Ansys Fluent Users Guide-3027-3098

Chapter 27: Modeling Batteries
This chapter provides information about using the battery models available in Ansys Fluent. Additional
information about the model is provided in the following sections:
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Using the MSMD-Based Battery Models
27.1. Introduction
The application of lithium ion batteries has been rapidly expanding from electric appliances and elec-
tronic devices to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), due to their high energy
density. The main concerns when designing a Li-ion battery are its performance, life, and safety. The
Ansys Fluent battery models allow simulating a single battery cell or a battery pack using CFD technology
to study their thermal and electrochemical behavior.
Note that the Fluent Tutorials provides tutorials that illustrate how to use the Ansys Fluent battery
models.
This chapter contains the following information:

27.1.1. Overview
27.1.2. General Procedure
27.1.1. Overview
Ansys Fluent has adopted the multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) methodology in battery modeling.
In this method, the whole battery is treated as an orthotropic continuum; thus, the mesh is no longer
constrained by the micro-structure of the battery. Two potential equations are solved in the battery
domain. To fit various analysis needs, the model includes three electrochemical submodels, namely,
the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) empirical model, the Equivalent Circuit model (ECM),
and the Newman’s Pseudo-2D (P2D) model having different level of complexity. The model offers
you the flexibility to study the physical and electrochemical phenomena that extend over many length
scales in battery systems of various arrangements.
The MSMD method is a comprehensive method that allows the distributed heat source treatment to
be accounted in a simulation. Moreover, Ansys Fluent also provides several uniform heat source
treatment within the battery model framework, including CHT coupling, FMU-CHT coupling and the
Circuit Network method (see Battery Solution Methods in the Fluent Theory Guide).
27.1.2. General Procedure

The following describes an overview of the procedure required in order to use the Battery Model in
Ansys Fluent.
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of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 3027
Modeling Batteries
1. Start Ansys Fluent.
2. Read the mesh file.
3. Scale the grid, if necessary.
4. Load the module and use the Battery Model dialog box to define the battery model parameters.
5. Define material properties.
6. Set the operating conditions.
7. Set the boundary conditions.
8. Start the calculations.
9. Save the case and data files.
10. Process your results.
Important:
Note that the majority of this manual describes how to set up the Ansys Fluent Battery
Model using the graphical user interface. You can also perform various tasks using the text
user interface.
27.2. Using the MSMD-Based Battery Models

This section describes how to use Ansys Fluent modeling capabilities based on the multi-scale multi-
domain (MSMD) method. Only the procedural steps related to battery modeling are shown here. For
information about inputs related to other models used in conjunction with the battery model, see the
appropriate sections for those models in the Ansys Fluent Fluent User's Guide (p. 1). For more details
on the modeling approach, refer to Battery Model in the Fluent Theory Guide.
Information about using the model is presented in the following sections:

27.2.1. Limitations
27.2.2. Geometry Definition
27.2.3. Setting up the Battery Model
27.2.4. Using Parameter Estimation Tools
27.2.5. Initializing the Battery Model
27.2.6. Modifying Material Properties
27.2.7. Solution Controls for the MSMD Battery Model
27.2.8. Postprocessing the MSMD Battery Model
27.2.1. Limitations
Note the following limitations when using the MSMD Battery model:
3028 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Using the MSMD-Based Battery Models
• For battery pack simulations, all batteries in the pack must be identical initially, having the same
battery type with the same initial conditions.
• For battery pack simulations, all batteries in the pack must have the nPmS connection pattern; that
is, n batteries connected in parallel, and then m such units connected in series.
• A conductive zone must be continuous. Disconnected zones cannot be grouped as one entity.
• System positive and negative tabs must be continuous surfaces. Disconnected faces cannot be
grouped together as one entity.
• The positive and negative tabs must be connected by either the real tab/busbar conductive volumes
or the virtual connections defined through a file.
27.2.2. Geometry Definition

In the MSMD and Cell Network frameworks, the negative and positive current collectors, anode, and
cathode are not resolved, and the battery is regarded as a homogeneous body. The computational
mesh does not have to be adjusted to all layers present in the battery domain. The following zones
have to be identified when creating the battery mesh:
• Cell
• Tab
• Busbar (for battery pack cases with real battery connections)
Electro-chemical reactions occur in cell zones, which are defined in the Active Components selection
list in the Battery Model dialog box (Conductive Zones tab). Tab and busbar zones only conduct
electric current and are defined in the Passive Components selection list. See Specifying Conductive
Zones (p. 3040) for details.
27.2.3. Setting up the Battery Model

To enable the battery model, in the Outline View under the Models branch, right-click Battery
Model and click Edit... in the menu that opens.
Setup → Models → Battery Model Edit...
Modeling Batteries
Figure 27.1: The Battery Model Option in the Outline View
In the Battery Model dialog box that opens, select the Enable Battery Model check box to activate
the model.
The Battery Model dialog box expands to reveal additional model options and solution controls.
The inputs for the battery model are entered using the following tabs:
Model Options
contains the general model settings to define problems using the battery model.
Conductive Zones
allows you to select zones for the active, tab and busbar components.
Electric Contacts
allows you to define the contact surface and external connectors.
Model Parameters
is where you specify the parameters to be used for solving the model equations.
UDF
is where you can hook your user-defined functions.
Advanced Options
allows you to quickly check the selected electrochemical submodel behavior in a standalone
mode, and also to use various advanced modeling capabilities. See Specifying Advanced Op-
tions (p. 3068) for more information.
Note:
When setting up the model, you can click the Apply button to save your input values and
your choices for your model. To restore the last saved settings for all tabs, click the Reset
button.
For additional information, see the following sections:

27.2.3.1. Specifying Battery Model Options
27.2.3.2. Specifying Conductive Zones
27.2.3.3. Specifying Electric Contacts
27.2.3.4. Specifying Battery Model Parameters
27.2.3.5. Hooking User-Defined Functions
27.2.3.6. Specifying Advanced Options
27.2.3.7. Specifying External and Internal Short-Circuit Resistances
27.2.3.1. Specifying Battery Model Options

In the Model Options tab, you can select the electrochemical battery submodel and set various
model options, solution controls, and electrical parameters.
Modeling Batteries
Figure 27.2: The Battery Model Dialog Box (Model Options Tab)
For Solution Method, if you select:
• CHT coupling: A uniform heat source will be distributed within each battery's active zone. You
need to specify the heat source directly. None or one potential equation will be solved, depending
on whether Joule heating in passive zones is included or not. See CHT Coupling Method in the
Fluent Theory Guide for more information about this method.
• FMU-CHT coupling: A uniform heat source will be distributed within each battery's active zone.
The heat source is computed from the functional mockup unit (FMU). None or one potential
equation will be solved, depending on whether Joule heating in passive zones is included or not.
See FMU-CHT coupling method in the Fluent Theory Guide for more information about this
method.
• Circuit Network: A uniform heat source will be distributed within each battery's active zone, the
heat source is computed from an electric circuit network in Fluent. None or one potential equation
will be solved, depending on whether Joule heating in passive zones is included or not. See Circuit
Network Solution Method in the Fluent Theory Guide for more information about this method.
• MSMD: If the Reduced Order Method option is not enabled in the MSMD Method Option
group box, two potential equations will be solved during each iteration in the simulation. See
MSMD Solution Method in the Fluent Theory Guide for more information about this method.
You can obtain a faster solution by selecting Reduced Order Method in the MSMD Method Option
group box. This will enable the solver to run faster using the reduced order method (ROM). You
can use this option if the two conditions listed in Reduced Order Solution Method (ROM) are met.
Note that, prior to using the ROM, you must first run a simulation without this option for at least
three time steps. Ansys Fluent will use these results as reference potential fields for the ROM
method.
Once you have selected Circuit Network or Reduced Order Method, you can set Number of Sub-
Steps/Time Step. Using this value, you can specify the ratio of the time steps for thermal and
electro-chemistry calculations. For example, if the Number of Sub-Steps/Time Step is set to 10,
the solver will use one tenth of the CFD time step for the electro-chemistry calculation.
Important:
The internal short circuit treatment requires two potential equations to be solved.
For this reason, it can only be used with the MSMD solution method, but not with
the ROM method.
The following submodels are available in Ansys Fluent under the E-Chemistry Models group box:
NTGK Empirical Model
is an empirical model. This is the simplest and the least expensive model. It also requires the
fewest model inputs. The model uses the same NTGK method as that used by the Single-Potential
Empirical model. However, in this case, it solves two potential equations continuously instead
of one potential equation with a jump condition at the separator over all conductive zones.
The model cannot accurately capture the battery's dynamic (inertial) response.
Equivalent Circuit Model
is a semi-empirical model. It has limited capability for predicting the battery dynamic behavior.
Modeling Batteries
Newman P2D Model
is the most comprehensive physics-based battery model. It is computationally expensive, and

