This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D8165 − 17

Standard Test Method for

Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in
Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and
High-Torque Conditions 1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

Portions of this test method are written for use by laboratories that make use of ASTM Test
Monitoring Center (TMC)2 services (see Annex A1 – Annex A4).
The TMC provides reference oils, and engineering and statistical services to laboratories that desire
to produce test results that are statistically similar to those produced by laboratories previously
calibrated by the TMC.
In general, the test purchaser decides if a calibrated test stand is to be used. Organizations such as
the American Chemistry Council require that a laboratory utilize the TMC services as part of their test
registration process. In addition, the American Petroleum Institute and the Gear Lubricant Review
Committee of the Lubricant Review Institute (SAE International) require that a laboratory use the
TMC services in seeking qualification of oils against their specifications.
The advantage of using the TMC services to calibrate test stands is that the test laboratory (and
hence the test purchaser) has an assurance that the test stand was operating at the proper level of test
severity. It should also be borne in mind that results obtained in a non-calibrated test stand may not
be the same as those obtained in a test stand participating in the ASTM TMC services process.
Laboratories that choose not to use the TMC services may simply disregard these portions.

1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.
a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low- 1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
speed, high-torque operation. dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
standard. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent
such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where 2. Referenced Documents
there is a sole source supply equipment specification. 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units. D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Fuels, and Lubricants
D6121 Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capac-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on ity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.B0.03 on Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids.
3
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published February 2018. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D8165-17. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
www.astmtmc.cmu.edu. the ASTM website.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D8165 − 17
High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles lapping of mating surfaces by fine particles suspended in
D7450 Specification for Performance of Rear Axle Gear lubricant, fuel, or air or imbedded in a surface.
Lubricants Intended for API Category GL-5 Service ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to 3.2.2 adhesive wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, removal
Determine Conformance with Specifications of material from the operating surface of the gear caused by
2.2 Other ASTM Publications: shearing of junctions formed between operating surfaces in
ASTM Distress Rating Manual 21 (Formerly CRC Manual direct metal-to-metal contact; sheared-off particles either re-
21)4 main affixed to the harder of the mating surfaces or act as wear
ASTM TMC L-37 Information Letter 15-1, March 17, 20152 particles between the surfaces.
2.3 AGMA National Standard:5 ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
AGMA 1010 Appearance of Gear Teeth—Terminology of
Wear and Failure 3.2.3 broken gear tooth, n—a gear tooth where a portion of
the tooth face is missing and the missing material includes
2.4 SAE Standards:6
some part of the top land, toe, heel, or coast side of the tooth.
SAE J308 Information Report on Axle and Manual Trans-
mission Lubricants 3.2.3.1 Discussion—This condition is distinct from and
SAE J2360 Automotive Gear Lubricants for Commercial more extensive than “chipping,” which is defined in 3.2.5.
and Military Use 3.2.4 burnish, n—on ring and pinion gears, an alteration of
2.5 API Standard:7 the original manufactured surface to a dull or brightly polished
API 1560 Lubricant Service Designations for Automotive condition. ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
Manual Transmissions, Manual Transaxles, and Axles
3.2.5 chipping, n—on ring and pinion gears, a condition
3. Terminology caused in the manufacturing process in which a small irregular
cavity is present only at the face/crown edge interface. The
3.1 Definitions: edge-chipping phenomenon occurs when sufficient fatigue
3.1.1 blind reference oil, n—a reference oil, the identity of cycles accumulate after tooth surface wear relieves the com-
which is unknown by the test facility. pressive residual stress on the tooth profile side of the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is a coded reference oil that is profile-to-topland interface. Chipping within 1 mm of the
submitted by a source independent from the test facility. D4175 face/crown edge interface is to be called chipping, not pitting/
3.1.2 calibrate, v—to determine the indication or output of a spalling. ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
device (for example, thermometer, manometer, engine) with
3.2.6 corrosion, n—in final drive axles, a general alteration
respect to that of a standard. D4175
of the finished surfaces of bearings or gears by discoloration,
3.1.3 candidate oil, n—an oil that is intended to have the accompanied by roughening not attributable to mechanical
performance characteristics necessary to satisfy a specification action. ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
and is to be tested against that specification. D4175
3.2.7 deposits, n—in final drive axles, material of pasty,
3.1.4 cracked gear tooth, n—a gear tooth exhibiting a linear gummy, or brittle nature adhering to or collecting around any
fracture of the tooth surface. D6121 of the working parts. ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
3.1.5 non-reference oil, n—any oil other than a reference oil,
3.2.8 discoloration, n—on ring and pinion gears, any al-
such as a research formulation, commercial oil or candidate oil.
teration in the normal color of finished steel surfaces.
D4175
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
3.1.6 reference oil, n—an oil of known performance
characteristics, used as a basis for comparison. 3.2.9 pitting, n—on ring and pinion gears, small irregular
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Reference oils are used to calibrate cavities in the tooth surface, resulting from the breaking out of
testing facilities, to compare the performance of other oils, or small areas of surface metal.
to evaluate other materials (such as seals) that interact with ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
oils. D4175 3.2.10 ridging, n—on ring and pinion gears, an alteration of
3.1.7 test oil, n—any oil subjected to evaluation in an the tooth surface to give a series of parallel raised and polished
established procedure. D4175 ridges running diagonally in the direction of sliding motion,
either partially or completely across the tooth surfaces of gears.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
3.2.1 abrasive wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, removal
of material from the operating surface of the gear caused by 3.2.11 rippling, n—on ring and pinion gears, an alteration
of the tooth surface to give an appearance of a more or less
regular pattern resembling ripples on water or fish scales.
4
Available from the ASTM website, www.astm.org (Stock #: TMCMNL21). ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
5
Available from American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 1001 N.
Fairfax St., Suite 500, Alexandria, VA 22314-1587, http://www.agma.org.
6
3.2.12 scoring, n—on ring and pinion gears, the rapid
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
removal of metal from the tooth surfaces caused by the tearing
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
7
Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, out of small contacting particles that have welded together as
Washington, DC 20005-4070, http://www.api.org. a result of metal-to- metal contact. The scored surface is

