Theoretical Foundations in Nursing

Week 2
* Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurse or child’s
nurse.
TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Period of Intuitive Nursing
2 Period of Apprentice Nursing
3 Dark Period of Nursing
4 Period of Educated Nursing C. China
5 Period of Contemporary Nursing
6 Nursing Leaders
7 Nursing in the Philippines Early Beliefs and Practices
8 Spanish Period
9 Nursing during Philippine Revolution  It was believed that dressing male babies in girl's
10 Significance of Nursing Theory clothes kept evils away from them.
 Prohibited the dissection of dead human bodies as a
form of ancestor worship.
1. Period of Intuitive Nursing
 China disseminated knowledge of materia medica
(Prehistoric to early Christian era)
throughout the world (pharmacology)
 Nursing was untrained and instinctive.
*Materia Medica is a book that indicated the
 Executed with the desire to help others and compassion
pharmacologic drug used for treatment.
for people.
*No knowledge on anatomy
Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man
* Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead.
 Nursing was a profession dominated by women who
cared for children, the sick, and the elderly.
 It is believed that illness is caused by the invasion of evil
spirits through the use of black magic or voodoo.
 It was believed that a medicine man was referred to as a D. India
shaman or a witch doctor who possessed the ability to heal
through the use of white magic.
“trephining”  The act of drilling a hole in the skull
6500 BC without anesthesia with a rock or stone as
a last resort to ward off evil spirits.  Men of medicine built hospitals.
“Code of Contributions to Medicine and Nursing *Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and
Hammurabi” A. Babylonia practices of animal worship
 provided laws that covered every aspect  Practiced an intuitive form of “asepsis” (the absence of
of Babylonian life, including medical disease-causing microorganisms)
practice  Skilled practice of medicine and surgery.
 recommended specific doctors for each  Sushurutu/Sushuruta – made a list of nurse functions
disease. and qualifications. This was the first reference of nurses
 Giving each patient the option of using caring for patients.
charms, medications, or surgical * 1st recording on the nursing practice
procedures. E. Ancient Greece
 *Discourage experimentation  Nursing was the responsibility of an untrained
 *1st recording on the medical practice. slave/servant.
 *Established medical fees.  Caduceus
(Insignia of
medicine)
was introduced as
the medical
profession's insignia
A. Egypt today.
 with a top
representation of a
staff with two
entwined snakes
 art of embalming and two wings
 Developed keen observation skills and left a record of Hippocrates was given the title of “Father of
250 recognized diseases Scientific/Modern Medicine”.
 The sick were nursed by slaves and their families. *1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil
B. Israel spirits
 Moses was known as the "Father of Sanitation," and he * 1st to apply assessment
wrote in the 5 books in the Old Testament. *Practice medical ethics
* Practice of Hospitality and charity F. Rome
* Laws of control of spread of communicable disease  Paganism > Christian philosophy
and the ritual of circumcision of male child