it requires extensive user input of battery-related fundamental information.
User-defined E-Model
is the user-specified electrochemical submodel. To be able to use this option in the Fluent
MSMD method framework, you must provide the void user_defined_echem_model()
function in the customizable cae_user.c source code file.
For Energy Source Options, you can:
• Enable Joule Heat in Passive Zones (default) in order to include the Joule heating source in
the thermal energy Equation 20.3 in the battery passive conducting zones, including tabs and
busbars,
• Enable Joule Heat in Active Zones (default) in order to include the Joule Heating source in the
thermal energy equation Equation 20.3.
• Enable E-Chem Heat Source (default) in order to include the heat source due to electrochemistry
in the thermal energy equation Equation 20.3.
For Solution Controls, you can:
• Set Current Under-Relaxation Factor. The volumetric current density used in the two potential
equations are under-relaxed according to this factor. The default value of 0.8 may be sufficient
for most cases. The values in the range of 0.8–1.0 are recommended.
• Set Voltage Correction Under-Relaxation Factor. The default value of 1.0 is acceptable for most
cases. You should reduce this value only if the convergence difficulty occurs during the solution
of the potential equations.
• (Equivalent Circuit Model and Newman P2D Model) Select the Cluster Cells check box to enable
cell clustering and then define it using one of the following methods:
– Static
When you select Static, you can specify the number of clusters Nx , Ny , and Nz in X, Y, and
Z directions respectively. The solver will divide the active zone of every battery cell into Nx x
Ny x Nz clusters and solve the electrochemical sub-model in each cluster using the cluster-
averaging information.
The static clustering method is purely geometry-based. Clusters are formed before a simulation
is run and they remain fixed in the simulation.
The default values for Nx , Ny , and Nz are 1, 1, and 1, respectively. For the initial run, the default
settings are recommended.
– Dynamic
When you select Dynamic, you can define the Number of Clusters and specify the Target
Variable, which could be voltage or temperature. You can also define your own target variable
by writing a DEFINE_BATTERY_CLUSTER UDF. See DEFINE_BATTERY_CLUSTER in the

Fluent Customization Manual for details.
The dynamic clustering is done before the beginning of every time step and the clusters are
formed dynamically during the simulation. The solver finds the range of the target variable in
the active zone of a battery cell, and then divide this range into the specified number of
clusters. Each control volume in the battery cell is grouped into a cluster according to its target
variable value.
For Electrical Parameters, you can specify the following operating conditions:
• Set the Nominal Cell Capacity (the capacity of the battery cell).
• Enable the Life Model option and then specify the following parameters:
Calender Time
is the storage time ( in Equation 20.42 in the Fluent Theory Guide). You can use any units
that are consistent with the kinetics quantities you specify in the Calendar Life Paramet-
ers dialog box (see Figure 27.3: The Calendar Life Parameters Dialog Box (p. 3035)).
Cycle Number
is the number of cycles that the battery has experienced so far ( in Equation 20.43
in the Fluent Theory Guide).
Operation Temperature
is the average temperature to which the battery has been exposed over time and over
its previous discharging/charging cycle ( in Equation 20.42 and Equation 20.43 in the
Fluent Theory Guide). Note that this temperature is not the same as the battery temper-
ature during CFD simulations.
Calendar Life Parameters
are the calendar-life-related parameters that can be specified in the Calendar Life
Parameters dialog box that opens when you click the Calendar Life - Input Paramet-
ers… button.
Figure 27.3: The Calendar Life Parameters Dialog Box
Modeling Batteries
The following Input Parameters are available:

– Ref. Temperature: Is the reference temperature under which these kinetics parameters
are obtained ( in Equation 20.42 in the Fluent Theory Guide).
– Pre-exponential Factor: Is in Equation 20.42 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
– Activation Energy: Is in Equation 20.42 in the Fluent Theory Guide).
– Exponent Value: Is the time exponent factor ( in Equation 20.42 in the Fluent Theory
Guide).
Capacity Fade Table
is a 2D lookup table for capacity fade factors at different temperatures and cycle numbers.
All values are entered in the Capacity Fade Table dialog box that opens by clicking the
Cycle Life - Capacity Fade Table… button (for example Figure 27.3: The Calendar Life
Parameters Dialog Box (p. 3035)).
Figure 27.4: The Capacity Fade Table Dialog Box - Cycle Life
For the NTGK model, you can specify the following inputs in the Capacity Fade Table
dialog box:
– Temperature Levels
– Cycle-Number Levels
– Temperature
– Capacity fade values for each cycle and temperature
You can specify up to 20 Temperature Levels and Cycle-Number Levels.
You can use the Write... button to store the 2D lookup table to a file in a text format,
which you can use later by clicking the Read... button and using the Select File dialog
box that opens. You can also generate your own 2D lookup text file and read it into
Ansys Fluent. The capacity fade values will be automatically populated in the Capacity
Fade Table dialog box.
• For the Solution Options, if you select:
– Specified C-Rate, you can set a value for the following:
→ Discharge C-Rate (the hourly rate at which a battery is discharged; a positive

value means discharging C-rate and a negative value means charging C-rate).
In this case, the total current at the cathode tabs is fixed as the product of C-
Rate and Nominal Capacity, while the electrical potential is anchored at zero
on the anode tabs.
→ Min. Stop Voltage and Max. Stop Voltage. The simulation will automatically
stop once the battery cell voltage reaches the minimum or maximum value.
For a battery pack, the battery-average cell voltage is used.
– Specified System Current, you can set the following:
→ System Current (applied at the cathode tabs). A positive value means discharging
current and a negative value means charging current.
→ Min. Stop Voltage and Max. Stop Voltage. (Same as for Specified C-rate.)
– Specified System Voltage, you can set a value for the System Voltage (applied to
the cathode tab; the anode tab has a voltage of 0 V).
– Specified System Power, you can specify the following:
→ System Power. If you specify the total power output from your battery, Fluent
solver will ensure that the product of the system current and voltage equals the
system power. A positive value means discharging power output and a negative
value means charging power input.
→ Min. Stop Voltage and Max. Stop Voltage. (Same as for Specified C-rate.)
– Specified Resistance, you can specify the external electric resistance in an external
short-circuit simulation.
→ External Resistance. If you specify the external electric resistance in Ohm, the
Fluent solver will ensure that the ratio of the system voltage to the system current
equals the specified external resistance.
Modeling Batteries
– Set in Boundary Conditions, you can set the UDS boundary conditions directly, for
example, the voltage value or the current value (specified flux), using the Boundary
Conditions task page in Ansys Fluent for the specific face zone.
– Using Profile, you can select Time-Scheduled or Event-Scheduled under Profile

Types and provide time-dependent or event-dependent input (respectively) for the
C-rate, current, voltage, or power. The time-scheduled and event-scheduled profiles
enable you to change the electric load type and electric value in the simulation on
the fly.
Alternatively, you can use the UDF option to define the electric load type and value
using a DEFINE_BATTERY_ELOAD_PROFILE UDF. The UDF option is used if the
time-scheduled and event-scheduled profile cannot cover the profile you want to
use. See DEFINE_BATTERY_ELOAD_PROFILE in the Fluent Customization Manual
for information about DEFINE_BATTERY_ELOAD_PROFILE.
When either the Time-Scheduled or Event-Scheduled profile type is selected, you

can browse to the ASCII text file with either the .dat or .txt file extension that
you generated beforehand.
The inputs for the Time-Scheduled and Event-Scheduled profiles are described
below.
→ The Time-Scheduled profile file must be organized in three columns:
1. Time
2. Electric load value
3. Electric load type
The electric load type is defined by an integer number:
0: C-rate
1: Current
2: Voltage
3: Power
4: External electric resistance
For example, the below time-scheduled profile:

0 15 1
500 15 1
500.1 60 3
1000 60 3
1000.1 -1 0
1500 -1 0
specifies the following battery charging scenario:
1. The battery is discharged at 15 A for the first 500 seconds.
2. The battery discharge continues at 60 W for the next 500 seconds.
3. The battery is charged at a constant 1 C-rate for the last 500 seconds.
Note:
• For current, power, or C-rate, a positive value means discharging and

a negative value means charging.
• The unit of the variables in the input file is always SI.
Ansys Fluent solver uses linear interpolation of your time-scheduled profile data
in the problem simulation. If you want to capture a sudden change in the profile
accurately, use smaller time gaps to describe the profile.
→ The Event-Scheduled profile file must be organized in the following five columns:
1. Electric load type
Just as in the time-scheduled profile, the electric load type is defined by an in-
teger number:
0: C-rate
1: Current
2: Voltage
3: Power
4: External electric resistance
2. Electric load value
3. Forwarding condition
The forwarding condition (FC) is defined by an integer number:
1: Time > FC_Value
2: I < FC_Value (discharging current minimum)
3: I > FC_Value (charging current maximum)
4: V < FC_Value (system voltage minimum)
5: V > FC_Value (system voltage maximum)
6: P < FC_Value (discharging power minimum)
7: P > FC_Value (charging power maximum)
8: Time Duration > FC_Value (Time Duration)
Modeling Batteries
4. Forwarding condition value
5. Stop flag
The stop flag is an integer value of 0 or 1, where 0 specifies that the run should
continue to the next event entry line, and 1 specifies that the run should end.
For example, the below event-scheduled profile:

0 1 4 3.5 0
0 0 8 300 0
1 -15 5 4.1 0
2 4.1 3 -1 1
specifies the following scenario:
1. The battery is discharged at 1 C rate until the voltage reaches 3.5 V.
2. The battery is at rest for 300 seconds.
3. The battery is charged at constant current 15 A until the voltage reaches 4.1
V.
4. The battery keeps charging at 4.1 V until the current is greater -1 A. The simu-
lation stops after reaching this point.
Note:
• For current, power, or C-rate, a positive value means discharging and

a negative value means charging.
• The unit of the variables in the input file is always SI.
Any time-scheduled profile can be rewritten in an event-scheduled profile format,

but not vice-versa. The example shown in the time-scheduled profile can be re-
defined in an event-scheduled profile format as follows.
1 15 1 500 0
3 60 1 1000 0
0 -1 1 1500 1
Both profile types can be read into Ansys Fluent. You can choose the most conveni-
ent one to use in your specific application.
27.2.3.2. Specifying Conductive Zones

The Conductive Zones tab of the Battery Model dialog box allows you to specify the active, tab,
and busbar zones.
Figure 27.5: The Battery Model Dialog Box (Conductive Zones Tab)
In the Conductive Zones tab, select the appropriate zones for the Active Components and Passive
Components. Passive components include battery tab zones and busbars used to connect tabs of
different batteries. You can visualize all active or passive zones by using the Display Active Com-
ponents or Display Passive Components button, respectively. This opens the Mesh Display dialog
box where all relevant components are selected automatically.
Battery cells are modeled as active zones; and battery tabs and busbars are modeled as passive
zones. Electrochemical reactions occur only in the active zones. The potential field is solved in both
active and passive zones.
27.2.3.3. Specifying Electric Contacts

The Electric Contacts tab of the Battery Model dialog box allows you to set the properties of the
Contact Surfaces and the External Connectors.
Modeling Batteries
Figure 27.6: The Battery Model Dialog Box (Electric Contacts Tab)
If you want to consider contact resistance, select zones for the Contact Surfaces and set the Spe-
cific Contact Resistance for any selected contact surface.
When using real connections, define the system negative and positive tabs under External Con-
nectors.
When using the virtual connection option in a battery pack simulation, select the Use Virtual Battery
Connection check box and in the Specify connection file text-entry box that appears, enter the
filename containing the virtual connection definition.
The following input formats can be used:
• tab surface-based format

• active zone volume-based format
The tab surface-based format for the connection definition file is as follows:
mP 2
nS 2
tab_N_1P1S tab_P_1P1S
where:
• The first line specifies the number of parallel batteries in a stage (mP).
• The second line specifies the number of stages in series in a pack (nS).
• The remaining lines contain pairs of the face names of the negative and positive tabs for each
battery. The battery data are listed in the following order: 1P1S ... mP1S to 1PnS ... mPnS.
For the above battery connection file example, the battery solver establishes the 2P2S connection
pattern.
The following figure shows the different resulting connection patterns for the different connection
data.
Once all conductive zones and the positive and negative tabs have been defined, Ansys Fluent
automatically detects the battery network connection.
The active zone volume-based format for the connection definition is as follows:
mP 1
nS 4
cell_1
cell_2
cell_3
cell_4
where:
• The first line specifies the number of parallel batteries in a stage (mP).
• The second line specifies the number of stages in series in a pack (nS).
• The remaining lines contain the names of the active battery zones in the order of: 1P1S ... 1PnS
to mP1S ... mPnS.
You should use one line only for each battery. If a battery active zone includes multiple cell volumes,
list all of them in one line separated by space, for example:
Modeling Batteries
mP 1
nS 4
cell_1_a cell_1_b cell_1_c
cell_2
cell_3_a cell_3_b cell_3_c
cell_4
Note:
The active zone volume-based connection file can only be used for cases that involve
the Circuit Network solution method without the Joule heating effects. This is because
the electric current flow passage is not determined in a battery pack. Consequently, the
potential field, and therefore the Joule heating effect, cannot be solved.
When you import either format of the connection file, Ansys Fluent automatically detects the type
of the format. If the active zone volume-based format is used, the solver enables the Circuit Network
solution method and disables the Joule heating effects. The zones in the active and passive com-
ponents listed under the Conductive Zones tab are updated automatically according to the inform-
ation provided in the connection file.
After you have defined all the conductive zones or modified zone related data, click Print Battery
System Connection Information, and review the battery connection information printed in the
Ansys Fluent console window for any errors. If necessary, re-define the connections in the Conductive
Zones and Electric Contacts tabs.
27.2.3.4. Specifying Battery Model Parameters

The Model Parameters tab of the Battery Model dialog box allows you to specify the submodel-
specific parameters. The Model Parameters tab contains only the entry fields for parameters related
to either the solution method or electrochemical submodels you have chosen in the Model Option
tab. A detailed description of inputs for each submodel is given in the sections that follow.
27.2.3.4.1. Inputs for the CHT Coupling Method
27.2.3.4.2. Inputs for the FMU-CHT Coupling Method
27.2.3.4.3. Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model
27.2.3.4.4. Inputs for the Equivalent Circuit Model
27.2.3.4.5. Inputs for the Newman’s P2D Model
27.2.3.4.6. Input for the User-Defined E-Model
27.2.3.4.1. Inputs for the CHT Coupling Method