2
 D8165 − 17
characterized by a matte or dull finish. 4. Summary of Test Method
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21 4.1 An axle ring and pinion gearset is mounted in an axle
3.2.13 scratching, n—on ring and pinion gears, an altera- housing, which is installed on a test stand equipped with the
tion of the tooth surface in the form of irregular scratches, of appropriate controls for speed, torque, lubricant temperature,
random length, across the tooth surface in the direction of axle cooling, and various other operating parameters. The axle
sliding of the surfaces. assembly is driven by an electric motor.
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21 4.2 Prior to each test run, the axle assembly is built, cleaned,
3.2.14 spalling, n—on ring and pinion gears, the breaking inspected, and build specifications are measured and recorded,
out of flakes of irregular area of the tooth surface, a condition and the gears conditioned under specified operating conditions.
more extensive than pitting. 4.3 The test method consists of running the axle unit for
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21 24 h at 80 wheel r/min and 2359 N·m wheel torque. There are
3.2.15 surface fatigue, n—on ring and pinion gears, the two variants of the test—the standard test, for which the
failure of the ring gear and pinion material as a result of lubricant temperature in the axle is 135 °C, and the Canadian
repeated surface or subsurface stresses that are beyond the test, for which the lubricant temperature is 93 °C. The Cana-
endurance limit of the material. It is characterized by the dian test is described in a non-mandatory appendix because the
removal of metal and the formation of cavities. gearset hardware has not yet been approved.
AGMA National Standard 4.4 The ring gear and pinion gear are removed and rated for
3.2.16 wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, the removal of various forms of distress.
metal, without evidence of surface fatigue or adhesive wear,
resulting in partial or complete elimination of tool or grinding 5. Significance and Use
marks or development of a discernible shoulder ridge at the 5.1 This test method measures a lubricant’s ability to protect
bottom of the contact area near the root or at the toe or heel end hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear,
of pinion tooth contact area (abrasive wear). plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21 low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead
3.3 Acronyms: to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.
3.3.1 AGMA—American Gear Manufacturers Association 5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications
3.3.2 API—American Petroleum Institute and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:
5.2.1 Specification D7450.
3.3.3 ASTM—American Society for Testing Materials
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.
3.3.4 LTMS—Lubricant Test Monitoring System 5.2.3 SAE J308.
3.3.5 n/a—not available 5.2.4 SAE J2360.
3.3.6 NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technol- 6. Apparatus
ogy
6.1 General—The apparatus for the standard test is de-
3.3.7 P/N—Part number scribed in 6.2 to 6.3 and that for the nonmandatory Canadian
3.3.8 RCMS—Rater Calibration Monitoring System test in Appendix X1.
3.3.9 SAE—Society of Automotive Engineers 6.2 Test Unit—The standard test uses a Gleason Works8,9
3.3.10 TMC—Test Monitoring Center test axle part number (P/N) 1758276 assembled into a Dana
Model 6010,9 axle housing reused from Dana P/N 060AA100-2
3.4 Quantity Symbols: or 060AA100-4.
3.4.1 D—percent deviation from test operating conditions
6.3 Test Stand and Laboratory Equipment for the Standard
(A9.3.2)
Test:
3.4.2 ip—intermediate precision limit (14.1.1.1)
6.3.1 Axle Vent—Vent the axle to the atmosphere throughout
3.4.3 Mi—the magnitude of test parameter out from speci- the entire test. Arrange the vent so that no water enters the
fication limit at occurrence, i (A9.3.2) housing.
3.4.4 PR—the test parameter specification range (A9.3.2) 6.3.2 Axle Cover—The axle cover may have a port installed
3.4.5 R—reproducibility limit (14.1.2.1) to allow for ring gear inspection after the gear conditioning
3.4.6 S—estimated standard deviation (Table 2, Section 14) phase (see 10.2).
3.4.7 S ip —intermediate precision standard deviation
(Table 2, Section 14)
8
3.4.8 SR—the reproducibility standard deviation (Table 2, The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is The Gleason Works, Gleason Sales (Americas), tel: 800-765-6525, email:
Section 14) [email protected], www.gleason.com.
3.4.9 Ti—the length of time the test parameter is outside the 9
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
specification range at occurrence, i, (A9.3.2) ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee1 which you may attend.
3.4.10 t—test or test phase duration in the same units as Ti 10
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
(A9.3.2) is Dana Corp., P.O. Box 2424, Fort Wayne, IN 46801.

