SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

Species
23(72), 2022
Diversity of medicinally
potential aromatic plants of the
Lamiaceae family in
Bangladesh Agricultural
University Botanical Garden
To Cite:
Ashrafuzzaman M, Jahid Hasan Jone, Golam Sarwar AKM. Diversity of
medicinally potential aromatic plants of the Lamiaceae family in
Ashrafuzzaman M*, Jahid Hasan Jone, Golam Sarwar
Bangladesh Agricultural University Botanical Garden. Species, 2022,
23(72), 542-553
AKM
Author Affiliation:
Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Crop Botany,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
Corresponding author
*
The mint family Lamiaceae is important for producing strong aromatic
Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resources, Department of Crop Botany,
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, essential oils and is widely cultivated for medicinal, perfumery, culinary, and
Bangladesh ornamental purposes. Lamiaceae plants are also used for a variety of
Email: [email protected]
ethnobotanical and religious purposes. A survey was conducted to update the
Peer-Review History list of medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae
Received: 28 September 2022
Reviewed & Revised: 30/September/2022 to 21/October/2022 conserved at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Botanical Garden
Accepted: 23 October 2022 (BAUBG) and review its ethnobotanical uses. A total of 50 species belonging
Published: 26 October 2022
to 18 genera were recorded in BAUBG. Clerodendrum was the most dominant
Peer-Review Model genus with nine species, followed by the genus Ocimum with five, Vitex with
External peer-review was done through double-blind method.
four, and Callicarpa, Hyptis, Leucas, Mentha, and Salvia with three species each;
and the remaining genera contributed only one species each. In terms of habit
formation, herbs were the highest percentage (46%) followed by trees (30%)
and shrubs (24%). Leaves were the most commonly used part (31 species)
followed by roots (14 species) and fruit (13 species). According to IUCN
conservation categories, forty plant species are categorized as “Least
Concern”, while seven species are categorized as “Not Evaluated”. The three
remaining species are classified as Conservation Dependent, Data Deficient,
and Vulnerable. Various species of the genera Hyptis, Leonurus, Mentha,
Ocimum, Origanum, and Salvia are the most popular plants in Bangladesh's
traditional remedies and are often used for the treatment of wounds, skin
diseases, gastritis, infections, dermatitis, bronchitis, and inflammation.

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Aromatic Plants, Diversity, Lamiaceae,

Bangladesh

1. INTRODUCTION
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DISCOVERY The mint family Lamiaceae, one of the largest plant families, is composed of
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY 236 genera and over 7,000 species of aromatic herbs, shrubs, trees, and rarely
© 2022 Discovery Scientific Society. This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
of vines. The plants of the Lamiaceae family are mostly originated in Southern

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE
Europe around the Mediterranean Sea because some of them produce large quantities of essential oils, which enable them to endure
the sweltering heat and have now distributed all over the world (Suthar and Patel, 2014). Some genera of Lamiaceae, such as
Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Gmelina, Premna, Tectona, and Vitex were previously reported in the family Verbenaceae, the closest relative
of this family. The most popular members of this family are several aromatic herbs and spices, including thyme, mint, oregano,
basil, sage, rosemary, lemon balm, and a few others with more specialized uses. These are significant due to their medicinal
benefits, fragrance, culinary, vegetable, and ornamental uses, and they are a rich source of biologically active substances such as
tannins, saponins, and organic acids. They are also important as they possess therapeutic potential (Naghibi et al., 2005; Sharma and
Bhadange, 2013). Over 60% of the world's population, including 80% in developing countries, still focuses entirely on medicinal
plants for their healthcare needs, making traditional medicine the preferred primary healthcare system in many communities. This
is a result of a wide range of factors, including economic feasibility, accessibility, and affordability. Sedative, diuretic, tonic,
antispasmodic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties are among the numerous therapeutic
potentials of the medicinal plants of this family (Rai et al., 2013). In addition to their aromatic properties, many members of this
family are frequently cultivated due to their ease of cultivation. In addition to those planted for their edible leaves, some are grown
for their ornamental foliage, such as Coleus, while others are grown for food (Raja, 2012). Due to its aroma, flavor, and medicinal
properties, this family is one of the most widely utilized and traded in the world. This study is an inventory to provide a list of
medicinal plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. This paper presents a description of the species with botanical name, author’s
citation, synonym (if any), habit, available vernacular name, uses, parts used, ailments treated, and conservation status. Species
diversity along with their medicinal uses in the family Lamiaceae is a pioneering effort in Bangladesh. Therefore, a significant
number of people who are interested in this topic may find this study to be incredibly helpful.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area
This study was conducted at the Botanical Garden, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, the second
largest Botanical Garden in the country. It contains over 1800 species belonging to 168 families and 287 genera, making it the largest
in terms of species number and biodiversity (Jone et al., 2022). This number increasing steadily by collecting from the forest
resources.