Figure 27.7: Model Parameters Tab—CHT Coupling Method
You need to specify the following CHT-Related Parameters:
• total Energy Source for each battery active zone
• (if you want to consider the Joule heating in passive zones) Tab Electric Current
For both heat source and tab electric current, you can use either constant data type or any of
the imported transient profiles.
If constant is selected, you need to specify a value in the adjacent field.
To use transient profiles for energy sources, you first need to read all profile files into your simu-
lation as outlined in Reading Profile Files (p. 882). Once the profiles have been imported into your
analysis, their names automatically appear in the drop-down lists for each active zone and for
tab electric current. The profile file format conforms to the Ansys Fluent built-in transient profiles
described in Transient Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions (p. 1428). The below example shows the
file format of a tabular transient profile (.ttab).
energy-source 2 4 0
time energy-source
0 5.0
100 5.0
Modeling Batteries
100.1 10.0
10000 10.0
In this example, the first line contains the profile name, followed by the number of fields, the
number of lines, and the flag indicating whether the profile is periodic.
The second line contains all the field names. One of the field names must be time for the profile
to be correctly recognized.
The remaining rows contain the profile data.
All the imported profiles will be saved within the Ansys Fluent case file.
If in a pack simulation, the same heat source is used for all active zones, you can select Use Same
Settings for All Zones and define only one set of data. Ansys Fluent will automatically update
all zones with the same cell information.
27.2.3.4.2. Inputs for the FMU-CHT Coupling Method

Figure 27.8: Model Parameters Tab—FMU-CHT Coupling Method
1. In the FMU-Related Parameters group box, click the Define Output Parameter- Tcell button.
Fluent creates an output parameter, the average zone temperature, for each active zone.
2. Click Open FMU Dialog Box... and then use the cell average temperatures that have been
generated in the previous step to define the FMU input parameters in the Parameters dialog
box. Refer to Coupled Simulations in Ansys Fluent with Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU)
Files (p. 947) for details on the FMU file importing procedure.
3. Once the FMU file importing is complete, you can define the following parameters:
• For each battery active zone, under Energy Source Mapping, select an appropriate FMU
output parameters that have been imported in the previous step to be an energy source
term.
• If the Joule heating is considered, specify Tab Electric Current. Similar to the CHT Coupling
solution method, you can choose either constant or any of the imported transient profile.
See Inputs for the CHT Coupling Method (p. 3045) for more information.
27.2.3.4.3. Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model

Figure 27.9: Model Parameters Tab—NTGK Model
For the NTGK Empirical Model, define the following operating conditions:
1. Specify the following NTGK model parameters:
Modeling Batteries
• Initial DoD: Is the battery initial DOD at =0. The default value of 0 for Initial DoD indicates
the fully-charged state of the battery cell.
• Reference Capacity: Is the capacity of the battery that is used in experiments to obtain
the model parameters ( in Equation 20.5). Nominal and reference capacities may have
different values.
2. Specify and model parameters in Equation 20.7 using one of the following:
• Polynomial data type
• Table data type
• Raw Data data type
• Parameter Estimation tool
3. If you selected Polynomial in the Data Types group box, enter polynomial coefficients for
, , and temperature correction in Equation 20.7 directly in the U Coefficients and Y
Coefficients group boxes.
4. If you selected Table in the Data Types group box, define a 2D lookup table for each NTGK
model parameter.
Tabular data are entered in the corresponding parameter data table dialog box that opens
by clicking the relevant button (U Table... or Y Table...) in the NTGK Parameter Data Table
group box (see Figure 27.10: NTGK U-parameter Data Table Dialog Box (p. 3049)).
Figure 27.10: NTGK U-parameter Data Table Dialog Box
For each NTGK model parameter, you can specify up to 50 DOD levels and 20 temperature
levels. For each DOD-temperature pair, you must enter the corresponding model parameter
value. Each table can be exported to or imported from a file by clicking Write or Read, re-
spectively, in the parameter data table dialog box.
Note:
The model parameters for the NTGK Model Polarization Parameters are based
on battery cell polarization test curves. Obtaining model parameters (other than
the default values) can be dependant on your battery configuration and material
properties. The default values are taken from Kim’s paper 298. If you model a battery
having a different design, you must provide a different set of battery parameters.
Modeling Batteries
5. If you selected Raw Data in the Data Types group box, you need to import a set of testing
data (discharging curves under different temperature and C-rate) by clicking the Import
Testing Data button.
Figure 27.11: The Import Raw Data Dialog Box
In the Import Raw Data dialog box that opens, you can import testing data files by clicking
the Load Discharging Files button and then using the Select File dialog box to read the
files into your Fluent case.
If you want to include the capacity fade effect into your simulation, enable Capacity Fade
Effect. After you import the testing data, the capacity fade table is populated automatically.
You can review the table by clicking Capacity Fade Table..., but you cannot modify it.
Each capacity fade factor in the capacity fade table is computed from the test data as:
After you import test data files, no other information is needed. The Ansys Fluent solver stores
the U~I relationship from the test data and will use it during the battery simulation.
Note:
The raw data treatment depends on whether the capacity fade effect is included
or not. If you enable or disable the Capacity Fade Effect option, you need to load
the data files again to re-process it.
6. If you want to use the parameter estimation tool to fit and from testing data, click the
Parameter Estimation... button.
Figure 27.12: The Parameter Estimation Dialog Box for the NTGK Model
a. In the Parameter Estimation dialog box that opens, you need to specify the following
Input Parameters:
• Testing Battery's Capacity
This value is copied from the Reference Capacity (Model Parameters tab). You need
to verify it is correct; otherwise, go back to the Model Parameters tab to modify it.
• Number of DOD Levels
The number of DOD levels is a number between 10 and 20. The default 20 is a good
choice for all cases. The required discharging data are battery's discharging curves at
different constant C-rates. You can use testing data at different temperatures. For each
C-rate, you must provide a separate file in text format. At least two input files with data
at different C-rates are required to get meaningful fitting results.
• Corresponding discharging data (as further described)
b. If you want to consider the capacity fade effect in your simulation, enable Capacity Fade
Effect.
After the parameter fitting process is complete, the capacity fade table is populated
automatically. You can review the table by clicking Capacity Fade Table..., but you cannot
modify it. The fitting results ( and parameters) are dependent upon whether the capa-
city fade effect is considered or not. If you have modified the state of Capacity Fade Effect,
you need to re-fit the model parameters.
c. To import all the testing files, click the Load Discharging Files button and use the Select
File dialog box that opens to read multiple testing data files. The selected testing files
will be listed at the bottom of the Select File dialog box. If you accidentally select the
wrong file, you can use the Remove button to remove it from the selected testing file list.
An example of an input file is shown below.

Crate 1.0
Temperature 300.0
1.0000e+00 4.1097e+00
Modeling Batteries
2.0000e+00 4.1094e+00
3.0000e+00 4.1092e+00
...
3.6000e+01 4.1010e+00
...
The first line of the file starts with Crate followed by a C-rate value separated by a space.
The second line starts with Temperature followed by a value. The lines that follow
contain pairs of space-separated time-voltage values.
d. After testing files are imported, click the Fit Parameters button to run the NTGK parameter
estimation tool.
If you provide testing data files at different temperatures, the parameter estimation tool
will perform the fitting for each temperature level. Ansys Fluent will report the fitted results
in the console and automatically pass them in a table data type to the parameter data
table dialog boxes. The Table data type will be automatically selected in the Battery
Model dialog box. This will allow you to consider the temperature-dependent effect.
If you use testing data from only one temperature level, the fitting results in both polyno-
mial and table data types will be filled in the Battery Model dialog box. In this case, the
Polynomial data type is the default data type. However, you can use either data type in
your simulation.
e. (optional) Visualize and check the resulting fitted curves of the battery discharge data at
different temperatures and C-rates to detect any issues with the fitting process.
Once the fitting is complete, the Parameter Estimation dialog box expands to reveal the
Visualize Fitting Results group box containing the Temperature and C rate selection
lists. You can display curves of the fitted discharge data and the experimental data from
your input files at different temperatures and C-rates by selecting a pair of desired values
from the Temperature and C rate lists. The corresponding curves will be automatically
plotted in the graphics window.
f. Click Close in the Parameter Estimation dialog box.
Note:
The NTGK parameter estimation tool can also be accessed through the text user
interface (TUI) as described in Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the NTGK
Model in the TUI (p. 3089).
7. (Polynomial or Table data type only) You can visualize the resulting and parameters
varying with DOD by selecting U Function or Y Function from the Parameter drop-down
list (Visualize Model Parameters group box) and clicking the Plot button. The resulting
curves at temperatures you provided will be plotted in the graphics window.
27.2.3.4.4. Inputs for the Equivalent Circuit Model

