigue properties are shown on S-N diagrams.

• A member may fail due to fatigue at stress levels

significantly below the ultimate strength if
subjected to many loading cycles.

• When the stress is reduced below the endurance

limit, fatigue failures do not occur for any number
of cycles.

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Deformation under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:
𝜎 𝑃
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀 𝜀= =
𝐸 𝐴𝐸

• From the definition of strain:

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿

• Equating and solving for the deformation:

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸
• With variations in loading, cross-section or material properties, the
deformation is:
𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝛿=෍
𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖
𝑖
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Example 1
Determine the deformation of the steel rod
shown in Figure below under the given loads
(E = 200GPa)

A=580 mm2
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at the load
A B C A=190 mm2
D application points.

120 kN • Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the internal
300 kN 180 kN
force
400 mm
300 mm 300 mm • Evaluate the total of the component
deflections.

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Example 1
SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into 3 components with:
𝐿1 = 𝐿2 = 300 𝑚𝑚 = 0.3 𝑚 ; 𝐿3 = 400 𝑚𝑚 = 0.4 m
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 = 580 𝑚𝑚2 = 580 × 10−6 𝑚2 ; 𝐴3 = 190 𝑚𝑚2 = 190 × 10−6 𝑚2

• To find internal forces P1, P2 & P3 , draw each free body

120 kN diagram of the portion of the rod.
300 kN 180 kN
• 𝑃1 = 240 𝑘𝑁 = 240 × 103 𝑁
• 𝑃2 = −60 𝑘𝑁 = −60 × 103 𝑁
120 kN • 𝑃3 = 120 𝑘𝑁 = 120 × 103 𝑁

𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 1 𝑃1 𝐿1 𝑃2 𝐿2 𝑃3 𝐿3
𝛿=෍ = + +
120 kN 𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑖
180 kN
1 (240 × 103 )(0.3) (−60 × 103 )(0.3) (120 × 103 )(0.4)
𝛿= 9
+ +
(200 × 10 ) 580 × 10−6 580 × 10−6 190 × 10−6

120 kN 0.3457 × 109

𝛿= = 1.729 × 10−3 𝑚 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎
200 × 109
300 kN 180 kN NH HAMIDI
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Sample Problem 1
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and
CD.

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa) and has a cross-

sectional area of 500 mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E =
200 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600 mm2).

For the 30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (how

much it move):

a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.

SOLUTION:

• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar BDE to find the forces exerted by links AB and DC.
• Evaluate the deformation of links AB and DC or the displacements of B and D.
• Work out the geometry to find the deflection at E given the deflections at B and D.
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Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
Free body diagram: Bar BDE
෍ 𝑀𝐵 = 0 = −30𝑘𝑁 0.6𝑚 + (𝐹𝐶𝐷 )(0.2𝑚)

𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 90 𝑘𝑁 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

෍ 𝑀𝐷 = 0 = −30𝑘𝑁 0.4𝑚 − (𝐹𝐴𝐵 )(0.2𝑚)

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −60 𝑘𝑁 = 60 𝑘𝑁 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)

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 Deflection of D:
Sample Problem 1
Deflection of B:

𝑃𝐶𝐷 𝐿𝐶𝐷 (90 × 103 𝑁)(0.4𝑚)

𝛿𝐷 = =
𝐴𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐶𝐷 (600 × 10−6 𝑚2 )(200 × 109 𝑃𝑎)
𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 (−60 × 103 𝑁)(0.3𝑚)
𝛿𝐵 = = 𝛿𝐵 = 300 × 10−6 𝑚 (𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐸𝐴𝐵 (500 × 10−6 𝑚2 )(70 × 109 𝑃𝑎)
𝛿𝐵 = 0.3 𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝐵 = −514 × 10−6 𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
The –ve sign indicates a contraction of member AB
Thus, the deflection of end B is upward.
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𝛿𝐵 = 0.514 𝑚𝑚 [email protected]
Sample Problem 1 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝐵𝐵′
tan 𝜃1 = =
B’ 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵𝐻
Deflection of E:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷′
𝛿𝐵 = 0.514𝑚𝑚 tan 𝜃2 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐷𝐻
𝜃1 H D
B 𝜃2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃1 = 𝜃2
𝛿𝐷 = 0.3𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐵′ 𝐷𝐷′
D’ =
𝐵𝐻 𝐷𝐻

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒:
𝐵𝐵′ 𝐵𝐻
=
𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷𝐻

0.514 𝑚𝑚 200 − 𝑥
200 𝑚𝑚 − 𝑥 𝑥 =
0.3 𝑚𝑚 𝑥
1.713𝑥 = 200 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 73.7 𝑚𝑚

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Sample Problem 1
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦:
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝐷𝐷′
tan 𝜃1 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐷𝐻
Deflection of E: 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝐸𝐸′
D tan 𝜃2 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐻𝐸
𝛿𝐷 = 0.3𝑚𝑚
𝜃1 H E
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜃1 = 𝜃2
D’ 𝜃2
𝐸𝐸′ 𝐷𝐷′
=
𝛿𝐸 𝐻𝐸 𝐷𝐻

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒:
E’
𝐸𝐸′ 𝐻𝐸
=
𝐷𝐷′ 𝐷𝐻

73.7 𝑚𝑚 400 + 73.7 mm

𝛿𝐸 473.7 𝑚𝑚
=
0.3 𝑚𝑚 73.7 𝑚𝑚

𝛿𝐸 = 1.928 𝑚𝑚

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To be continued (Part B)… [email protected]
 TOP LINE
Do you have any questions?

Thanks!
Please ask:
DR NOR HANIMAH HAMIDI
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FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND PROCESS
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
GAMBANG, KUANTAN, MALAYSIA

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