Plant collection and identification

A comprehensive study of the plant genetic resources grown and conserved throughout BAUBG has been conducted through
frequent visits to update the database of plant species belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Fresh flowering samples of each plant
species were collected during these visits, and by drying the fresh samples following standard technique, herbarium specimens
were prepared as vouchers (Anonymous, 1996). The dried specimens were mounted on the herbarium sheet and preserved in Prof.
Arshad Ali Herbarium at the botanical garden, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University (AAHBAU). In the
field, photographs were also taken to record the locations and flora. The collected specimens were identified either as fresh or dry
conditions in the field or by comparing them to relevant published literature or herbarium specimens. The morphological
description was cross-checked with all available records, viz. “Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh” and other published
papers are available online for the correct identification of botanical names. Finally, a professional plant taxonomist validated the
identifications' accuracy, and the voucher specimens with labels were deposited at Prof. Arshad Ali Herbarium. For quick
identification of the species, a detailed description and color pictures are included. The botanical names were updated following
The World flora online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org), previously known as The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/), and
The Plants of World Online (https://powo.science.kew.org/). This information is accompanied by citations inside the text.

Medicinal uses of plants

The "Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh", relevant textbooks, and a few other published articles were consulted to
know the major medicinal uses and used plant parts of the recorded Lamiaceae plants. In addition, a comprehensive online
database of medicinal plants in Bangladesh (https://www.natureinfo.com.bd/mpb) as well as internationally recognized databases
including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were used.
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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

Data analysis
On a Microsoft Excel 2019 spreadsheet, the ethnobotanical data were examined. MS Excel was used to tabulate, create graphs, and
calculate sums and percentages. The use of descriptive statistics, such as percentage and frequency distribution, was utilized to
examine plant habits, plant parts used, and major medicinal uses.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A great number of Lamiaceae plants are conserved at Bangladesh Agricultural University Botanical Garden (BAUBG). A total of 50
species belonging to 19 genera of the family Lamiaceae were recorded from the BAUBG (Table 1). The plants were then categorized
into different groups based on several characteristics. All the representative genera, species, and intraspecific categories were
described morphologically and their diagnostic features were recorded. For each species, up-to-date nomenclature, habit,
conservation status, plant parts used and major uses have been mentioned within the tables (Table 1 and Table 2) below with
references. A few graphs related to these categorizations are given with a little explanation herewith.

Genus-wise species distribution

Clerodendrum was the most predominant genus as it contains 9 species. Ocimum was placed in the second highest position with five
species, followed by Vitex with four. Here Callicarpa, Hyptis, Leucas, Mentha, and Salvia each of these genera has 3 species. The
remaining genera, namely Tectona, Rotheca, Orthosiphon, Leonurus, and Anisomeles, however, each had just one species (Table 1,
Figure 1).