Figure 27.13: Model Parameters Tab—Equivalent Circuit Model
Modeling Batteries
For the Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM), define the following operating conditions:
1. Specify the following Equivalent Circuit Model parameters:
• Initial State of Charge: Is the battery initial SOC at =0. The default value of 1 for Initial
State of Charge indicates the fully-charged state of the battery cell.
• Reference Capacity: Is the capacity of the battery that is used in experiments to obtain
model parameters ( in Equation 20.9). Note that nominal and reference capacities may
have different values.
2. Specify resistors' resistances (Rs, R1, and R2), capacitors' capacitances (C1 and C2), and the open
circuit voltage (Voc) using one of the following:
• Chen's original data type
• Polynomial data type
• Table data type
• Parameter Estimation tool
Note:
The values of model parameters for the Equivalent Circuit Model are battery
specific and need to be specified before conducting a simulation. The default values
are taken from Chen (see ECM Model for details). If you model a battery of different
design, you should specify a different set of battery parameters.
3. If you selected Chen's original in the Data Types group box, you need to specify all coeffi-
cients in Equation 20.11.
4. If you selected Polynomial in the Data Types group box, you need to directly specify poly-
nomial coefficients in Equation 20.10.
5. If you selected Table in the Data Types group box, you need to define a 2D lookup table for
each ECM parameter. See Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model (p. 3047) for more information
on how to define model parameters in a table data type.
6. (optional) You can enable the Use Different Coefficient for Charging and Discharging option
and specify the coefficients for charging parameters.
7. If you want to use the parameter estimation tool to fit the parameters from testing data, click
the Parameter Estimation button.
Figure 27.14: The Parameter Estimation Dialog Box for the ECM
a. In the Parameter Estimation dialog box that opens, you need to specify the following
Input Parameters:
• Testing Battery's Capacity
This value is copied from Reference Capacity (Model Parameters tab). You need to
verify it is correct; otherwise, go back to the Model Parameters tab to modify it.
• Circuit Model (4P Parameter Model (One RC Loop) or 6P Parameter Model (Two RC
Loop))
• Fitting Method (JH or LM Method)
The Jiang-Hu (JH) method uses only the testing data from the relaxation time period,
and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method uses the testing data from both the pulse
and relaxation time periods. The JH method uses the approach from paper [62] (p. 5098),
and the LM method uses the general Levenberg-Marquardt method.
• Corresponding HPPC testing data (as further described)
b. If you want to consider the capacity fade effect in your simulation, enable Capacity Fade
Effect.
If this option is enabled, you need to import HPPC testing files for the discharging curves.
The format of the discharging curve is the same as used for the NTGK parameter estimation
tool. After you load files for the discharging curves, the capacity fade table is populated
automatically. You can review the table by clicking Capacity Fade Table..., but you cannot
modify it.
Modeling Batteries
c. Load HPPC files into your case.
The required testing data are battery's HPPC data at different SOC and temperature. For
each SOC and temperature level, you must provide a separate file in text format.
At least one valid SOC level testing data is required per temperature level. For good sim-
ulation results, the range of SOC levels used in the testing should cover the SOC range
simulated in the CFD runs.
The file format must follow the format as shown in the below example:
SOC 1.0
I 14.6
Temperature 300.0
1.0000e-01 4.2292e+00
2.0000e-01 4.2292e+00
...
1.1800e+01 4.1041e+00
...
The first line of the file starts with SOC followed by a SOC value separated by a space. The
second line contains the pulse current information (I followed by a pulse current value).
The third line provides temperature information (keyword Temperature followed by a
value). The remaining lines contain pairs of space-separated time-voltage values. The input
data must include data from the rest period, the pulse period, and the relaxation period
in the testing.
You can load HPPC files in one of the following ways:
• If you have data from the battery's HPPC test, you can load them into your case by
clicking the Load User's HPPC Test Files button.
i. In the Select File dialog box that opens, browse to the directory where the test files
reside.
ii. Select all the files obtained from different temperature and SOC levels you want to
use in the parameter estimation tool (use Ctrl or Shift to select multiple files).
The selected testing files will be automatically added to the list of the files at the
bottom of the Select File dialog box. If you accidentally selected the wrong file, you
can use the Remove button to remove it from the selected testing file list.
iii. Click OK.
See The Select File Dialog Box (p. 851) for details.
• You can load test files from the HPPC library provided by Ansys Fluent by clicking the
Import Files from HPPC Library button.
Figure 27.15: The HPPC Data Library Dialog Box
In the HPPC Data Library dialog box that opens, you can select a library from the
Available Library List. The related information is displayed in the Summary of Library
Information group box. Clicking OK will import the library files into your case.
See The HPPC Library (p. 3059) for more information.
d. After testing files are imported, click the Fit Parameters button to run the ECM parameter
estimation tool. The fitting results will be passed to the Battery Model dialog box auto-
matically.
If you provide testing data files at different temperatures, the parameter estimation tool
will perform the fitting for each temperature level. Ansys Fluent will report the fitted results
in the console and automatically pass them in a table data type to the parameter data
Modeling Batteries
table dialog boxes. The Table data type will be automatically selected in the Battery
Model dialog box (Model Parameters tab). This will allow you to consider the temperature-
dependent effect.
If you use testing data from only one temperature level, the fitting results in both polyno-
mial and table data types will be transferred to the Battery Model dialog box and to the
parameter data table dialog boxes, respectively. In this case, the Polynomial data type
will be automatically selected as default in the Battery Model dialog box. However, you
can use either data type in your simulation.
Note:
• Because the parameter estimation tool attempts to calculate six or four ECM
model parameters from a non-linear data regression process for each SOC
curve, the testing data for each SOC curve should be sufficiently large in order
to obtain a good fitting.
• The parameter estimation tool always fits the experimental data into either
six parameters used in the Chen's circuit shown in Figure 20.1: Electric Circuits
Used in the ECM Model or four parameters in the reduced Chen's circuit with
only one RC loop.
• To obtain optimal fitting of HPPC testing data, you can try different combin-
ations of the circuit model and the fitting method. The six-parameter circuit
model has more physics, but the four-parameter circuit model is generally
more robust. As for the fitting method, the JH method is in general more
robust than LM method. You can start with the six-parameter model, and
then, if the fitting results are not satisfactory, switch to the four parameter
model.
e. (optional) Visualize and check the resulting fitted curves of the battery HPPC data at dif-
ferent temperatures and SOC to detect any issues with the fitting process.
Once the fitting is complete, the Parameter Estimation dialog box expands to reveal the
Visualize Fitting Results group box containing the Temperature and State of Charge
selection lists. You can display curves of the fitted discharge data and the experimental
data from your input files at specific temperatures and C-rates by selecting a pair of values
from the Temperature and State of Charge lists. The corresponding curves will be auto-
matically plotted in the graphics window.
Note the following when you are using the LM fitting method:
• The LM method is a non-linear fitting method. To have a better fitting result with this
method, the JH method is always run first to provide an initial condition for the fitting
parameters. When you plot fitted curves, the fitting result from the JH method will also
be plotted for your reference.
• If the fitting fails, a warning message will be printed in the console window, and the
fitted curve for the LM method will not be plotted.
f. Click Close in the Parameter Estimation dialog box.
Note:
The ECM parameter estimation tool can also be accessed through the text user
interface (TUI) as described in Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the ECM
Model in the TUI (p. 3091).
8. (Chen's original, Polynomial, or Table data type only) You can visualize the resulting resistors'
resistances (Rs, R1, and R2), capacitors' capacitances (C1 and C2), and the corresponding time
constants (R1*C1 and R2*C2) varying with DOD by selecting an appropriate function from the
Parameter drop-down list (Visualize Model Parameters group box) and clicking the Plot
button. The resulting curves will be plotted in the graphics window.
27.2.3.4.4.1. The HPPC Library
Ansys Fluent provides a small HPPC library that you can use for importing HPPC test data into
your case. Currently, the library contains only a single battery, called Generic-Cell. In future
releases, the library will be expanded to include commonly used batteries. The purpose of the
Generic-Cell library is to show the folder structure of test files as further described.
The Ansys Fluent HPPC library is located in the following directory:
path/fluent22.1.0/addons/msmdbatt/hppc_database/
where path is the Ansys Fluent installation directory (for example, C:\Program
Files\ANSYS Inc\v221\fluent\fluent22.1.0).
In a standard HPPC test, a pulse of current is applied to a battery at a particular temperature

and SOC level, and the voltage response of the battery is measured. The voltage response curve
depends on:
• the nature of the pulse (discharging or charging)