3
 D8165 − 17
6.3.3 Test Stand Configuration—Mount the complete as- the torques encountered. It is recommended that the shaft be
sembly in a rigid fixture as shown in Fig. A5.1. Mount the test dynamically (spin) balanced. The shaft shall not include any
unit in the test stand with pinion and axle shaft centerlines dampening devices.
horizontal. 6.3.8.1 It has been found that a driveshaft with outside
6.3.4 Temperature Control—Use a thermocouple, tempera- diameter of 10.1 cm 6 0.51 cm (4 in. 6 0.2 in.) and a wall
ture recording system, and specified cooling system in con- thickness of 0.24 cm 6 0.013 cm (0.095 in. 6 0.005 in.) is
junction with an automated control system to maintain the sufficient.
lubricant at the required temperature. 6.3.9 Speed Measuring and Control System—Use a system
6.3.4.1 Thermocouple—Determine the thermocouple loca- capable of measuring the speed of both axles and also of
tion on the rear cover using the cover plate temperature sensor maintaining test conditions.
locating device as shown in Fig. A6.1.
(1) Install the thermocouple such that the thermocouple tip 7. Reagents and Materials
is flush with the cover plate lip by placing the cover plate face 7.1 Sealing Compound—Where necessary. Permatex12
on a flat surface and inserting the thermocouple into the cover Form-a-Gasket No. 2 Sealant has been found satisfactory for
plate until the thermocouple tip is flush with the flat surface this purpose9.
(2) Lock the thermocouple into place.
6.3.4.2 Temperature Recording System—Record the tem- 7.2 Solvent—Use only mineral spirits meeting the require-
perature of the test oil at least once every minute throughout ments of Specification D235, Type II, Class C for volume
the test using an automated control and data acquisition fraction of aromatics (0 % to 2 %), flash point (61 °C, min) and
system. color (not darker than +25 on Saybolt Scale or 25 on Pt-Co
6.3.4.3 Axle Cooling—Use three spray nozzles to distribute Scale). Obtain a Certificate of Analysis for each batch of
water over the cover plate and axle housing as shown in Fig. solvent from the supplier. (Warning—Combustible. Health
A7.1. Actuate a single water-control valve by a temperature hazard.)
proportional- integral-derivative (PID) control system. 7.3 Rust Preventative—Use only Total Osyris 211 S13,9,14 as
(1) Spray nozzles11,9 shall be any combination of the a rust preventative.
following part numbers depending on how the system is
plumbed: straight male NPT (P/N 3/8GG-SS22), 90° male 8. Preparation of Apparatus
NPT (P/N 3/8GGA-SS22), straight female NPT (P/N 3/8G- 8.1 Cleaning of Reusable Hardware—Clean as necessary all
SS22 and 90° female NPT (P/N 3/8GA-SS22). reusable parts including axle shafts, thermocouples, axle
(2) Use a single control valve to control the cooling water housing, axle housing cover, carrier, and all associated drain
supply. The control shall be a minimum 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) ID. pans and funnels used for the addition of and collection of test
(3) Tubing sizes of 10 mm, 12 mm, 3⁄8 in., or 1⁄2 in. have all oil.
been found suitable for supplying the spray nozzles used in this
test. 8.2 Preparation of Axle:
(4) Supply water to the control valve at a pressure between 8.2.1 Assemble axle in accordance with the L-37-1 Axle
170 kPa (gauge) and 1379 kPa (gauge). Assembly Build Manual.2
(5) Use an axle-cooling box to surround the test-axle 8.2.1.1 Do not use Dana Model 60 Axle housings for more
assembly, as shown in Fig. A7.2. Its purpose is to contain water than 4 tests.
and eliminate drafts. Incorporate a drain in the cooling box to 8.2.1.2 When rebuilding an axle assembly, use the format
prevent water accumulation. LAB-CXXXX-NN to create a serial number, where:
6.3.5 Power Source—For the power source, use an AC LAB designates the assembly as being lab-built;
electric motor capable of driving the axle at the required test C is the one-character TMC coded lab designation;
conditions. It has been found that a 150 kW motor with a base XXXX is a unique 4-digit identifier for the housing;
speed of 751 r ⁄min is sufficient to power the axle. NN is a 2-digit count of the number of rebuilds on the
6.3.6 Dynamometers and Torque Control System—Use two housing.
axle dynamometers with sufficient torque absorbing capacity to (1) Permanently mark the serial number into the axle tube
maintain axle torque and speed conditions. at a location near the housing vent.
6.3.7 Dynamometer Connecting Shafts—Fabricate shafts (2) Revise the 2-digit rebuild count number each time the
connecting the dynamometer to the axle shafts. Shafts shall be assembly is rebuilt.
strong enough to handle the torques encountered. It is recom- 8.2.1.3 Use only acceptable gear tooth contact patterns as
mended that the shafts be dynamically (spin) balanced. determined in the TMC L-37-1 Axle Assembly Build Manual
6.3.8 Drive Shaft and Universal Joints—Fabricate a drive available from the TMC.
shaft, with universal joints to connect the input motor and test
unit. Shaft and universal joints shall be strong enough to handle
12
Permatex is a registered trademark of Permatex, 10 Columbus Blvd., Hartford,
CT 06106, www.permatex.com; tel: 860-543-7500.
13
The sole source of supply of the material known to the committee at this time
11
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Total Specialties USA, Inc, Total Lubricants, www.totallubricantsusa.com, tel:
is Spraying Systems Co., North Ave. and Schmale Road, P.O. Box 7900, Wheaton, 800-323-3198.
14
Illinois 60187-7901 USA. www.spray.com. Available from any retailer of Total products.

4
 D8165 − 17
8.2.1.4 If a fully-assembled axle is to be stored prior to lends) and two reference tests with TMC152 reference oil (or
running the test, a rust preventative (see 7.3) may be used to subsequently approved reblends).
protect the axle. 9.3.2 Reference Test Frequency—The test stand calibration
8.2.2 Breakaway and Turning Torque Measurements— period is defined as four months or 25 tests, whichever occurs
Measure and record the torques required to break and to turn first. It begins on the completion date of an operationally and
the pinion shaft of the completely assembled test unit less axle statistically acceptable reference oil test as determined by the
shafts. Rotate the pinion shaft a minimum of six rotations TMC. Any test started on or before the stand calibration
during the breakaway and turning torque measurement to expiration date is defined to have been run on a calibrated
ensure all ring gear teeth are contacted. Do not use any axle stand.
having breakaway or turning torque higher than 5.7 N·m. 9.3.3 Moving the rigid axle fixture (6.3.3) is considered a
8.2.3 Backlash Measurements—Measure and record the significant change to the stand and requires the test stand to
backlash on the test axle at four equally spaced locations. meet new test stand calibration and referencing requirements.
Report the four readings and the average. Do not use any axle 9.3.4 Report modification of test stand apparatus on a
having average backlash less than 0.10 mm or greater than calibrated test stand to the TMC immediately. The TMC will
0.31 mm. determine whether another calibration test is necessary.
8.2.4 Cleaning—Wash the test unit using a cleaning solvent 9.3.5 When a test stand is out of reference for a period of six
(see 7.2), paying particular attention to remove all preservative months or longer, renumber the stand, and recalibrate as
oil from the pinion bearings. Dry by blowing with clean, dry described in A2.2.
compressed air. 9.3.6 Within a reference period, alternate testing using
8.2.5 Install axle shafts in test unit. different gear batches, or dynamometer torque conditions, or
8.2.6 Lubricate the carrier bearings, pinion bearings, differ- test temperatures does not necessitate recalibration. However,
ential gears, and the ring gear and pinion, using 2.8 L 6 0.05 L calibrate the test stand for both the standard and Canadian tests
of test lubricant. independently in order for results at either condition to be
8.2.7 Install the axle cover plate with gasket (apply sealant, valid.
if needed). Do not drain the oil and recharge the test axle once 9.3.7 Every test start on any test stand shall receive a
the test oil has been charged to the axle. sequential test run number designated before testing begins. All
8.3 Install the test unit on the stand with pinion and axle tests, including aborted starts and operationally invalid tests,
shaft centerlines horizontal. Connect dynamometers and input shall retain their test number.
drive shaft to the test unit. 9.4 Instrumentation Calibration—Using known standards
traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology
9. Calibration and Standardization (NIST)16 (or using physical constants), calibrate the axle speed
9.1 General—Annex A2 describes calibration procedures measuring system, temperature control system immediately
using the TMC reference oils, including their storage and prior to every other reference test or every nine months,
conditions of use, the conducting of tests, and the reporting of whichever occurs first. Calibrate load cell torque measuring
results. Annex A3 describes general maintenance activities systems prior to every calibration test or every four months,
involving TMC reference oils, including special reference oil whichever occurs first. Calibrate torque flange measuring
tests, special use of the reference oil calibration system, systems every twelve months. Recalibration of instrumentation
donated reference oil test programs, introducing new reference in the event of failed or invalid first attempts at stand
oils, and TMC information letters and memoranda. Annex A4 calibration are at the discretion of the test engineer.
provides general information regarding new laboratories, the
role of the TMC regarding precision data, and the calibration of 10. Test Procedure
test stands used for non-standard tests. Activities specific to the 10.1 Warning—High-speed rotating equipment, electrical
L-37-1 are given in 9.2 to 9.4. shock hazard, high-temperature surfaces.
9.2 Hardware—Only use hardware batches approved 10.2 Test Versions—There are two versions of this test
through the responsible L-37-1 Surveillance Panel.15 which are referred to as the standard test and the Canadian test.
9.3 Stand Referencing: Both versions maintain the same wheel load and wheel-speed
9.3.1 New laboratories wishing to be calibrated shall meet
the following criteria:
9.3.1.1 Obtain approval from the Surveillance Panel for 16
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 2300,
build (see 8.2.1.3) capabilities by submitting relevant ring- Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2300. Email: [email protected], tel: 301-975-2200.
gear, contact-pattern photographs.
9.3.1.2 Submit results to the Surveillance Panel demonstrat- TABLE 1 Test Versions
ing that the following four reference oil tests meet the criteria Gear Conditioning
stated in the current LTMS requirements: two reference tests Gear Test Phase
Test Version Phase
with TMC134 reference oil (or subsequently approved reb- Axle Temperature Axle Temperature
Standard Test 147 °C ± 2 °C 135 °C ± 2 °C
Canadian Test 104 °C ± 2 °C 93 °C ± 2 °C
15
ASTM Subcommittee D02.B0.03.