Vitex 4
Tectona 1
Salvia 2
Rotheca 1
Premna 2
Pogostemon 4
Plectranthus 2
Orthosiphon 1
Ocimum 5
Mentha 3
Leucas 3
Leonurus 1
Hyptis 3
Gomphostemma 2
Gmelina 3
Clerodendrum 9
Callicarpa 3
Anisomeles 1
Figure 1 Species distribution of available plants under different genera.

Growth form analysis

The species of medicinal plants that are employed belong to various life forms, according to an examination of their habits. The
growth form or habit of available plant species was noted during the field survey. All the plants were primarily divided into three
major groups. Herbaceous plants were predominating in this case. About 46% of available species are herbs where 30% of the plants
are trees and the rest 24% are shrubs (Table 1, Figure 2).

Conservation status
Seven plant species are categorized as "Not Evaluated" while forty plant species are categorized as "Least Concern" according to the
IUCN conservation status categories. The three remaining species are categorized as Vulnerable (Plectranthus amboinicus), Data
Deficient (Gmelina asiatica), and Conservation Dependent (Clerodendrum japonicum) (Table 1, Figure 3).
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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

46% 24% 30%

Herb Shrub Tree

Figure 2 Doughnut Charts for Habit-wise Distribution of the family Lamiaceae.

1
11
7
LC
NE
CD
DD
VU
40

Figure 3 Conservation status-wise distribution of the family Lamiaceae.

Plant part-used
It is evident from the papers reviewed that various parts of plants singly or in combinations were used to treat specific ailments in
the traditional medicines used by various communities of the globe. Various plant parts, including leaf, stem, bark, root, etc., are
utilized to prevent, alleviate symptoms, and normalize abnormalities. It was indicated from our study that plant leaves (37%) were
the most highly used part for the treatment of various ailments followed by roots (17%), fruits (15%), whole parts (10%), barks (8%),
stem (4%), flowers (2%), aerial parts (2%), resins (2%), rhizomes (2%) and woods (1%). The leaf was the most frequently used part of
medicinal plants as suggested in earlier reports (Tangjitman et al., 2015). Naturally, plants are surrounded by a variety of potential
threats, and evolutionarily, they have developed defense methods against viruses, herbivores, and abiotic stresses of various types.
Consequently, plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites that are not directly involved in their growth and development.
Possibly because the leaves are more exposed to threats, these chemicals provide a protective function (Passalacqua, 2007). Thus,
the use of leaves as a major part of a plant in a medicinal concoction could be interpreted as a sign of scientific validity. Notably, the
fact that animals feed mostly on the leaves of some plants has historically led to the identification of aliphatic medications, thus
establishing the preference for leaves as a source of traditional medicines (Ssegawa et al., 2007). Furthermore, removing aerial
Page545

portions, such as leaves, provides less of a hazard to medicinal plants than harvesting the roots and barks, as suggested by earlier
studies (Ahmad et al., 2014).

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

Figure 4 Treemap Chart for Number of Species with the Plant Parts Used.

Disease-wise categorization
Almost all the species are important ethnomedicinally. They are used to treat diseases or disorders like Fever, Cold, Cough,
Headache, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Malaria, Wounds, Ulcers, Animal or Snake bites, etc. All the information related to
ethnomedicinal uses of the plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae was recorded in a comprehensive table (Table 2). It was found
that a total of 48 ailments were treated by these plants, with the majority treating cough, cold and sinusitis (16 spp.), digestive
disorders (12 spp.), antiemetic (9 spp.), cuts, wounds, and bruises (7spp.), fever (7 spp.), malarial fever (5 spp.), anti-helminthic,
astringent, breathing pain, gastroenteritis and urine ailments (4 spp.), antiseptic, colic (3 spp.), arthritic pain, cardiac disorder,
carminative, eczema, expectorant, febrifuge, headache, stimulant, tonic, and ulcer (2 spp.) and single species each for blood purifier,
body swelling, colitis, contraceptive, eye diseases, jaundice, kidney stone, liver disorder, menorrhea, sciatica, snake-bite, toothache
and tuberculosis (Table 2). The results of this study indicate that Lamiaceae plants are effective for treating minor diseases and as an
asset to the well-being of present and future generations. Plectranthus barbatus, Ocimum americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, O.
tenuiflorum, O. vulgare, and Rosemarinus officinalis were among the species that underwent substantial phytochemical research
(Sancheti and Goyel, 2007; Yashaswini and Vasundhara, 2011; Sharma and Babu, 2011; Daniel et al., 2011). However, additional
research on other species in the present study should be conducted on a scientific scale to understand the therapeutic properties of
these significant species. Also, if these findings are considered for further development, they will greatly benefit local development.

