7203762banking - Computer Awareness - Book
7203762banking - Computer Awareness - Book
7203762banking - Computer Awareness - Book
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INDEX
hapter 1
C
Introduction to Computers...............................................................................................................1–13
Chapter 2
Basic Computer Organisation..........................................................................................................14-23
Chapter 3
Software Concept...........................................................................................................................24-43
Chapter 4
Computer Programming Language................................................................................................. 44-50
Chapter 5
Memory.........................................................................................................................................51-59
Chapter 6
Computer Networks .....................................................................................................................60-72
Chapter 7
Internet..........................................................................................................................................73-87
Chapter 8
E-Commerce................................................................................................................................ 88-95
Chapter 9
Computer Viruses..........................................................................................................................96-98
Chapter 10
Data Determination........................................................................................................................99-107
Chapter 11
Data Base Management System...................................................................................................108-116
Chapter 12
Ms-Word...................................................................................................................................117-124
Chapter 13
Ms-Excel.....................................................................................................................................125-131
Chapter 14
Ms-Powerpoint............................................................................................................................132-138
Chapter 15
Acronyms....................................................................................................................................139-149
Chapter 16
Computer Terminology................................................................................................................150-157
Practice Questions (Set 1-4).......................................................................................................158-172
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 1
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1 Introduction to Computers
The term computer is derived from a latin word 'computare' meaning 'to compute' (to calculate). A Computer
is an electronic machine, devised for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed
either in logical or numerical terms. In simple terms, computer is an electronic device, which accepts the input
(Data) from the user, process it and produces the output (Information). It consists of hardware and software.
Hardware components describe the physical parts of the computer and software controls hardware and run the
operating system, different programs & applications like Microsoft Windows, Microsoft word, Microsoft Excel etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
1. Speed : A computer is very fast and accurate device. Computers can process millions of instructions per
second thus carrying out even the complex tasks in fraction of seconds. The speed of computers is increasing
day by day. Generally, the speed of computers is measured in terms of microseconds (106), nanoseconds
(109) and even pico seconds (1012).
2. Accuracy : Degree of accuracy of the computer is very high errors can occur in computerized system also
but most of them occur due to human mistakes rather than technical problems in the computer.
3. Permanent Memory : We can store very large amount of information in the secondary storage devices.
This information stays with the computer for further use where as humans tend to forget things.
4. Versatility : Versatility means computer can do a variety of jobs depending upon the instructions fed to
them and their hardware characteristics. One moment it might be busy in calculating the statistical data of
a business organization for annual performance evaluation and at next moment it is capable of working on
inventory control.
5. No intellectual power : A computer doesnt possess any intellectual power, only a user can determine
what tasks a computer can perform as computer cant take its own decisions. Now a days some artificial
intelligence has been introduced by involving some pattern matching algorithms so that computer can take
some decisions on its own.
6. Productivity : Computer increase the productivity many times by reducing the repetitiveness needed in
typewriters, xeroxing to be replaced by scanning and replacing many human workers with a single machine.
The total output of the same organization is set to enhance with the computer software aimed to generate
better results.
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COMPUTER AWARENESS 2
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7. Reduction in Cost : Economical computers reduce the cost of paperwork, labor and other wasteful practices
by timely decision-making and enhanced productivity. They contribute to the economy of the organization
by reducing the cost of the goods and services.
8. Diligence : Computer is free from problems like exhaustion, lack of concentration, confusion etc, unlike
human beings.
UNIVAC-I (USA)
By now number of commercial companies were working on the development of computing systems. Sperry
Rand Corporation of USA introduced the first commercial computer to the world and named it UNIVAC-I. Its
introduction was followed by the entrance of IBM into the computer field with IBM-701 Computer.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
EDSAC, etc. These machines and other of their time were made possible by the invention
of "vacuum tube", which was a fragile glass device that could control and amplify
electronic signals. These vacuum tube computers are referred to as first-generation
computers.
Advantages
1. Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days.
2. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers.
3. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations
in milliseconds.
Disadvantages
1. Too bulky in size.
2. Unreliable.
3. Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and burnt out frequently
4. Air conditioning required.
5. Prone to frequent hardware failures.
6. Constant maintenance required.
7. No portable.
8. Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit required.
9. Commercial production was difficult and costly.
10. Limited commercial use.
SECOND GENERATION (1955 - 1964)
The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube, was invented in 1947. However,
computers that used were not produced in quantity until over a decade later. The second generation emerged with
transistors being the brain of the computer. With both the first and the second-generation computers, the basic
component was a discrete or separate entity. The many thousands of individual components had to be assembled
by hand into functioning circuits. The manual assembly of individual components and the cost of labour involved
at this assembly stage made the commercial production of these computers difficult and costly.
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COMPUTER AWARENESS 4
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Advantages
1. Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
2. More reliable.
3. Less heat generated.
4. These computers were able to reduce computational times from milliseconds to microseconds.
5. Less prone to hardware failures.
6. Better portability.
7. Wider commercial use.
Disadvantages
1. Air-conditioning required.
2. Frequent maintenance required.
3. Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning unit was required.