• the magnitude of the current
• the temperature level
• the SOC level of the battery
To reflect such testing procedure, the test files are organized in the folder structure as shown
in Figure 27.16: Overview of the Folder Structure in the HPPC Library (p. 3060).
Modeling Batteries
Figure 27.16: Overview of the Folder Structure in the HPPC Library
The naming convention is as follows:
• The battery name can be any string. The capacity of the battery must be put in the paren-
thesis with a number followed by the unit "Ah"
• The names for the first-level folder must be discharge and charge
• The number of the second- and third-level folders and their names can be arbitrary
You can create your own library following the outlined conventions and put it in the hppc_data-
base folder. The name of your library will appear in the HPPC Data Library dialog box. This
way, the HPPC library can be expanded with the proprietary data and shared between colleagues
within an organization.
Note:
Currently, the parameter estimation tool can only take data from the discharge
branch and only handle data from one C-rate level. Data from different C-rate levels
are treated as different battery libraries. You should select the library with the C-rate
level close to that at which the battery is operating in your application. The charge
branch is not used so far. However, support for the charge branch is expected in
future releases as the solver capability will be expanded in Ansys Fluent.
27.2.3.4.5. Inputs for the Newman’s P2D Model

Figure 27.17: Model Parameters Tab—Newman’s P2D Model
Theoretical Capacity is computed automatically from the Newman input parameters you specify
and reported in the Model Parameters tab.
Specify the following settings in the Model Parameters for the Newman’s P2D model:
Modeling Batteries
1. Specify Initial State of Charge. The default value of 1 for Initial State of Charge indicates
the fully-charged state of the battery cell.
2. Specify the following parameters in the Positive Electrode, Negative Electrode, and Separ-
ator columns:
Thickness
are , , and in Equation 20.30.
Number of Grids
is a number of grid points used to discretize the positive electrode, negative electrode,
and separator zones.
Grid Size Ratio
is used to create a biased mesh. The default value of 1 corresponds to a uniform mesh.
Particle Diameter
is the particle diameter of the active material.
Number of Grids in Solid
is the number of grid points used to discretize the sphere of particles.
Grid Size Ratio in Solid
is used to create a biased mesh for the solid phase. The default value of 1 corresponds
to a uniform mesh.
Cs,max
is the maximum concentration of Lithium in the solid phase (used in Equation 20.20).
Stoi. at 0% SOC
is the stoichiometry at 0% SOC that is used to compute theoretical capacity and initial
lithium concentration in the electrode.
Stoi. at 100% SOC
is the stoichiometry at 100% SOC that is used to compute theoretical capacity and initial
lithium concentration in the electrode.
Init. Cs
is the initial lithium concentration in the electrode.
Init. Ce
is the initial lithium concentration in the electrolyte phase.
VOF of Electrolyte
is the volume fraction of the electrolyte material in the electrode, in Equation 20.21.
Filler Fraction
is the volume fraction of the filler material in the electrode, in Equation 20.28.
Ds
is the diffusion coefficient of lithium ion in the electrode at reference temperature

=25°C, in Equation 20.21.
Activation Energy E_d
is in Equation 20.21.
Brugg
is the Bruggeman tortuosity exponent, in Equation 20.21.
Conductivity
is the electric conductivity, in Equation 20.21.
Ref. Rate Constant
is the rate constant at reference temperature =25°C, in Equation 20.21.
Activation Energy E_r
is in Equation 20.21.
Trans. Coef. a
is the charge transfer coefficient at anode, in Equation 20.20.
Trans Coef. c
is the charge transfer coefficient at cathode, in Equation 20.20.
OCP
is the open circuit potential of the electrode material, in Equation 20.19. Usually, it is a
function of state of lithiation (sol) / . It can be defined by a piece-wise linear function
or a UDF.
De
is the diffusion coefficient of Li+ in the electrolyte phase, in Equation 20.21.
t+ Factor
is the transference number of lithium ion, in Equation 20.21.
Modeling Batteries
Ionic Cond
is the ionic conductivity, in Equation 20.22.
Activity Term
Is the activity related term, in Equation 20.23.
You can specify the open circuit potentials, the diffusion coefficients, the conductivities, the
transference number of lithium ion, and the activity related term as a constant, a piecewise-
linear function, or a polynomial function. Alternatively, you can specify a user-defined function
(UDF) for these parameters. For more information, see DEFINE_BATTERY_PROPERTY in
the Fluent Customization Manual.
Some of the above inputs are related to the material properties. You can use the Ansys Fluent
echem material database that offers commonly-used anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials.
3. If you want to import material properties from the material database:
a. Click the Material Database button.
Figure 27.18: The Echem Material Database Dialog Box
b. In the Echem Material Database dialog box that opens, select the Material Type from
the following options:
• anode
• electrolyte
• cathode
c. From the Name selection list, select the material that you want to copy.
The properties of the selected material are displayed in the Properties group box for in-
formation only.
d. Click Copy.
The names and the properties of the selected materials are copied to the correspondent
fields in the Newman Model Parameters group box.
Note:
The Ansys Fluent echem material database is saved in an ASCII file located at
<installation directory>/fluent/fluent22.1.0/addons/msmd-
batt/lib/echem_database.scm, where <installation directory>
is where you installed the software. You can modify the data in the database or
add more materials into that file if you want to build up your own material database.
4. If you want to use the reduced order method to solve the lithium diffusion equation in solid
[84], select the Use Analytical Cs check box and enter the value for the Cs Function Order.
By default, Ansys Fluent discretizes the lithium conservation equation and solves it numerically.
5. If you want to include aging effects into the Newman's P2D model simulation as steady-state
input profiles:
a. Select the Include Aging Effects check box.
b. (optional) Import customized aging effect profiles by either entering the file name in the
Import Aging Effects Profile text entry field or using the Browse... button to select it.
Once you have imported the aging effects profile, they will be automatically stored with
your case file.
Note:
If the aging effects profiles have been generated by running the physics-based
battery life model in the standalone mode as described in Simulating the Aging
Process of a Battery (Standalone Mode) (p. 3072), these profiles are automatically
available in your case, and you do not need to import them into your case.
c. From the Select Aging Effects Profiles drop-down list, select a profile for the battery
aging conditions.
Modeling Batteries
The battery aging information (such as SEI concentration, surface film resistance, and porosity)
stored in the selected profile will be used in the Newman's P2D model calculation. For theor-
etical background about the physics-based battery life model, see Physics-Based Battery Life
Model in the Fluent Theory Guide.
Note:
Model parameters are battery specific. The default values are taken from Cai & White
[84]. To simulate a battery of different design, you should provide a user-specified set
of battery parameters.
27.2.3.4.6. Input for the User-Defined E-Model

Figure 27.19: Model Parameters Tab—User-Defined E-Model
The following parameters are available under User-Defined E-Chem Model Parameters:
Number of Memories per Cell
is the number of submodel parameters that need to be saved per computational cell during
a simulation.
Initial SOC
is the value of the battery initial state of charge.
Reference Capacity
is the battery capacity (Ah).
27.2.3.5. Hooking User-Defined Functions

In the UDF tab, you can customize various battery model parameters by hooking up your user-
defined functions (UDFs).
Figure 27.20: The Battery Model Dialog Box (UDF Tab)
Refer to Battery Model DEFINE Macros in the Fluent Customization Manual for a list of all available
UDFs for specific battery models, their detailed descriptions and examples on how to use them.
Modeling Batteries
27.2.3.6. Specifying Advanced Options