Table 1 List of Plants along with their scientific name, habit, conservation status, and parts used
SN Local Name Scientific name Habit CS Parts Used
1 Gobura Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Herb LC Aerial Part, Leaf, Oil
2 Bormala Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Shrub LC Wood, Bark, Leaf
3 Bormala, Aplotan Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl Tree NE Root, Leaf, Fruit
4 Boro Pata Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. Shrub NE Root, Leaf
5 Hazari Beli Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb. Shrub LC Root
6 Bon Vati Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. Shrub LC Leaf, Stem, Root
7 Bamunhatti Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Shrub LC Leaf
8 Vat Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Shrub LC Bark, Flower, Leaf
9 Chandanbhat Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet Shrub CD Whole Plant
10 Lal Vandir Clerodendrum paniculatum L. Shrub LC Leaf
11 Banjui Clerodendrum phlomidis L. f. Shrub LC Leaf
12 Lota Vandir Clerodendrum splendens G. Don Herb LC Root, Leaf
Rhizome, Aerial
13 Bleeding Heart Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f. Herb LC
Parts
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14 Gamari Gmelina arborea Roxb. Herb LC Whole Plant

15 Bhadra Gmelina asiatica L. Tree DD Fruit, Root
16 Vadra Gmelina philippensis Cham. Tree LC Root, Fruit, Leaf

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE
17 Jateri Bormala Gomphostemma parviflorum Wall. Ex Benth. Shrub LC Aerial Part
18 Not Known Gomphostemma strobilinum Wall. ex Benth. Herb NE Leaf, Root
19 Not Known Hyptis brevipes Poit. Tree LC Leaf, Stem
20 Holkhusha Hyptis capitata Jacq. Herb LC Leaf, Root
21 Tokma Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Shrub LC Leaf, Latex, Fruit
22 Raktodrone Leonurus sibiricus L. Herb LC Whole Plant
23 Shetodron Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. Tree LC Leaf, Bark
24 Bara-Halkus Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Tree LC Fruit
25 Gatta Tumba Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T.Aiton Tree LC Fruit
26 Pudina Mentha arvensis L. Herb LC Leaf
27 Pudina Mentha spicata L. Herb LC Whole Plant
28 Peppermint Mentha × piperita L. Herb LC Leaf, Flower
29 Ban Tulshi Ocimum americanum L Herb LC Leaf
30 Babui Tulshi Ocimum basilicum L. Herb NE Whole Plant,
31 Shrubby Basil Ocimum gratissimum L. Herb LC Leaf
32 Kalo Tulshi Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb LC Whole Plant
33 Lemon Basil Ocimum X africanum Lour. Herb LC Leaf
34 Unknown Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. Herb NE Leaf
35 Cuban Oregano Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Herb VU Leaf
36 Coleus Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. Herb NE Leaf, Root
37 Aripachuli Pogostemon auricularius (L.) Hassk. Herb LC Whole Plant, Leaf
38 Jui Lata Pogostemon benghalensis (Bumm. F.) O. Kuntze Tree LC Fruit
39 Unknown Pogostemon crassicaulis (Benth.) J. R. Press. Tree LC Bark, Fruit
40 Panikula, Shilenta Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F.Muell. Tree LC Fruit
41 Lalang, Lolona Premna esculenta Roxb. Shrub LC Whole Plant
42 Ganiari, Gambari Premna serratifolia L. Herb LC Leaf, Fruit, Root
Musical Notes Rotheca microphylla (Blume) Callm. &
43 Herb LC Fruit
Plant Phillipso
44 Salvia Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Etl. Herb LC Leaf, Stem
45 Scarlet Sage Salvia splendens Sellow ex Schult. Herb LC Leaf
46 Shegun Tectona grandis L. f. Tree LC Bark
47 Goda Vitex glabrata R. Br Tree LC Leaf
48 Nishinda Vitex negundo L. Tree LC Bark, Wood
49 Horina Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer Tree NE Leaf, Bark, Root
50 Sagar Nishinda Vitex trifolia L. f. Tree LC Leaf, Fruit, Root
Cs= Conservation Status, Lc= Least Concerned, Ne= Not Evaluated, Cd= Conservation Dependent, Dd= Data
Deficient, Vu= Vulnerable