4. Commercial production was difficult and costly.
THIRD GENERATION (1964 - 1971)
Advances in electronics technology continued and the advent of "microelectronics" technology made it
possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon
known as "chips". This new technology was called "integrated circuits" (ICs). The third generation was based on
IC technology and the computers that were designed with the use of integrated circuits were called third generation
computers.
Advantages
1. Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers.
2. Even more reliable than second-generation computers.
3. Even lower heat generated than second generation computers.
4. These computers were able to reduce computational times from microseconds to nanoseconds.
5. Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
6. Easily portable.
7. Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial applications all over the world.
8. Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
9. Manual assembly of individual components into a functioning unit not required. So human labour and
cost involved at assembly stage reduced drastically.
10.Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
Disadvantages
1.Air-conditioning required in many cases.
2.Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.
FOURTH GENERATION (1972-2010)
Initially, the integrated circuits contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology was named
small scale integration (SSI). Latter, with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, it became
possible to integrate upto a hundred components on a single chip. This technology came to be known as medium
scale integration (MSI). Then came the era of large scale integration (LSI) when it was possible to integrate over
30,000 components onto a single chip. Effort is still on for further miniaturization and it is expected that more
than one million components will be integrated on a single chip known as very large scale integration (VLSI).
A fourth generation computer, which is what we have now, has LSI chips as its brain. It is LSI technology,
which has led to the development of very small but extremely powerful computers. It was the start of a social
revolution. A whole computer circuit was soon available on a single chip, the size of a postage stamp. Overnight
computers became incredibly compact. They became inexpensive to make and suddenly it became possible for
anyone and every one to own a computer.
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS 5
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Advantages
1. Smallest in size because of high component density.
2. Very reliable.
3. Heat generated is negligible.
4. No air conditioning required in most cases.
5. Much faster in computation than previous generations.
6. Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is required.
7. Easily portable because of their small size.
8. Totally general purpose.
9. Minimal labour and cost involved at assembly stage.
10. Cheapest among all generations.
Disadvantage
1. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips.
APPLICATIONS OF AI
The applications for artificial intelligence are endless. The technology can be applied to many different
sectors and industries.
AI is being tested and used in the healthcare industry for dosing drugs and different treatment in patients,
and for surgical procedures in the operating room. artificial intelligence include computers that play chess
and self-driving cars.
Artificial intelligence also has applications in the financial industry, where it is used to detect and flag
activity in banking and finance such as unusual debit card usage and large account deposits-all of which
help a bank's fraud department.
AI is also being used to help streamline and make trading easier. This is done by making supply, demand,
and pricing of securities easier to estimate.
KEY POINTS
Artificial intelligence refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines.
The goals of artificial intelligence include learning, reasoning, and perception.
AI is being used across different industries including finance and healthcare.
Weak AI tends to be simple and single task oriented, while strong AI carries on tasks that are more complex
and human-like.
SOPHIA ROBOT
Sophia is a social humanoid robot developed by Hong Kong based company Hanson Robotics. Sophia was
activated on February 14, 2016, and made its first public appearance at South by Southwest Festival (SXSW) in
mid-March 2016 in Austin, Texas, United States. In October 2017, Sophia became the first robot to receive
citizenship of any country. Sophia, the latest robot from Hanson Robotics, created history on October 25 when
she became the first non-human to be granted full citizenship in Saudi Arabia. The doe-eyed robot, introduced
herself at Saudi Arabia's Future Investment Initiative, calling herself 'special' and displaying a range of emotions
from anger to sadness. Sophia didn't just make international headlines but also raised questions about the future
relationships between humans and robots, and the rights that she holds.
ABOUT SOPHIA
1. Sophia is not a conventional robot. She has been modelled after Audrey Hepburn.
2. She was created by Dr. David Hanson, founder of Hanson Robotics. The man has a worldwide reputation
for creating robots that look and act exactly like humans.
3. Sophia is the most advanced robot created by Hanson Robotics.
4. She is a media favourite for having given several interviews. She has sung in a concert and even appeared
on the cover of Elle magazine.
5. She has interests in business and has met face-to-face with industry leaders from banking, insurance, auto
manufacturing, property development, media, and entertainment industries.
6. She has also appeared onstage as a panel member and presenter in high-level conferences.
7. She has more rights than women in Saudi Arabia. Sophia has no male guardian and wears no abaya - two
restrictions that are imposed on Saudi women.
8. She once said she "will destroy humans" when her creator asked her, "Do you want to destroy
humans?...Please say "no"
RASHMI ROBOT
Ranchi man Ranjit Srivastava has developed Indian version of 'Sophia,' a social humanoid robot developed
by a Hong Kong based company, named Rashmi which can speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and Marathi along with
English. The developer claimed it as world's first Hindi speaking realistic humanoid robot and India's first lip-
synching robot. Rashmi uses linguistic interpretation (LI), artificial intelligence (AI), visual data and facial
recognition systems.
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