5
 D8165 − 17
conditions but differ in the details of the axle cooling (see 10.4.4 After reaching speed, torque, and temperature
X1.3) and temperature of the axle oil (see X1.4 and Table 1). conditions, run the test for 24 h 6 0.2 h.
10.2.1 The test procedure for the standard test is described 10.4.5 To ensure the test conditions are accurately
in 10.3 to 10.5 and that for the nonmandatory Canadian test in maintained, record speed, torque, and temperature at least once
Appendix X1. every minute.
10.3 Gear Conditioning Phase for Standard Test: 10.4.6 At the end of 24 h, ramp the input motor to 0 r ⁄min,
10.3.1 Set the temperature control to maintain a lubricant ensure the axles stop turning and record time and lubricant
temperature of 147 °C 6 2 °C. temperature.
10.3.2 Smoothly ramp the input motor to (440 6 5) wheel 10.4.7 Disconnect the drive shaft and axle shafts from the
r/min and apply dynamometer load to achieve a torque of dynamometers, and remove the test unit from the test stand.
535 N·m 6 20 N·m on each wheel end. 10.4.8 If the test is stopped for any reason (for example,
10.3.2.1 The time required to accelerate to the test condi- power outage or maintenance), restart the test as detailed in
tions of 440 wheel r/min and 535 N·m shall not exceed 5 min. 10.5.1. Count this stoppage as one of the allowed shutdowns
10.3.3 When the required speed and torque conditions are during the test. Do not calculate deviation percent values or
reached record the time as start of the test. report out of limit operational values until test conditions are
10.3.4 After reaching speed and torque conditions, run the again achieved. If the test is stopped at the start of the test
test for 100 min 6 1 min. phase, before test conditions are reached (speed, load, and axle
10.3.5 To ensure the test conditions are accurately temperature), do not count the stoppage as one of the allowed
maintained, record speed, torque, and lubricant temperature at shutdowns.
least once every minute. 10.5 Unscheduled Downtime—An unscheduled downtime
10.3.6 After 100 min 6 1 min: event is defined as any time the gears stop turning during the
10.3.6.1 Record end time, speed, torque, and lubricant steady-state gear conditioning or steady-state gear test phases
temperature. after test conditions are achieved.
10.3.6.2 Start the torque and linear speed ramp-down, at the 10.5.1 Restart After Unscheduled Downtime—Restart the
same time setting the axle lubricant temperature controller to a test as outlined in 10.5.1.1 through 10.5.1.4 any time there is an
set point of 135 °C 6 2 °C. unscheduled downtime event.
10.3.6.3 Ramp the input motor to 0 r/min and ensure the 10.5.1.1 Set the temperature control to maintain the lubri-
axles stop turning. The time required to decelerate to 0 r ⁄min cant temperature at the set point condition when the shutdown
shall not exceed 5 min. occurred.
10.3.6.4 Shut off the cooling water when the axle lubricant
10.5.1.2 Smoothly ramp the input motor to the wheel r/min
temperature drops below the set point. Do not use cooling
set point condition at the time of the shutdown. The time
water after the axle is stopped.
required to accelerate to the r/min set point shall not exceed
10.3.7 If the test is stopped for any reason (for example,
5 min.
power outage or maintenance), restart the test as detailed in
10.5.1.3 If the restart occurs following a shutdown during
10.5.1. Count this stoppage as one of the allowed shutdowns
the test phase, apply a dynamometer load on each wheel to
during the test. Do not calculate deviation percent values or
achieve a torque value of 1415 N·m 6 47 N·m until the
report out of limit operational values until test conditions are
lubricant temperature reaches 79 °C 6 2 °C.
again achieved. If the test is stopped at the start of the
conditioning phase, before speed and torque conditions are 10.5.1.4 If the restart occurs following a shutdown during
reached, do not count the stoppage as one of the allowed the conditioning phase, follow 10.3.1 through 10.3.3 to restart
shutdowns. the test.
10.5.1.5 Once lubricant temperature reaches 79 °C 6 2 °C,
10.4 Gear Test Phase for Standard Test: smoothly apply dynamometer torque on each wheel to achieve
10.4.1 Ensure that the temperature control is still set to the torque set point condition at the time of the shutdown.
maintain a lubricant temperature of 135 °C 6 2 °C.
NOTE 1—The transition from the end of the conditioning phase (see 11. Axle Post Test Measurements
10.3.6) to the start of the gear test phase is approximately 10 min.
11.1 Axle Post Test Measurement Preparation—Complete
10.4.2 Smoothly ramp the input motor to (80 6 2) wheel the following in any order:
r/min and apply dynamometer torque to achieve a torque of 11.1.1 Allow the unit to cool.
1415 N·m 6 47 N·m on each wheel end. Hold at this condition
11.1.2 Drain the oil. This may occur anytime after 10.4.6
until the axle lubricant temperature reaches 79 °C 6 2 °C.
has been completed.
10.4.2.1 The time required to accelerate to the test condi-
11.1.3 Remove axle shafts.
tions of 80 wheel r/min and 1415 N·m shall not exceed 5 min.
10.4.2.2 Once the axle lubricant temperature reaches 79 °C 11.1.4 Remove cover.
6 2 °C smoothly apply dynamometer load to achieve a torque 11.2 Breakaway and Turning Torques—Measure and record
load of 2359 N·m 6 47 N·m on each wheel end. the pinion shaft breakaway and turning torques of the test unit.
10.4.3 When required speed, torque, and temperature con- Rotate the pinion shaft a minimum of 6 rotations during the
ditions are reached, record the time as start of the test phase. breakaway and turning torque measurement.