Table 2 List of Plants along with their scientific name, major medicinal use(s), references(s)
Scientific name Major Use(S) Reference(s)
Anisomeles indica Muscular Pain, Astringent, Tonic Kirtikar et al., 1935; Pal, 1984
Callicarpa arborea Tonic, Carminative Watt, 1889-1892
Callicarpa macrophylla Skin Diseases Chopra et al., 1956
Callicarpa tomentosa Inflammation, Hemorrhage Tu et al., 2013
Clerodendrum chinense Rheumatism, Skin Diseases Bor and Raizada, 1954
Clerodendrum colebrookianum Skin Diseases, Hypertension, Dysentery Jadeja et al., 2012
Clerodendrum indicum Skin Diseases, Digestive Disorder Dash et al., 2014
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Clerodendrum infortunatum Asthma, Fever, Bronchitis Bhattacharjee et al., 2011

Clerodendrum japonicum Gonorrhea, Rheumatism, Skin Diseases Bor and Raizada, 1954
Clerodendrum paniculatum Wounds, Snakebite, Typhoid Prashith and Sudharshan, 2018

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE
Clerodendrum phlomidis Stomach Troubles Moldenke and Moldenke, 1983
Clerodendrum splendens Stomach Troubles, Tonic Moldenke and Moldenke, 1983
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Cure Cuts and Bruises Moldenke and Moldenke, 1983
Gmelina arborea Abdominal Pain, Fever, Wound, Ulcer Benthall, 1933
Gmelina asiatica Rheumatism, Syphilis Moldenke and Moldenke, 1983
Gmelina philippensis Cough, Soreness of Toes Moldenke and Moldenke, 1983
Gomphostemma parviflorum Skin Diseases, Malaria Bongcheewin et al., 2021
Gomphostemma strobilinum Skin Diseases, Malaria Bongcheewin et al., 2022
Hyptis brevipes Protection Against Worms Burkill, 1935
Hyptis capitata Fever, Wounds, Digestive Disorder To’bungan et al., 2022
Hyptis suaveolens Catarrh Ahmed et al., 2009b
Leonurus sibiricus Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Vasodilator Ghani, 2003
Leucas aspera Rheumatism, Skin Diseases, Cough, Cold Ahmed et al., 2009b
Leucas cephalotes Scabies, Cough, Cold Ahmed et al., 2009b
Leucas zeylanica Headache, Cold, Snakebite Chopra et al., 1956; Caius, 1998
Mentha arvensis Jaundice, Animal Bite Kirtikar et al., 1935; Caius, 1998
Mentha spicata Flatulence, Respiratory Problems Mahendran et al., 2021
Mentha × piperita Body Pain, Stomachache Barbalho, 2017
Ocimum americanum Appendicitis, Stomachache, Wounds Saxena, 1986
Ocimum basilicum Dysentery, Diarrhea, Sinusitis Ahmed et al., 2009b
Ocimum gratissimum Gonorrhea, Piles Kirtikar et al, 1935
Ocimum tenuiflorum Malaria, Cough, Fever Ahmed et al., 2009b
Ocimum X africanum Wound Healing, Vit-K Kumar, 2019
Orthosiphon aristatus Renal Calculi, Kidney Complaints Kenner and Requena, 1996
Plectranthus amboinicus Asthma, Fever, And Skin Diseases. Arumugam, 2016
Plectranthus scutellarioides Eczema, Insomnia, Convulsions Sharma and Vasundhara, 2011
Pogostemon auricularius Fever, Malaria, Sore Throats Satyal, 2018
Pogostemon benghalensis Wounds, Fever, Piles Ashwini, 2013
Pogostemon crassicaulis Skin Diseases, Hemorrhoids Ashwini, 2013
Pogostemon quadrifolius Blood Purify, Chickenpox Biswas et al., 2010
Premna esculenta Stomachache, Diarrhea Perry and Metzger, 1980
Premna serratifolia Leucorrhea, Genital Disease, Cancer Sores Dianita, 2017
Rotheca microphylla Fever, Hemorrhoids, Skin Diseases Ahmed et al., 2009a
Salvia coccinea Ulcer, Rheumatism, Inflammation Ghorbani & Esmaeilizadeh, 2017
Salvia splendens Diabetes Kumar et al, 2010
Tectona grandis Bronchitis, Scabies, Piles Kritikar et al., 1935
Vitex glabrata As Astringent Kunkel, 1984
Vitex negundo Headache, Rheumatism, Ulcer Ahmed et al., 2009a
Vitex peduncularis Chest Pain, Malaria Chopra et al., 1956
Vitex trifolia Rheumatism, Headache, Fever Chopra et al., 1956 Page548