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 Theoretical Foundations in Nursing
Week 2
 Because illness was regarded as a sign of weakness, the old
Romans made every effort to maintain good health. 1st Lady with a Lamp
 Roman’s Motto “If you are strong, you are healthy” 4. St. Vincent de Paul
 Slaves or Greek physicians were in charge of caring for  He organized the charity group called the “La
the sick. Charite” and the “Community of Sisters of Charity”
Converted to Christianity by Marcella  He founded the “Sisters of Charity School of
and Paula Nursing” in Paris, France where Florence
Fabiola Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing.
Made her home the first hospital in the
Christian world. 5. Louise de Gras
 1st Superior and co-founder if the “Community of
2. Period of Apprentice Nursing Sisters of Charity”
(11th century – 1896)
“On the Job” Training Period 3. Dark Period of Nursing
 Nursing care was provided by people with no formal 17th century – 19th century
education and who were directed by more experienced (Period of Reformation)
nurses.  MARTIN LUTHER led the American Civil War, which was
 The development of this kind of nursing was primarily a religious crisis that destroyed Christian unity.
the responsibility of Christian church religious orders.  The conflict swept through everything associated with
A. The Crusades Roman Catholicism, including schools, orphanages, and
Military religious orders by hospitals staffs with men hospitals.
Military Religious Orders and Their Works Nursing in America During the Civil War
1. Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Italian)  The American Medical Association created the
”Knights of the Hospitalers” committee on Training of Nurse.
 Established to give care Important Nursing Personages
2. Teutonic Knights (German) 1. Dorothea Lynde Dix
Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land  Established the Nurse Corps(cors) of the US
Cared for the injured and established 10 hospitals Army
in the military camps. 2. Clara Barton
3. Knights of St. Lazarus  Founded the American Red Cross
After the Christians conquered Jerusalem, it was
founded and primarily for the nursing care of leprosy, 4. Period of Educated Nursing
syphilis, and chronic skin diseases. June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing
4. Alexian Brothers opened (until world war II) at St. Tomas Hospital in
Founded in 1348 London.
 Established the Alexian Brother School of Nursing, 1. The development of nursing during this time period
the largest school under religious auspices in the was heavily influenced by trends resulting from wars,
United States, which closed in 1969. an arousal of social consciousness, women's
B. The Rise of Secular Orders emancipation, and increased educational
Queens, princesses and other ladies of royalty founded opportunities for women.
many religious orders. 2. Popularization of the philosophy of the Nightingale
Founded Secular Orders System
1. Order of St. Francis of Assisi (1200-present)  Importance of Nursing Education
 Believed in devoting lives to poverty and service to  Specialization developed
the poor.  Nurses teaching students
2. The Beguines
 Composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives in
the service of suffering humanity.
 Founded in 1170 by priest Lambert Le Begue
3. The Oblates 4. Ursulines  Who is Florence
5. Benedictines 6. Agustinians Nightingale?
Important Nursing Personages
1. St. Clare
 Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and
chastity
 Founded in the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi Florence Nightingale (Mother of Modern Nursing)
2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary  born on May 12, 1892 in Florence Italy
The patroness of Nursing  Lady with the Lamp
 A princess, daughter of an Hungarian King  Her SELF-APOINTED GOAL is to change the profile of
 Sees her calling to give care for the sick Nursing
 Fed thousands of hungry people  She compiled noted of her visits to hospitals, her
3. St. Catherine of Siena observations of sanitation practices and entered
 25th child of a humble Italian parents “Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiser Werth,
”Little Saint” – took care of sick as early as 7 years Germany for 3 months.

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 Theoretical Foundations in Nursing
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5. Period of Contemporary Nursing D. Margaret
20th Century Heggins
Refers to the period after World War I and the changes and Sanger
development in the Trends and practice of Nursing
occurring since 1945 after World War II
- Licensure of Nurses started
- Training of Nurses in Diploma Program
- Development of baccalaureate and advance degree
programs
- Scientific and technological development as well as
E. Mary
social changes marks this period.
Breckinridge
Developments and Trends
 World Health Organization (WHO) established by
United Nations to fight diseases by providing health
information, proper nutrition, living standard,
environmental conditions.
 Usage of Atomic Energy (x-rays, cobalt therapy) for
diagnosis and treatment
 Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing
 Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and 7. Nursing in the Philippines Early Beliefs and Practices
treatment (MRI, Ultrasounds)  Superstitions and mysticism These were the early
 Health related laws health and illness beliefs in the Philippines.
 Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement in CHN  People believed that people with demon-dispelling
(Community Healthcare Nurses) abilities could drive evil spirits away.
 Utilization of Computers  Believe in special gods of healing, with the priest-
Technology advances such as development of physician (Doctor).
disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the
 Herb doctors of (Herbolarios) – Practices witchcraft if
tedious task of Nurses.
they used leaves or roots.
Developments of expanded role of Nurses
 If a person is suffering from disease with no known cause
were believes to be bewitched/cursed by “mangkukulam”
6. Nursing Leaders
A. Florence
Nightingale 8. Spanish Period
 The religious orders contributed to the care of the sick
by constructing hospitals in various parts of the
Philippines.
Health Care During the Spanish Regime
1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577)
- Established mainly to care for Spanish king’s soldiers,
but also admitted Spanish Civilians; founded by Gov.
B. Clara General Francisco de Sande
Barton 2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
- Founded by Brother Juan Clemente and administered
for many years by the Hospitalers of San Juan de
Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy and
other communicable diseases.
3. Hospital de Indios
- Established by the Franciscan Order Sevice was in
general supported by alms and contribution from
charitable persons.
C. Lavinia 4. Hospitals de Aguas Santas (1590)
Lloyd Dock - Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring,
founded by Brother Juan Bautista of the Franciscan
Order
5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)
- Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and
administered by the Hospitalers of San Juan de Dios;
support was delivered from alms and rents; rendered
general health service to the public

