COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWA PJAEE, 17 (7)

7) (2020)

ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND

MARKERS AMONG OBESE INDIVIDUALS

R.Gayatri Devi1, S.Saravana Kumar2, A.Jothi Priya3

1
Assistant ProfessorDepartment of physiology, Saveetha Dental College &HospitalsSaveetha
Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University
162,Poonamallee high road, VelappanchavadiChennai-600077Tamilnadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, SEGI University, Malaysia
3
Assistant professor, Department of Physiology, Saveetha dental college, SIMATS, Chennai
1
[email protected]

R. Gayatri Devi1, S. Saravana Kumar, A. Jothi Priya. ESTIMATION OF VARIOUS

BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND MARKERS AMONG OBESE
INDIVIDUALS--Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 1944-
1951. ISSN 1567-214x

Keywords: Obese; CRP; Insulin; TGL; LDL; HDL; BMI

ABSTRACT:
Obesity is defined as the increased or extra amount of fat deposited in the body. The purpose
of this study is to determine the various biochemical parameters and markers among the
obese women. Participants were randomly selected with the age group of 20-30 years of
women and divided into two groups. Each group consists of 30 individuals. Group I consist
of normal healthy individuals with BMI of 19-24.9 and Group II consist of obese individuals
with BMI of 30-40. 3ml of venous blood was collected and distributed in plain collection
tubes and centrifuged in 3000rpm for serum. Then serum was separated and analysed to
estimate the LH by ELISA method using ROBONIK ELISA READER. Student t test was
done to find out significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were considered
statistically significant at p < 0.05 level. There was a significant rise of CRP concentration
among obese individuals. The mean body weight of obese individuals were 33.21. So there
was a significant increase in body mass index between control and obese persons. There was
no significant difference of FBS level between control and obese persons. Insulin and Insulin
Resistance showed a strong significant difference between these two groups. LDL and HDL
showed a strong significant difference but there was no significant difference of TGL
between these two groups. Obese persons are at a very high risk of producing many disease.
BMI is strongly associated with many of the biochemical parameters and markers. So this
study may help the people to be aware about their body weight and risk factors prone.

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INTRODUCTION:
In the modern world, obesity is becoming the most popular complex disease
occurring in most individuals. Obesity may be due to inherited factors,
lifestyle which include diet habits and physical activity. Obesity is defined as
the increased or extra amount of fat deposited in the body. Based on body
mass index (BMI), obesity can be estimated. BMI can be calculated by using
body weight and height so it strongly correlates the fat content in the body [1].
BMI of adult about 25- 29 is considered as overweight and if it is more than
30, they are considered to be obese [2,3]. Obesity can be divided into grades
based on BMI, BMI which is less than 35 falls under grade 1, BMI with less
than 40 falls under grade 2 and BMI with greater than or equal to 40 falls
under grade 3 [4]. The degree of adiposity and BMI level depends on age, sex,
and racial and ethnic group [5]. Greater than 80% of mortality rate was
appraised due to comorbidities associated with obesity patients with a BMI of
at least 30 kg/m2. In both developed and developing countries, the rate of
incidence of obesity is increasing higher [6]. Apart from BMI, obesity can be
measured by waist circumference and waist hip ratio [7][8] .Obesity can occur
at any age and at any causes. It may be due to pregnancy, lack of sleep, stress,
microbiome and due to hormonal change. Obesity is not only dealing
cosmetically, it also has many medical issues. Abdominal obesity plays an
important role for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, certain
cancer, arthritis, gynecological problems and dyslipidemia [9,10] .
Hypercholesterolemia causes stroke by depositing fat globules on vessels
thereby obstructing the vessel wall and reducing the blood flow and oxygen
supply to the heart [11][2]. Hypertriglyceredemia also has a potent role in
developing stroke, disorders related to pancreas, kidney and diabetes.

Obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are strongly associated with both
inflammatory and fibrinolytic variables. The primary physiological function of
insulin is reducing the blood glucose level by stimulating glucose uptake by
the insulin sensitive tissues [12]. Insulin resistance is the failure of glucose
uptake due to inhibition of insulin signalling pathway. Insulin resistance is
associated with hyper-insulinemia. It has been more than 30 years that insulin
resistance is considered as a result of hyperinsulinemia, which represents a
body’s effort to prevent hyperglycemia. Obesity associated inflammation was
first observed in glucose reduction after administration of aspirin [13], then
increased fibrinogen, cytokine, TNF was observed and so many studies were
carried out [14]. C reactive protein (CRP) acts as a very good marker for
inflammation. During the acute disease condition, CRP is increased greatly
above a normal level [15]. CRP values greater than 10 mg/L may indicate
chronic inflammation in a large proportion of individuals, and this may
especially be a known risk factor for chronic inflammation.

In a healthy normal adult, CRP is about 0.8 to 3mg/l and this value can rise
with age and some clinical inflammation conditions. CRP is greater in women
than men. CRP level can be increased due to hormonal therapy[16,17]. Studies
were done among apnea populations, they found a significant increase of CRP
and interleukins level [18]. In avian flu and H1N1 flu strains also, elevated
blood CRP level was found [19][20]. In COVID 19 infection also, marked
increased CRP level was observed which was reported by china [21].

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Obesity is associated with lipid alterations i.e. dyslipidemia [22]. Effects of

obesity on lipid metabolism are determined on adipose tissue location. There
is an increased triglycerides and reduced HDL levels were observed in visceral
obesity and upper trunk subcutaneous adipose tissue. But in lower trunk
adiposity, marked decrease in triglycerides were observed [23]. In general,
obesity results in increased triglyceride levels andhypercholesterolaemia. For
obese individuals, hepatic triglyceride synthesis increased and thereby VLDL
production in liver also increased. This occurs due to more number of non-
esterified fatty acids beingmetabolised by the liver. Occasionally there is an
increased lipoprotein lipase activity correlated with obesity was found rarely
but there is also an increased level of cholesterol synthesis associated with
obesity was observed [24]. Hypertriglyceridemia may be the major cause of
the other lipid abnormalities since it will lead to delayed clearance of the TG-
rich lipoproteins and formation of small dense LDL. HDL metabolism is also
strongly affected by obesity because of the increased number of remnants of
chylomicrons and VLDL together with impaired lipolysis. The increased
number of TG-rich lipoproteins results in increased CETP activity, which
exchanges cholesterol esters from HDL for TG from VLDL and LDL[25].
Plasma FFA are elevated in obese people as a consequence of an increased
fatty acid release from adipose tissue and a reduction in plasma FFA clearance
[26]. The increase in FFA and obesity-induced inflammation play a crucial
role in the development of insulin resistance [27].
The main aim of this study is to determine the lipid profile, BMI and markers
among obese individuals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study participants:
Patients were randomly selected from the outpatient department of Saveetha
Dental College, and hospitals and divided into two groups. Each group
consists of 30 individuals. Group I consist of normal healthy individuals with
BMI of 19-24.9 and Group II consist of obese individuals with BMI of 30-40.
Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria

The participants were ensured by general and systemic examinations and

history also noted which include the information on their families, socio
economic conditions, habits, literacy and the respiratory symptoms which they
experienced and their frequencies, the histories of their medications also
recorded. Individuals with the age group of twenty to thirty years, Obese
Individuals, Females with regular menstrual cycle were included in this study.
Individuals with other systemic illnesses like cardiovascular disease, Renal
failure, Stroke, endocrine illness, acute illness like fever and
Immunocompromised individuals were excluded from this study.

Sample size and sampling technique:

For the comparison and find the differences between normal and obese
individual, assuming 10% difference among the mean with 25% of SD, 90%
power and 5% of significance level, the estimated sample size was 28. Adding
10% drop out the sample size was rounded off to 30 for each group. SigmaStat
13.0 (Systat software, USA) was used for estimating sample size.