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

Figure 5
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A. Anisomeles indica B. Callicarpa microphylla C. Callicarpa tomentosa D. Clerodendrum chinense E.

Clerodendrum indicum F. Clerodendrum japonicum G. Clerodendrum paniculatum H. Clerodendrum
thomsoniae I. Gmelina philippensis J. Gomphostemma parviflorum K. Hyptis capitate L. Hyptis suaveolens

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE

A B C

D E F

G H I

J K L

Figure 6
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A. Leonurus sibiricus B. Leucas aspera C. Leucas cephalotes D. Mentha spicata E. Ocimum americanum F.
Ocimum gratissimum G. Plectranthus amboinicus H. Plectranthus scutellarioides I. Pogostemon
auricularius J. Premna serratifolia K. Rotheca microphylla L. Vitex trifolia

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SPECIES l ANALYSIS ARTICLE
4. CONCLUSIONS
All the plants under investigation showed potent activity, confirming their vast range of traditional usage and their capacity to treat
common diseases. However, few locals are aware of the medicinal properties of the plants. They can be effectively used to treat
various ailments including skin diseases, fever, rheumatism, asthma, cold, and cough, among others. This is preliminary work on
the diversity at BAUBG and its therapeutic uses for the scientific community. As a consequence, additional investigations must be
conducted on these plants, including the isolation of active chemicals that can be used to create fresh, potent medications and the
analysis of their action mechanisms.

Author’s contribution
All three authors selected and designed the research. Jone MJH and Ashrafuzzaman M collected the required data, analyzed them,
and prepared the first draft. Most of the photographs were taken by Ashrafuzzaman M and some are by Jone MJH. All three
authors reviewed and revised the draft several times and finally roved the manuscript for publication.

Ethical approval
Lamiaceae family plants were used in the study. The ethical guidelines for plants & plant materials are followed in the study. The
dried specimens were preserved in Prof. Arshad Ali Herbarium at the botanical garden, Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh
Agricultural University (AAHBAU). The morphological description was cross-checked with “Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of
Bangladesh” and other published papers. The professional plant taxonomist validated the identifications' accuracy, and the voucher
specimens with labels were deposited at Prof. Arshad Ali Herbarium, Bangladesh.

Funding
The study has not received any external funding.

Conflicts of interests
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Data and materials availability

All data associated with this study are present in the paper.

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