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 Theoretical Foundations in Nursing
Week 2
9. Nursing during Philippine Revolution 3. Determination of the context in which the
Prominent Persons Involved in Nursing Works phenomena are viewed
1. Josephine Bracken (Rizal’s Wife) 4. Determination of what questions to ask
 Installed the first hospital in Tejeros, in an estate 5. Determination of what methods of study are
house used; and
 Provided nursing care to the injured night and day. 6. Determination of what evidence is proof
2. Rosa Sevilla de Alvero  Nursing’s knowledge base draws from many discipline.
 During the Philippine-American War, which began In the past, nursing depended heavily on physiology,
in 1899, they converted their home into quarters for sociology, psychology, and medicine to provide academic
Filipino soldiers. standing and to inform practice.
3. Doña Hilaria de Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s Wife)  nursing has been seeking what is UNIQUE to nursing
 She organized Filipino Red Cross under the and developing
inspiration of Apolinario Mabini Nursing as a distinct discipline
4. Doña Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo (2nd wife of Emilio
1. An Identifiable philosophy
Aguinaldo)
2. At least 1 conceptual framework (perspective) for
 President of Filipino Red Cross in Batangas
delineation of what can be defined as nursing
 During the Philippine Revolution, she provided
3. Acceptable methodologic approaches for the
nursing care to soldiers.
pursuit and development of knowledge.
5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)
Profession or Occupation
 Nursed the injured Filipino soldiers and provided
them with shelter and food  Profession are valued by society because the services
6. Capitan Salome professionals provided are Beneficial for members of the
society.
 A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija who provided
nursing care to the wounded when not in combat Characteristics of disciplines include
7. Agueda Kahabagan  A defined knowledge base
 A revolutionary leader in Laguna who also  Power and authority over training and education,
provided nursing care to her troops  Registration (examinations)
8. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biac na Bato)  Altruistic service
 stayed at the Biac na Bato hospital to care for the  A code of ethics
wounded soldiers  Lengthy socialization
Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training 1901-1911 o Autonomy
Formal training in hospital school of nursing transpire. It all  Nursing is viewed as an occupation rather than
started when American missionary doctors and nurses profession.
realized they didn't have enough manpower.  has been perceived as an extension of those services
1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, offered by wives and mothers
1906) – The first hospital in the Philippines which  Has been seen as subservient to medicine
trained Filipino nurses.  Autonomy in practice is Incomplete because nursing is
2. Saint Paul’s Hospital (Manila, 1907) - School of still depended on medicine.
Nursing  Successfully argued that nursing is an aspiring evolving
3. Philippine General Hospital (Manila, 1907) – School of profession.
Nursing References:
4. University of Sto. Tomas – First university to have
Nursing Program. Aligood, M. & Tomey, A. (2018) Nursing Theorists and
their Work, 9th edition, Singapore
10. Significance of Nursing Theory
Discipline Vs Profession McEwen, Melanie (2019) Theoretical Basis for Nursing,
Discipline 5th Ed. Wolters Kluwer
 A branch of knowledge offered through theories and
methods evolving from more than one worldview of the
phenomenon of concern.
 Field of injury characterized by a unique perspective
and distinct way of viewing phenomena
 Branch of educational instruction or a department of
learning knowledge
 Knowledge development within a discipline proceeds
from several philosophical and scientific perspective or
world views.
 These worldviews may serve to divide or segregate
members of a discipline.
Characteristics of disciplines include
1. A distinct perspective and syntax
2. Determination of what phenomena are of
interest

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