Figure 27.21: The Battery Model Dialog Box (Advanced Options Tab)
Using the Advanced Options tab of the Battery Model dialog box, you can:
• Check the selected electrochemical model behavior before running the CFD case by performing
a quick simulation of the electrochemical model in a standalone mode
• Run the physics-based battery life model to simulate the aging process of a battery through
electric load cycles in a standalone mode
• Use the Battery Pack Builder tool to construct a battery pack from existing Ansys Fluent simulations
of the battery module and cold plate
• Create LTI-ROM or SVD-ROM training data and load SVD-ROM results into Ansys Fluent for post-
processing
• Perform thermal abuse analysis

27.2.3.6.1. Running the Standalone Echem Model
27.2.3.6.2. Simulating the Aging Process of a Battery (Standalone Mode)
27.2.3.6.3. Using the Battery Pack Builder Tool
27.2.3.6.4. Using the Battery ROM Tool Kit
27.2.3.6.5. Using the Thermal Abuse model
27.2.3.6.1. Running the Standalone Echem Model

Prior to running a coupled electrochemical-thermal simulation, you should perform a quick ana-
lysis of your electrochemical model by simulating it in a standalone mode. The standalone model
calculation uses the operating conditions that you have specified in the Model Options tab (such
as electric load type and value) and the echem model parameters that you have defined in the
Model Parameters tab. This preliminary analysis will allow you to confirm the electrochemical
behavior of the selected submodel and, if necessary, adjust the model settings.
To run the echem model in a standalone mode:
1. Click Run Echem Model Standalone.
2. In the Standalone Echem Model dialog box that opens, specify the following parameters:
• Report Time Step: The time interval at which the results will be saved and reported
• Total Run Time: The total time for running the stand-alone model simulation
Modeling Batteries
• Reference Temperature: The temperature level at which you want to simulate your elec-
trochemical model
3. Initiate the electrochemical model simulation by clicking Draw Profile.
Once the calculation is complete, the Plot Profile Data dialog box opens.
4. Using the Plot Profile Data dialog box, visualize and analyze the results of the standalone
echem model simulation. Different profiles are available for different electrochemical models.
• For the NTGK model, a time history profile, called ntgk-time-history-profile, is

generated after the calculation is complete. You can draw the X-Y plots of the following
variables as a function of time:
– soc: the battery state of charge (SOC)
– voltage: the battery voltage
– current: the battery electric current
– power: the battery power output
• For the ECM model, a time history profile, called ecm-time-history-profile, will be
generated. In addition to the variables available for the NTGK model, you can also draw
the X-Y plots of the following variables as a function of time:
– v1: in Equation 20.9
– v2: in Equation 20.9
• For the Newman P2D model, the following two profiles will be generated:
– Time history profile p2d-time-history-profile
– Spatial field profile called p2d-field-profile
For the p2d-time-history-profile profile, you can plot the time history profile for
the following variables:
– current (see above)
– voltage (see above)
– power (see above)
– ce_x=0
– ce_x=lp
– ce_x=lps
– ce_x=lpsn
– cs_x=0
– cs_x=lp
– cs_x=lps
– cs_x=lpsn
– phis_x=0
– phis_x=lp
– phis_x=lps
– phis_x=lpsn
– phie_x=0
– phie_x=lp
– phie_x=lps
– phie_x=lpsn
where
ce is the lithium-ion concentration in electrolyte phase at different locations
x=0 denotes the location of the outside face of the positive electrode
x=lp denotes the interface of the positive electrode and separator
x=lps denotes the interface between the separator and negative-electrode
x=lpsn denotes the outside face of the negative electrode
cs is the lithium concentration at the surface of the active material in electrode
at different locations
phis is the electric potential in the electrode solid phase at different locations
Modeling Batteries
phie is the electric potential in the electrolyte liquid phase at different locations
For the p2d-field-profile profile, you can plot the spatial profiles of the following
variables at the end of the simulation:
– phi_e: the electric potential in electrolyte phase
– phi_s: the electric potential in electrode phase
– ce: the lithium-ion concentration in electrolyte phase
– cs_center: the lithium concentration in the center of the active electrode particles
– cs_average: the average lithium concentration in the active electrode particles
– cs_surf: the lithium concentration at the surface of the active electrode particles
Note:
SI units are always used for all the variables in the X-Y plot.
27.2.3.6.2. Simulating the Aging Process of a Battery (Standalone Mode)

In practical Newman’s P2D model simulations of battery aging through electric load cycles, the
physics-based battery life model is solved on the electrode scale in the standalone mode. Further,
the standalone simulation results can be included in a 3D CFD simulation to account for the
battery aging effects as described in Inputs for the Newman’s P2D Model (p. 3061). For more in-
formation about the theory behind the physics-based battery life model, see Physics-Based Battery
Life Model in the Fluent Theory Guide.
To run the physics-based battery life model in the standalone mode:
1. In the Model Options tab of the Battery Model dialog box, select Newman P2D Model as
the E-chemistry model.
2. In the Solution Options group box, select Using Profile.
3. In the Profile Types group box, select either Time-Scheduled or Event-Scheduled and
specify a profile file to define the boundary conditions of a single electric load cycle.
4. In the Advanced Options tab, click Run Echem Model Standalone….
Figure 27.22: The Standalone Echem Model Dialog Box (Battery Life Model)
5. In the Standalone Echem Model dialog box, select Enable Physics-Based Battery Life
Model. The dialog box expands to reveal relevant model inputs in the Physics-Based Battery
Life Model Parameters group box.
6. In addition to specifying Report Time Step and Reference Temperature (see Running the
Standalone Echem Model (p. 3069) for their definitions), specify Total Run No. of Cycle, which
is the number of times the electric load profile you provided earlier is automatically looped
over during the simulation.
Note:
Prior to using a large number of cycles, you should run a test with a small number
of cycles (for example, less than 20) as a sanity check and an estimation of compu-
tational time.
7. Set up the Physics-Based Battery Life Model Parameters.
a. In the SEI Growth Parameters group box, you can specify:
Modeling Batteries
EC Conc.
is the concentration of ethylene carbonate (EC) in the bulk electrolyte; in

Equation 20.55 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
EC Diff.
is the diffusivity of EC; in Equation 20.55 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
SEI Dens.
is the density of solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI); in Equation 20.57-Equa-

tion 20.59 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
SEI MW
is the molecular weight of SEI; in Equation 20.57-Equation 20.59 in the Fluent

Theory Guide.
SEI Cond.
is the ionic conductivity of SEI; in Equation 20.53 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
Ref. Rate Const.
is the rate constant of SEI formation reaction; in Equation 20.58 in the Fluent
Theory Guide.
Trans. Coef. c.
is the cathodic charge transfer coefficient of SEI formation reaction; in

Eq. Potential
is the equilibrium potential of SEI formation reaction; in Equation 20.53 in

the Fluent Theory Guide.
b. If you want to include the effects of lithium plating in your simulation, select Include
Lithium Plating and then specify the following Lithium Plating Parameters:
Li Dens.
is the density of plated lithium; in Equation 20.57-Equation 20.59 in the Fluent

Theory Guide.
Li MW
is the molecular weight of plated lithium; in Equation 20.57-Equation 20.59

in the Fluent Theory Guide.
Ref. Curr. Dens.
is the transfer current density of lithium deposition reaction; in Equation 20.54

Trans. Coef. c.
is the cathodic charge transfer coefficient of lithium deposition reaction; in

Eq. Potential
is the equilibrium potential of lithium deposition reaction; in Equation 20.54

