MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT AND

COMMERCIAL CENTER
Mixed-use is a style of urban development, urban
planning and/or a zoning type that blends residential,
commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses
into one space, where those functions are to some
degree physically and functionally integrated, and that
provides pedestrian connections.
OBJECTIVES OF SMART COMMERCIAL AND MIXED-
USED DEVELOPMENT

1. Compact Development – Means that buildings, parking

areas, streets, driveways and public spaces are
developed in a way that shortens trips and lessen
dependence on the automobile, thereby reducing level
of land consumption, energy use and air pollution.
2. Mixed Land Use – Develop different types of
compatible land use close together in appropriate
location, to shorten trips and facilitate alternative modes
of transportation, such as walking, bicycling and public
transportation.
3. Pedestrian Access, Safety and Comfort – Build on-
site vehicle and pedestrian circulation systems that are
safe, convenient, attractive and comfortable for
pedestrians.
OBJECTIVES OF SMART COMMERCIAL AND MIXED-
USED DEVELOPMENT

4. Street Connections - Connect developments,

neighborhoods and districts with public streets in order to
efficiently serve all modes of transportation.

5. Crime Prevention and Security – Apply planning and

design solution that minimize opportunities for crime and
increase public safety.

6. Creating and Protecting Public Spaces – Create,

maintain and enhance public spaces, such as sidewalks,
plaza, parks, public buildings and places of assembly to
allow for informal meeting and social interaction with other
people.
OBJECTIVES OF SMART COMMERCIAL AND MIXED-
USED DEVELOPMENT

7. Parking and Efficient Land Use – Design and manage

parking areas efficiently to minimize unnecessary surface
parking.

8. Human Scaled Building Design – Design Building to a

human scale for aesthetic appeal, pedestrian comfort and
compatibility with other land uses.
Urban Planning and Settlements
What is Settlement?
• A settlement is a general term used
in archaeology, geography, landscape history and
other subjects for a permanent or temporary
community in which people live, without being
specific as to size, population or importance. A
settlement can therefore range in size from a small
number of dwellings grouped together to the largest
of cities with surrounding urbanized areas.
Kinds of Settlements according to size

• A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and

other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have
merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area.
Kinds of Settlements
according to shape
• A nucleated settlement is where the buildings are grouped together.
• A linear shape is where the settlement has developed along a line.
• A dispersed settlement is where the buildings are spread apart.
Kinds of Settlements
according to function
• Industrial Towns
▫ has railways and canals for transports
▫ has housing and industry mixed together
▫ Newer industrial town planning ensures the housing and industry are
apart.
Kinds of Settlements
according to function
• Market Towns
▫ Found in fertile farming sites
▫ Many services e.g. shops and offices
▫ Good transport links – often they are route centers
Kinds of Settlements
according to function
• Ports
▫ Found where there are sheltered harbours
▫ Flat land for building on nearby
▫ Modern ports need deeper water for today’s larger ships
▫ Many ports has gone through a lot of redevelopment
Kinds of Settlements
according to function
• Seaside Resorts
▫ Close to industrial areas with large populations, with good rail and roads
▫ On the sea−front are hotels and entertainments such as pubs and bingo
▫ Guest houses are found inland where the land is cheaper to buy
▫ Housing found further inland, with industry on the outskirts
▫ Promenades pedestrian roads along the front of the resort
Rural Settlements vs
Urban Settlements
Urban and rural settlements differ in demographics, land area and usage,
population density, transportation networks and economic dependencies. These
characteristics are the defining differences that geographers and city planners
observe between rural and urban centres. (US Census 2000)

• Demographics
Urban settlements contain a heterogeneous population consisting of different
ages, cultures and ethnicities, whereas rural areas contain a more homogenous
population based on family, similar ethnicities and fewer cultural influences.

• Land Area and Usage

Urban settlements are more expansive and contain a wide range of land uses. For
instance, major metropolitan areas use density zoning to indicate different levels
of development. In contrast, rural settlements are more or less self-contained and
may not use zoning controls or have limited planning and development
regulations.
Rural Settlements vs
Urban Settlements
• Population Density
The U.S. Census Bureau defines urban settlements as areas with more than 50,000
people and at least 1,000 people per square mile; including contiguous census
tracts or blocks with at least 500 people per square mile. In contrast, rural
settlements contain less than 2,500 people, at a density between one and 999
people per square mile.