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 D8165 − 17
11.3 Backlash Measurements—Measure the backlash at 13. Report
four, equally-spaced locations on the ring gear; calculate and 13.1 For reference oil results, use the standardized report
report the 4 readings and the average. form set available from the ASTM TMC and data dictionary
11.4 Axle Disassembly—Remove ring, pinion and pinion for reporting test results and for summarizing operational data
bearings for inspection. (see Annex A8).
NOTE 3—Report the non-reference oil test results on these same forms
12. Determination of Test Results if the results are intended to be submitted as candidate oil results against
12.1 Pinion Bearing Rating—Examine the bearings for a specification.
wear, surface fatigue, corrosion, and deposits in accordance 13.1.1 Fill out the report forms according to the formats
with ASTM Distress Rating Manual 21; record the results. shown in the data dictionary.
12.2 Gear Rating: 13.1.2 Transmit results to the TMC within 5 working days
12.2.1 Examine the tooth surfaces on the drive side of the of test completion.
pinion and ring gear for the following distresses in accordance 13.1.3 Transmit the results electronically as described in the
with ASTM Distress Rating Manual 214 and Annex A10: ASTM Data Communications Committee Test Report Trans-
burnishing, wear, pitting/spalling, ridging, rippling, scoring, mission Model (Section 2—Flat File Transmission Format)
discoloration, corrosion, and deposits. Rate the distress types available from the ASTM TMC. Upload files via the TMC’s
of wear, rippling, and ridging using the ASTM Photographs for website.
Gear Distress. The photographs are available as an ASTM item 13.2 Report all reference oil test results, whether aborted,
TMCGEARDISTRESS2010PR and shall have been issued on invalidated, or successfully completed, to the TMC.
or after November 9, 2010.17
13.3 Deviations from Test Operational Limits—Report all
NOTE 2—Training for individuals rating gear sets for gear distress level deviations from specified test operational limits on Form 4
may be coordinated through the ASTM TMC. (Annex A8) under Other Comments.
12.2.2 Rate each distress by identifying its level of distress 13.4 Precision of Reported Units—Use the Practice E29
in accordance with Table A10.1. Four distress types (ridging, rounding-off method for critical pass/fail test result data.
rippling, scoring, and wear) are assigned a numerical value Report the data to the same precision as indicated in data
between 0 and 10 corresponding to the rated level of distress, dictionary.
as shown in Table A10.1. The pitting/spalling distress type is
assigned numerical values also shown in Table A10.1. Record 13.5 In the space provided, note the time, date, test hour,
the results. and duration of any shutdown or off-test condition. Document
12.2.3 Rate only the corrosion on the contact surface of the the outcome of all prior reference oil tests from the current
drive side of any pinion or ring gear tooth. calibration sequence that were operationally or statistically
12.2.4 For a test rating to be valid, rate the gears by an invalid.
individual who has participated in an ASTM gear-rater cali- 13.6 If a calibration period is extended beyond the normal
bration workshop within the previous twelve months18 and has calibration period length, make a note in the comment section
been calibrated as outlined in the L-37 or L-37-1 Rater and attach a written confirmation of the granted extension from
Calibration Monitoring System (RCMS). The RCMS calibra- the TMC to the test report. List the outcomes of previous runs
tion period is every six months or as otherwise required by the that may need to be considered as part of the extension in the
RCMS. A copy of the RCMS document is available from the comment section.
TMC.
13.7 Attach the temperature recording trace for the test as
12.3 Test Validity—The test is determined to be operation- part of the report.
ally valid if the percent deviation of the critical operating
parameters and number of shutdowns are within the limits 13.8 Record any corrosion on the pinion and ring in a
specified and defined in Annex A9. non-contact surface area in the comment section of the rating
form.
12.4 Consider as non-interpretable any non-reference oil
test that has not been run in a calibrated test stand or not 13.9 Note any broken or cracked teeth in the comment
conducted on approved hardware, or both. section of the test report.
12.5 Any test exhibiting a broken or cracked pinion or ring 13.10 Non-interpretable Tests—Indicate on the cover page
gear tooth is non-interpretable. Note any broken or cracked of the test report that the test is non- interpretable and that it has
teeth in the comment section of the test report. not been conducted in a valid manner in accordance with the
test method.
12.6 Round test results according to Practice E29.
14. Precision and Bias

17
14.1 Precision—Test precision is established on the basis of
Available from the ASTM website, www.astm.org.
18
operationally valid reference-oil test results monitored by the
Training for those rating gear sets for gear distress levels may be obtained from
Coordinating Research Council, 5755 North Point Pkwy, Suite 265, Alpharetta, GA TMC. The data are reviewed semiannually by the L-37-1
30022. Surveillance Panel. Contact the TMC for current industry data.

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 D8165 − 17
TABLE 2 Test Precision for the L-37-1 TestA
Intermediate Precision Reproducibility
Test Variant Variable
SipB ipC SRD RE
Canadian Test Pinion ridging, merit n/a n/a n/a n/a
Pinion rippling, merit n/a n/a n/a n/a
Pinion pitting/spalling, merit n/a n/a n/a n/a
Pinion wear, merit n/a n/a n/a n/a
Standard Test Pinion ridging, merit 0.598 1.674 0.633 1.772
Pinion rippling, merit 1.258 3.522 1.258 3.522
Pinion pitting/spalling, merit 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Pinion wear, merit 0.634 1.775 0.802 2.246
A
These statistics are based on test results generated from Feb. 13, 2015 to Aug. 8, 2015 for the standard test on TMC Reference Oils 152-2 and 155-1. Precision data
are not available (n/a) for the low-temperature (Canadian) variant of the test at this time.
B
Sip is the intermediate precision standard deviation.
C
ip is the intermediate precision limit (see 14.1.1.1). This value is obtained by multiplying the standard deviation by 2.8.
D
SR is the reproducibility standard deviation.
E
R is the reproducibility limit (see 14.1.2.1). This value is obtained by multiplying the standard deviation by 2.8.