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Sample collection
Informed consent was obtained from the patient before sample collection. 3ml
of venous blood was collected and distributed in plain collection tubes and
centrifuged in 3000rpm for serum. Then serum was separated and analysed by
ELISA method using ROBONIK ELISA READER.
Statistical analysis

The study proposal with the informed consent was submitted to the ethical
committee of saveetha institution and was approved by the ethical committee.
The data was collected in Microsoft Excel and then analyzed by using SPSS
software. All the data were expressed as mean ± SE. Student t test was done
to find out significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were
considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 level.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The present study was compared the CRP level among healthy individuals of
normal and obese women. There was a significant rise of CRP concentration
among obese individuals. Previous studies were carried out among elderly
people and the middle aged population revealed that there was positive
correlation between BMI and CRP level [28–30]. Inflammatory conditions
like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular disease of obese older
individuals showed an association with elevated CRP levels [31,32]. In obese
and non obese diabetic individuals showed a strong correlation between CRP
level and BMI [33]. Dawood et al reported that increased CRP levels seen in
depressive disorder patients [34]. Obese women predominately havong the
symptoms of depression. There is a stronger association between depression
and CRP level was noted most commonly among men than women [35].
WHO recommended that obese women undergoing oestrogen therapy are mor
prone to risk of venous thromboembolism. Increased CRP levels act as an
important role in the risk factor of cardiovascular disease with depression [36].
CRP induces the monocytes to produce a potent procoagulant[37]. According
to previous studies, inflammatory cytokines (IL 6) were produced from the
visceral adipose tissues [38]. When compared to subcutaneous fat, visceral fat
releases a greater level of IL 6 [39]. Subcutaneous fat releases IL 6 which acts
on the liver to produce acute phase protein [40]. So this may explain the
association between BMI and elevated CRP level in obese individuals.
Visceral fat can be determined by CT and MRI which helps to differentiate
between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue [41]. Miao et al reported
that adipose tissues that surround the blood vessels may also play a role in
inflammatory response apart from visceral fat [41,42].

Obesity and overweight can be determined by body mass index (BMI) [3].
Individuals with a normal body weight (BMI <25 kg/m2) were used as the
control group. The mean body weight of obese individuals were 33.21. So
there was a significant increase in body mass index between control and obese
persons (Table 1). Fasting insulin (FI) is a easy test used to detect insulin
resistance among obese patients. The mean value of fasting blood glucose,
insulin resistance and insulin concentrations were increased in obese than
control subjects. When compared to lean individuals, obese individuals have

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lesser tissue reponse to insulin which was revealed by Walker [43]. Obese
individuals have enhanced lipid oxidation and reduced glucose oxidation, this
causes hyperinsulinemia. IR is not only dependent on obesity, it is also
dependent on fat distribution [43,44]. Weight loss causes decrease in insulin
resistance and boosts up the insulin sensitivity mainly seen in adults. This
proposed that IR is developed by obesity. When compared to subcutaneous
adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue only causes insulin resistance. In obese
patients, LDL and TGL levels are increased and reduced HDL levels were
seen (Table1). The production of small elevated LDL levels in obesity is
mainly due to enhanced TG concentrations but it does not depend on total
body fat mass [45]. Due to elevation in the chylomicrons and LDL remnants,
it affects the HDL metabolism very strongly in obese individuals [46].
Dyslipidemia is observed in obese individuals.

CONCLUSION
Obese persons are at a very high risk of producing many disease. BMI is
strongly associated with many of the biochemical parameters and markers. So
this study may help the people to be aware about their body weight and risk
factors prone
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors would like to express their gratitude towards everyone who
facilitated and enabled us to carry out this study successfully.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST :
All authors in this study have none to declare

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