• Transportation Network
Rural transportation networks consist of local and county roads with limited
interconnectivity to rail and bus lines. Urban settlements contain highway
infrastructure as well as airports and light or heavy commuter rail.

• Economy
Urban areas are dependent on a global economy of import and export, whereas
rural economies rely on a local and agricultural-based economy with
dependencies on services, such as hospitals and educational establishments in
nearby urban centres.
Urban Settlements
• Most governments define urban settlements based on one or a
combination of criteria, including population size, population density, and
social and economic factors, such as the proportion of the labor force
engaged in non-agricultural activities; the administrative or political status
of a locality, such as national, provincial, or district capitals, or census
designations. (Hardoy et al., 2001)
Rapid Urbanization
of the developing world
• The developing world as a whole has been predominantly rural but is
rapidly becoming urban. In 1975, only 27% of the people in the developing
world lived in urban areas. In 2000, the proportion was 40% and
projections suggest that by 2030, the developing world will be 56% urban.
Although the developed world is already far more urban, at an estimated
75% in 2000, urban areas of developing countries are growing much faster
and their populations are larger.

• Rapid urban growth reflects migration of people to cities as well as natural

population increase among urban residents. Rural areas have virtually
stopped gaining population. Among the regions as a whole, only in sub-
Saharan Africa and Oceania will rural population grow at all in the future.
Megacities
• As the population increases, more people will live in large cities. Many people will
live in the growing number of cities with over 10 million inhabitants, known as
megacities. As the map "Largest Urban Agglomerations" shows, just three cities
had populations of 10 million or more in 1975, one of them in a less developed
country. Megacities numbered 16 in 2000. By 2025, 27 megacities will exist, 21 in
less developed countries. (Population Reference Bureau)
Megacities

Growth of Urban Agglomerations, 1950–2025

(United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision.)
The Urban Poor
• According to Baker and Schuler (2004), “while the dimensions of poverty
are many, there is a subset of characteristics that are more pronounced
for the poor in urban areas and may require specific analysis.” They are
the following
▫ commoditization (reliance on the cash economy);
▫ overcrowded living conditions (slums);
▫ environmental hazard (stemming from density and hazardous location of
settlements, and exposure to multiple pollutants);
▫ social fragmentation (lack of community and inter-household mechanisms for
social security, relative to those in rural areas);
▫ crime and violence;
▫ traffic accidents; and
▫ natural disaster
The Urban Poor
• The World Bank estimates that, worldwide, 30% of poor people live in
urban areas. By 2020 the proportion is projected to reach 40%, and by
2035 half of the world’s poor people are projected to live in urban areas.
(Ravallion, 2001)
• Most of the urban poor live in slums and squatter settlements, without
adequate access to clean water, sanitation, and health care. While health
and child survival rates are better in urban than rural areas on average,
they often are worse for the poor than for other urban residents.
• According to Population Reports (2002) published by the John Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health, there are three problems commonly
encountered by the Urban Poor. They are the following:
1. Insufficient Incomes
2. Inadequate Housing and Services
3. Health Burdens
Current and Future Urban Challenges
• Demographic, environmental, economic and socio-spatial
factors must be studied to fully understand the development
of 21st century cities and utilize these information for future
urban planning. It also needs to recognize the changing
institutional structure of cities and the emerging spatial
configurations of large, multiple-nuclei or polycentric, city-
regions. (Global Report on Human Settlements 2009, UN
Habitat)
Demographic Challenges
• A key problem is that most of the rapid urban growth is taking place in
countries least able to cope – in terms of the ability of governments to
provide, or facilitate the provision of, urban infrastructure; in terms of the
ability of urban residents to pay for such services and in terms of
resilience to natural disasters. The outcome of this has been the rapid
growth of urban slums and squatter settlements.

• Close to 1 billion people or 32 % of the world’s current urban population,

live in slums in inequitable and life-threatening conditions, and are
directly affected by both environmental disasters and social crises.
Environmental Challenges
• It is predicted that with urbanization, climate change will negatively affect
access to water and that hundred of millions of people will be vulnerable
to coastal flooding and related natural disasters as global warming
increases. The poorest countries and people will be the most vulnerable
to this threat and who will suffer the earliest and the most.

• The dependence on oil of urban settlements is also a major environmental

concern. Sprawling and low-density settlements prove to encourage the
use of fossil fuel compared to high-density communities. Vehicle
emissions contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and hence
global warming.
End