14.1.1 Intermediate Precision Conditions—Conditions gear batch on the same test oil in different laboratories with
where test results are obtained with the same test method by the different operators using different equipment.
same laboratory, with the same gear batch using the same test 14.1.2.1 Reproducibility Limit (R)—The difference between
oil, with changing conditions such as operators, measuring two results obtained under reproducibility conditions that
equipment, test stands, power sources, and time. would, in the long run, in the normal and correct conduct of the
test method, exceed the values shown in Table 2 in only one
NOTE 4—“Intermediate precision” is the appropriate term for this test
method, instead of “repeatability,” which defines more rigorous within- case in twenty. When only a single test result is available, the
laboratory conditions. Reproducibility Limit can be used to calculate a range (test
14.1.1.1 Intermediate Precision Limit (ip)—The difference result 6 Reproducibility Limit) outside of which a second test
between two results obtained under intermediate precision result would be expected to fall about one time in twenty.
conditions that would, in the long run, in the normal and 14.2 Bias—No estimate of bias for this test method is
correct conduct of the test method, exceed the values shown in possible because the performance results for an oil are deter-
Table 2 in only one case in twenty. When only a single test mined only under specific conditions of the test and no absolute
result is available, the Intermediate Precision Limit can be used standards exist.
to calculate a range (test result 6 Intermediate Precision Limit)
outside of which a second test result would be expected to fall 15. Keywords
about one time in twenty. 15.1 abrasive wear; adhesive wear; bearing failure; final
14.1.2 Reproducibility Conditions—Conditions where test drive axle; gear; gear failure; hypoid axle; L-37-1; lubricants;
results are obtained with the same test method using the same surface fatigue

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. ASTM TEST MONITORING CENTER ORGANIZATION

A1.1 Nature and Functions of the ASTM Test Monitoring D02.B0 and the TMC Executive Committee. The TMC coor-
Center (TMC)—The TMC is a non-profit organization dinates its activities with the test sponsors, the test developers,
located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and is staffed to: administer the surveillance panels, and the testing laboratories. Contact
engineering studies; conduct laboratory inspections; perform TMC through the TMC Director at:
statistical analyses of reference oil test data; blend, store, and ASTM Test Monitoring Center
ship reference oils; and provide the associated administrative 6555 Penn Avenue
functions to maintain the referencing calibration program for Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489
various lubricant tests as directed by ASTM Subcommittee www.astmtmc.cmu.edu

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A1.2 Rules of Operation of the ASTM TMC—The TMC A1.4 Operating Income of the ASTM TMC—The TMC
operates in accordance with the ASTM Charter, the ASTM operating income is obtained from fees levied on the reference
Bylaws, the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical oils supplied and on the calibration tests conducted. Fee
Committees, the Bylaws Governing ASTM Committee D02, schedules are established by the Executive Committee and
and the Rules and Regulations Governing the ASTM Test reviewed by Subcommittee D02.B0.
Monitoring System.
A1.3 Management of the ASTM TMC—The management of
the Test Monitoring System is vested in the Executive Com-
mittee elected by Subcommittee D02.B0. The Executive Com-
mittee selects the TMC Director who is responsible for
directing the activities of the TMC.

A2. ASTM TMC: CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

A2.1 Reference Oils—These oils are formulated or selected A2.4 Analysis of Reference Oils—Unless specifically autho-
to represent specific chemical, or performance levels, or both. rized by the TMC, do not analyze TMC reference oils, either
They are usually supplied directly to a testing laboratory under physically or chemically. Do not resell ASTM reference oils or
code numbers to ensure that the laboratory is not influenced by supply them to other laboratories without the approval of the
prior knowledge of acceptable results in assessing test results. TMC. The reference oils are supplied only for the intended
The TMC determines the specific reference oil the laboratory purpose of obtaining calibration under the ASTM Test Moni-
shall test. toring System. Any unauthorized use is strictly forbidden. The
A2.1.1 Reporting Reference-Oil Data—Test laboratories testing laboratory tacitly agrees to use the TMC reference oils
that receive reference oils for stand calibration shall submit exclusively in accordance with the TMC’s published Policies
data to the TMC on every sample of reference oil they receive. for Use and Analysis of ASTM Reference Oils, and to run and
If a shipment contains any missing or damaged samples, the report the reference-oil test results according to TMC guide-
laboratory shall notify the TMC immediately. lines. Additional policies for the use and analysis of ASTM
Reference oils are available from the TMC.
A2.2 Calibration Testing:
A2.2.1 Full-scale calibration testing shall be conducted at A2.5 Conducting a Reference-Oil Test—When laboratory
regular intervals These full-scale tests are conducted using personnel are ready to run a reference calibration test, they
coded reference oils supplied by the TMC. It is a laboratory’s shall request an oil code via the TMC website.
responsibility to keep the on-site reference-oil inventory at or A2.6 Reporting Reference-Oil Test Results—Upon comple-
above the minimum level specified by the TMC test engineers. tion of the reference-oil test, the test laboratory transmits the
A2.2.2 Test Stands Used for Non-Standard Tests—If a data electronically to the TMC, as described in Section 12. The
non-standard test is conducted on a previously calibrated test TMC reviews the data and contacts the laboratory engineer to
stand, the laboratory shall conduct a reference-oil test on that report the laboratory’s calibration status. All reference-oil test
stand to demonstrate that it continues to be calibrated, prior to results, whether aborted, invalidated, or successfully
running standard tests. completed, shall be reported to the TMC.
A2.3 Reference-Oil Storage—Store under cover in locations A2.6.1 All deviations from the specified test method shall
where the ambient temperature is between -10 °C and +50 °C. be reported.

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A3. ASTM TEST MONITORING CENTER: MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES

A3.1 Special Reference-Oil Tests—To ensure continuous A3.4 Intervals Between Reference-Oil Tests—Under special
severity and precision monitoring, calibration tests are con- circumstances, such as extended downtime caused by industry-
ducted periodically throughout the year. Occasionally, the wide parts or fuel shortages, the TMC may extend the intervals
majority or even all of the industry’s test stands will conduct between reference-oil tests.
calibration tests at roughly the same time. This could result in
an unacceptably large time frame when very few calibration A3.5 Introducing New Reference Oils—Reference oils pro-
tests are conducted. The TMC can shorten or extend calibration duce various results. When new reference oils are selected,
periods as needed to provide a consistent flow of reference-oil participating laboratories will be requested to conduct their
test data. Adjustments to calibration periods are made such that share of tests to enable the TMC to recommend industry test
laboratories incur no net loss or gain in calibration status. targets. ASTM surveillance panels require a minimum number
of tests to establish the industry test targets for new reference
A3.2 Special Use of the Reference-Oil Calibration oils.
System—The surveillance panel has the option to use
the reference-oil system to evaluate changes that have potential A3.6 TMC Information Letters—Occasionally it is neces-
impact on test severity and precision. This option is only taken sary to revise the test method, and notify the test laboratories of
when a program of donated tests is not feasible. The surveil- the change, prior to consideration of the revision by Subcom-
lance panel and the TMC shall develop a detailed plan for the mittee D02.B0. In such a case, the TMC issues an Information
test program. This plan requires all reference-oil tests in the Letter. Information Letters are balloted semi-annually by
program to be completed as close to the same time as possible, Subcommittee D02.B0, and subsequently by D02. By this
so that no laboratory/stand calibration status is left pending for means, the Society due process procedures are applied to these
an excessive length of time. In order to maintain the integrity
Information Letters.
of the reference-oil monitoring system, each reference-oil test
is conducted so as to be interpretable for stand calibration. To A3.6.1 Issuing Authority—The authority to issue an Infor-
facilitate the required test scheduling, the surveillance panel mation Letter differs according to its nature. In the case of an
may direct the TMC to lengthen and shorten reference-oil Information Letter concerning a part number change which
calibration periods within laboratories such that the laborato- does not affect test results, the TMC is authorized to issue such
ries incur no net loss or gain in calibration status. To ensure a letter. Long-term studies by the surveillance panel to improve
accurate stand, or laboratory, or both severity assessments, the test procedure through improved operation and hardware
conduct non-reference-oil tests the same as reference-oil tests. control may result in the issuance of an Information Letter. If
A3.3 Donated Reference-Oil Test Programs—The surveil- obvious procedural items affecting test results need immediate
lance panel is charged with maintaining effective reference-oil attention, the test sponsor and the TMC issue an Information
test severity and precision monitoring. During times of new Letter and present the background and data supporting that
parts introductions, new or re-blended reference-oil additions, action to the surveillance panel for approval prior to the
and procedural revisions, it may be necessary to evaluate the semiannual Subcommittee D02.B0 meeting.
possible effects on severity and precision levels. The surveil-
A3.7 TMC Memoranda—In addition to the Information
lance panel may choose to conduct a program of donated
reference-oil tests in those laboratories participating in the Letters, supplementary memoranda are issued. These are de-
monitoring system, in order to quantify the effect of a particu- veloped by the TMC and distributed to the appropriate surveil-
lar change on severity and precision. Typically, the surveillance lance panel and participating laboratories. They convey such
panel requests its panel members to volunteer enough information as batch approvals for test parts or materials,
reference-oil test results to create a robust data set. Broad clarification of the test procedure, notes and suggestions of the
laboratory participation is needed to provide a representative collection and analysis of special data that the TMC may
sampling of the industry. To ensure the quality of the data request, or for any other pertinent matters having no direct
obtained, donated tests are conducted on calibrated test stands. effect on the test performance, results, or precision and bias.
The surveillance panel shall arrange an appropriate number of
donated tests and ensure completion of the test program in a
timely manner.

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A4. ASTM TEST MONITORING CENTER: RELATED INFORMATION

A4.1 New Laboratories—Laboratories wishing to become follows: “COTCO recognizes that D02 has a unique and
part of the ASTM Test Monitoring System will be requested to complex situation. The use of Information Letters is approved
conduct reference-oil tests to ensure that the laboratory is using providing each letter contains a disclaimer to the affect that
the proper testing techniques. Information concerning fees, such has not obtained ASTM consensus. These Information
laboratory inspection, reagents, testing practices, appropriate Letters should be moved to such consensus as rapidly as
committee membership, and rater training can be obtained by possible.”
contacting the TMC Director.
A4.3 Precision Data—The TMC determines the precision
A4.2 Information Letters: COTCO Approval—Authority of test methods by analyzing results of calibration tests
for the issuance of Information Letters was given by the conducted on reference oils. Precision data are updated regu-
committee on Technical Committee Operations in 1984, as larly. Current precision data can be obtained from the TMC.

A5. RIGID AXLE MOUNT EXAMPLE

A5.1 See Fig. A5.1.

FIG. A5.1 Example of Rigid Axle Mount on Test Stand

11
 D8165 − 17

A6. COVER PLATE TEMPERATURE SENSOR LOCATING DEVICE

A6.1 See Fig. A6.1.

FIG. A6.1 Cover Plate Temperature Sensor Locating Device

A7. AXLE COOLING SYSTEM

A7.1 See Figs. A7.1 and A7.2.

12
 D8165 − 17

FIG. A7.1 Location of Spray Nozzles on Axle

13
 D8165 − 17

FIG. A7.2 Example of an Axle Cooling Box

A8. L-37-1 TEST REPORT FORMS AND DATA DICTIONARY

A8.1 For those reporting the results of TMC reference oils, http://www.astmtmc.cmu.edu/, or available in hardcopy for-
use the required report forms and data dictionary downloadable mat from the TMC. See Table A8.1.
from the ASTM TMC web page at

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TABLE A8.1 Forms
Form 0 Test Report Cover
Form 1 Test Result Summary Sheet
Form 2 Gear Tooth Surface Condition
Form 3 Operational Summary Sheet
Forms 4, 4A and 4B Lost Time and Comments Sheet
Form 5 Operational Validity Summary

A9. TEST VALIDITY CALCULATION AND LIMITS

A9.1 For a test to be operationally valid it shall not exceed where:

the limits on unscheduled downtime and deviation from critical D = the deviation from test operating conditions, %,
operating parameters. Mi = the magnitude of test parameter out from specification
limit at occurrence, i,
A9.2 Downtime Limits: PR = the test parameter specification range,
A9.2.1 During the warm-ups of the gear conditioning and Ti = the length of time the test parameter is outside the
test phases of the test, there is no limit on number of specification range at occurrence, i (Ti is assumed to be
occurrences. no less than the recorded data-acquisition frequency
A9.2.2 During the test, a maximum number of two down- unless supplemental readings are documented), and
t = test or test phase duration in the same units as Ti.
time occurrences are permitted in addition to the shutdown
between the gear conditioning and gear test phases. A9.3.3 A reading out of specification using once-every-hour
data recording is considered to be out for the full hour unless
A9.3 Deviation from Test Operating Parameters:
otherwise documented.
A9.3.1 Axle sump temperature, wheel speed, and wheel
torque are considered critical operating parameters for this test A9.3.4 The maximum deviation limits for the critical oper-
method. ating parameters are shown in Table A9.1.
A9.3.2 Calculate the deviation from test operating condi- A9.3.5 The test is considered invalid if the axle-oil tempera-
tions using Eq A9.1: ture reaches 163 °C any time during the test.

( S 0.5P D
n
Mi Ti A9.3.6 Calculate the deviation for axle-oil temperature after
D5 3 3 100 (A9.1)
i51 r t 145 °C is reached for the gear conditioning phase.

