Domains of Development

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Domains of Development

Human development is comprised of four major domains: physical development, cognitive


development, social-emotional development, and language development. Each domain, while unique in
it's own, has much overlap with all other domains. It is important to understand these concepts,
because everything related to human development can be traced back to these four domains.

Physical Development

Physical development is defined as the biological changes that occur in the body and brain, including
changes in size and strength, integration of sensory and motor activities, and development of fine and
gross motor skills.

Physical development in children follows a directional pattern. Muscles in the body's core, legs and arms
develop before those in the fingers and hands. Children learn how to perform gross (or large) motor
skills such as walking before they learn to perform fine (or small) motor skills such as drawing. Muscles
located at the core of the body become stronger and develop sooner than those in the feet and hands.
Physical development goes from the head to the toes.

Cognitive development

Cognitive development is defined as the changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the
world.

Stages of Cognitive Development

 The Sensorimotor Stage: A period of time between birth and age two during which an infant's
knowledge of the world is limited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities.
Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli.
 The Preoperational Stage: A period between ages two and six during which a child learns to use
language. During this stage, children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally
manipulate information and are unable to take the point of view of other people.
 The Concrete Operational Stage: A period between ages seven and eleven during which
children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically
about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
 The Formal Operational Stage: A period between age twelve to adulthood when people
develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive
reasoning and systematic planning also emerge during this stage.
Social-emotional Development

Social-emotional development is defined as the changes in the ways we connect to other individuals and
express and understand emotions.

 The core features of emotional development include the ability of a child to identify and
understand their own feelings, to accurately read and comprehend emotional states of others,
to manage strong emotions and their expression in a beneficial manner, to regulate their own
behavior, to develop empathy for others, and to establish and maintain relationships.
 Healthy social-emotional development for infants and toddlers develops in an interpersonal
context, specifically that of positive ongoing relationships with familiar and nurturing adults.
Emotion and cognition work together, informing the child’s impressions of situations and
influencing behavior.
 Children will experience a range of emotional and cognitive development related to interactions
and relationships with adults and peers, identity of self, recognition of ability, emotional
expression, emotional control, impulse control, and social understanding.

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