TABLE A9.1 Maximum Deviation Limits for Critical Operating

Parameters
Critical Parameter Gear Conditioning Gear Testing
Axle-oil temperature 5% 5%
Wheel speed 5% 5%
Wheel load 5% 5%

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 D8165 − 17

A10. GEAR RATING RULES

A10.1 Additional descriptions have been developed to aid A10.3 Distress Types—Severity levels applied to distress
the rater in accurately assessing the distress on the ring gear types. When rating the following distress types, the definitions
and pinion following the completion of the test. The definitions described supersede those found in ASTM Distress Rating
described in this annex supersede those found in ASTM Manual 21.
Distress Rating Manual 21 where applicable.
A10.3.1 Discoloration—Severity level definitions described
A10.2 Severity Levels: in A10.2.
A10.2.1 Document the most severe level for each individual A10.3.2 Pitting/Spalling—Use the numerical values pro-
distress. Use the photographs in ASTM Distress Manual 21 as vided in Table A10.1 in accordance with the level of distress.
examples. A10.3.2.1 Spalling severity levels definitions described in
A10.2.2 None—Absence of distress. A10.2.
A10.2.3 Trace—Barely discernible, may need magnification A10.3.3 Ridging—Severity level definitions described in
(4× maximum). A10.2.
A10.2.4 Light—Discernible without magnification. A10.3.4 Rippling—Severity level definitions described in
A10.2.5 Medium—Easily discernible, midway between A10.2.
light and heavy. A10.3.5 Scoring—Severity level definitions described in
A10.2.6 Heavy—Intense or severe (the severity level is such A10.2. Also note the estimated percent of contact area that is
that the distress is instantaneously recognizable). scored.

TABLE A10.1 Gear Rating Guidelines

Use for All Distress Except Pitting/Spalling
Numerical Value Level of Distress
10.0 None
9.0 Trace
8.0 Trace-Light
7.0 Light
6.0 Light-Medium
5.0 Medium
4.0 Medium-Heavy
3.0 Heavy
2.0 Heavy to Catastrophic (up to 50 % of gear tooth contact area)
1.0 Heavy to Catastrophic (greater than 50 % and less than 100 % of the gear tooth
contact area)
0.0 Catastrophic (100 % of the gear tooth contact area)
Use for Pitting/Spalling Distress Only
Corresponding ASTM Distress Rating Manual 21
Nmerical Value Level Distress
Spalling Scale
10.0 None
9.9 Trace Pitting—Pit size up to 0.24 mm diameter
9.8 Trace-Light Pitting
9.7 Light Pitting—Pit size 0.50 mm diameter
9.6 Light-Medium Pitting
9.5 Medium Pitting—Pit size 0.74 mm diameter
9.4 Medium-Heavy Pitting
9.3 Heavy Pitting—Pit size 0.98 mm diameter
9.0 Trace Spalling 1 mm2
8.0 Trace-Light Spalling 4 mm2
7.0 Light Spalling 9 mm2
6.0 Light-Medium Spalling 16 mm2
5.0 Medium Spalling 25 mm2
4.0 Medium-Heavy Spalling 36 mm2
3.0 Heavy Spalling 49 mm2
2.0 Heavy to Catastrophic (up to 50 % of gear tooth contact area and for pitting/spalling, greater than a 3.0 on
the spalling template)
1.0 Heavy to Catastrophic (greater than 50 % and less than 100 % of the gear tooth contact area not ratable)
0.0 Catastrophic (100 % of the gear tooth contact area not ratable)
Spalling in the range from 9.0 to 3.0 references ASTM Distress Rating Manual 21 Spalling Template. Any tooth breakage will be noted in the comment section of the
final test report.

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 D8165 − 17
A10.3.6 Wear—Confirm the presence of a wear step both A10.3.8 Broken or Cracked Tooth—Note any broken or
visually and tactilely. cracked teeth in the comment section of the test report.
A10.3.6.1 Trace—Tool marks are easily discernible at heel
and toe area without a wear step. A10.4 Rating with Magnification:
A10.3.6.2 Trace/Light—Tool marks are barely discernible at A10.4.1 Do not use magnification for any level of severity
heel and toe area without a wear step. for the wear distress. Magnification (4 power) may be used to
A10.3.6.3 Light—Absence of tool marks at the heel or the verify trace levels of severity for the ridging, rippling, and
toe without a wear step.
scoring distresses. Do not use magnification for any other level
A10.3.6.4 Light/Medium—The presence of a wear step.
of severity for the ridging, rippling, and scoring distresses.
A10.3.6.5 Medium—Shall have an easily discernible wear
step, midway between Light and Heavy. A10.4.2 Magnification (4 power) may be used to verify all
A10.3.6.6 Heavy—The severity level is so intense/severe levels of severity for pitting/spalling distress.
that the distress is instantaneously recognizable.
A10.4.3 Do not use any other power of magnification to
A10.3.7 Chipping—Note chipping observations in the com- verify severity levels of distress.
ment section of the test report.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. THE CANADIAN TEST

X1.1 General: X1.4 Test Procedure:

X1.1.1 The Gleason Works gearset hardware has not yet X1.4.1 Operate the test as described in 10.3 through 10.5
been approved for the Canadian test. except as follows:
X1.1.2 The Canadian test is typically used for evaluation of
X1.4.2 Set the temperature control to maintain a lubricant
SAE 75W viscosity-grade lubricants.
temperature of 104 °C 6 2 °C.
X1.1.3 Sections 6 to 12 apply to the Canadian test except as
otherwise stated in this appendix. X1.4.3 At the end of the 100 min (see 10.3.6), set the
temperature control to maintain a lubricant temperature of
X1.2 Calibration Test Acceptance: 93 °C 6 2 °C and record end time, speed, torque, and lubricant
X1.2.1 Calibrate, as described in Section 9, any stand temperature.
intended to run a Canadian test independently of any standard
test calibration. X1.4.4 For the gear test phase, ensure that the axle tempera-
ture control is still set to maintain a lubricant temperature of
X1.3 Apparatus: 93 °C 6 2 °C (see 10.4.1).
X1.3.1 Use the apparatus described in 6.2 and 6.3 except as
follows: X1.5 Axle Post Test Measurements—Carry out as described
in Section 11 for the standard test.
X1.3.2 Use five spray nozzles to distribute water over the
cover and axle housing, as shown in Fig. A7.1, actuating the X1.6 Determination of Test Results—Carry out as described
water control valves by a temperature PID control system. in Section 12 for the standard test.
X1.3.3 Use two control valves to control the cooling water
supply. The control valves shall be a minimum of 12.7 mm X1.7 Report—Carry out as described in Section 13 for the
(1⁄2 in.) ID. standard test.

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ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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