Frac. of Li forming SEI
is the fraction of deposited lithium ions that becomes SEI; in Equation 20.51
and Equation 20.52 in the Fluent Theory Guide.
c. In the Solution Controls group box, specify controls you want to use in your simula-
tion.
i. Enter the Aging Speed Multiplier, which will be applied as a scaling factor to
the cycle-to-cycle increment of the SEI and plated lithium concentrations after
each cycle.
ii. In the Save Aging Effects Profile per N Cycles number entry box, specify the
cycle interval at which the aging effects profiles are saved.
iii. If you want to start your simulation from an aged battery rather than from a new
one, select Start from Aged Battery.
iv. Enter the name of the file that contains the aging effects profiles in the Import
Aging Effects Profile text entry field or use the Browse... button to select it. See
below for more information about aging effects profile files.
Note:
When you select Start from Aged Battery, you do not need to import
your customized profile file each time you run a battery simulation in
the standalone mode. Once imported, the aging effects profile is stored
within the case file until deleted manually or overwritten by importing
a profile with the same name.
v. From the Aging Effects Profiles drop-down list, select a profile for the simulation
initial conditions.
8. Initiate the electrochemical model simulation by clicking Draw Profile.
Once the simulation is complete, the aging effects profiles generated in a standalone simulation
will be automatically loaded into Ansys Fluent and can be visualized and analyzed using the
Modeling Batteries
Plot Profile Data dialog box that opens. See Running the Standalone Echem Model (p. 3069)
for more information about the Plot Profile Data dialog box.
The following variables generated by the physics-based battery life model are saved in the
time-history profile called p2d-time-history-profile:
• cs_sei_x=lps: Concentration of SEI (mol/m3)
• cs_li_x=lps: Concentration of plated lithium (mol/m3)
• r_film_x=lps: Surface resistance of the anode particle (Ohm-m2)
• theoretical_capacity: Theoretical capacity of the battery electrode layer (Ah/m2)
Here, x=lps denotes the interface between the separator and the negative-electrode.
Note:
The x-coordinate of an aging effects profile (that is, the mesh point number and
anode thickness) can be different from the Newman’s P2D model mesh. A mapping
is automatically performed in such a case.
Aging Effects Profiles
The 1D spatial results of the physics-based battery life model are saved in aging effects profiles,
which are Ansys Fluent built-in format profiles (see Profiles (p. 1469) for more information about
profile files). In the standalone mode, all the generated aging effects profiles are saved in the file
called aging-field-profile.prof. The profiles are named aging-cycle-number ,
where number is the cycle number. Each profile contains the following field variables sampled
at the cycle end:
• x: Coordinate of the anode grid center (m)

• cs_sei: Concentration of SEI (mol/m3)
• cs_li: Concentration of plated lithium (mol/m3)
• eta_sei: Overpotential of the SEI formation reaction (V)
• eta_li: Overpotential of the lithium deposition reaction (V)
• j_sei: Current flux at the active material pore-wall due to SEI formation reaction (A/m2)
• j_li: Current flux at the active material pore-wall due to lithium deposition reaction (A/m2)
• delta_film: Surface film thickness of the anode particles (m)
• r_film: Surface film electric resistance of the anode particles (Ohm-m2)
• por_e: Electrolyte porosity (non-unit)
Apart from post-processing, the aging effects profiles can be used in the following two scenarios:
• Scenario A: The profile can be used as initial conditions in the standalone simulation when
you select the Start from Aged Battery option in the Standalone Echem Model dialog box.
• Scenario B: The profile can be used as model inputs of the E-chemistry submodel calculations
in the CFD simulation when you select Include Aging Effects in the Model Parameters tab.
In this scenario, the aging effects are included into the Newman's P2D model using the profile
as a frozen-in-time snapshot. See Inputs for the Newman’s P2D Model (p. 3061) for details.
You can also create your customized aging effects profiles based on experimental data and import
them into case. A customized profile should conform to the format of the Ansys Fluent built-in
profiles described in Profiles (p. 1469) and may contain different field variables based on different
scenarios:
• For Scenario A, a customized profile must at least contain the following variables:
– x
– cs_sei
• For Scenario B, a customized profile must at least contain the following variables:
– x
– c_sei
– r_film
– por_e
The customized profile can optionally contain cs_li, which is otherwise treated as zero.
27.2.3.6.3. Using the Battery Pack Builder Tool

Many industrial applications use a battery pack in which multiple battery modules are connected
in either series or parallel. Within a pack, modules are usually laid out in some repeated pattern.
In addition, a cold plate may be attached to the batteries. You can use the brute force method
to build the whole pack geometry and then perform a simulation of the battery pack in Ansys
Fluent. However, before running the pack simulation, separate simulations of individual battery
module and a cold plate are often required. The Battery Pack Builder tool allows you to construct
a battery pack directly within Ansys Fluent from existing Ansys Fluent simulations of the battery
module and cold plate.
Figure 27.23: Battery Pack with a Cold Plate (p. 3077) shows an example of a battery pack where
the cold plate (a) and a single module (b) have been already simulated separately in Ansys Fluent.
The Battery Pack Builder constructs the pack geometry (c) within Ansys Fluent.
Figure 27.23: Battery Pack with a Cold Plate
To use the Batter Pack Builder tool:
Modeling Batteries
1. In the Advanced Options tab of the Battery Model dialog box, click the Battery Pack
Builder... button to open the Pack Builder dialog box.
Figure 27.24: The Pack Builder Dialog Box
2. In the Pack Builder dialog box, specify the following information:
• Battery Module Case File: The name of the Ansys Fluent case file for the module simulation.
The battery module problem setup must be complete (that is, the electric load condition,
the model selection, and the battery connections are properly defined) and ready for sim-
ulation in Ansys Fluent.
• Cold Plate Case File: The name of the Ansys Fluent case file for the cold plate simulation.
The problem setup must be complete. The plate geometry must be properly oriented. If
the data file of the cold plate case is available, the data file will be loaded automatically.
• Location information for each module.
This can be done in two different ways:
– You can manually specify the Total Number of Modules in the Battery Pack and enter
the location information for each module in the Translation and Rotation Info of Each
Module group box.
Each module position and orientation is defined with respect to the original module
geometry location by the translational and rotational movements. For the module
translational movement, you need to specify the translation distances in the X, Y, and Z
directions (Tran_x, Tran_y, Tran_z). For the module rotation, you need to specify the
rotational origin (Orgin_x, Origin_y, Origin_z), rotational axis (Axix_x, Axis_y, Axis_z),
and the and rotational angle (Angle). Each module is placed in a new location, first by
a translational movement, and then by a rotational movement.
– You can import a file in a text format with location information for each module by
clicking the Import Module Location File... button and then using the Select File dialog
box.
An example of the location file is shown below:

(
(0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0)
(0 0 0.02 0 0 0 1 0 0 0)
(0 0 0.04 0 0 0 1 0 0 0)
...
)
Each line contains 10 numbers that describe the translation distances in the X, Y, and Z
directions, the coordinates of the rotation origin, the rotation axis direction, and the ro-
tational angle for each battery module. The numbers can be separated by a space or tab
delimiter. An extra outer parenthesis pair is needed for the convenience of file reading.
Once the location file is imported into your case, the relevant fields in the Transition
and Rotation Info of Each Module group box are automatically populated. You can edit
each field as appropriate for your case.
If you want to export the module location information into a separate file, click Export
Module Location File....
3. Click the Build Battery Pack button to construct the battery pack.
The tool loads battery modules one by one and places them in the correct location. After all
modules are loaded, the tool loads the cold plate. The battery pack builder will overwrite the
previously existing geometry and replace it with the combined pack geometry, which will be
displayed in the graphics window once the building process is complete.
For the convenience of zone identification in the constructed battery pack, all faces and zones
in the model are renamed. For any entity in a specific module, the prefix module# (where #
is the number of the module) is used, while for the cold plate, the prefix coldplate is used.
Important:
It is your responsibility to align the modules and the cold plate correctly. You must
define the location of each module properly, so that the touching faces between
the battery module and cold plate are in contact in the same plane.
Modeling Batteries
4. Create non-conformal interfaces between the battery modules and cold plate by selecting all
the pairing faces from the Non-Conformal Pairing Faces multiple-selection list and then
clicking the Create NCI button.
Note:
If no faces are selected in the Non-Conformal Pairing Faces multiple-selection

list, then all the faces in that list will be used in the search of pairing faces. This
process can be expensive for a large list of faces. Therefore, selecting the pairing
faces is highly recommended to speed up this process.
The tool automatically detects the touching faces, pairs them, and generates non-conformal
interfaces between them. The pairing process uses the one-to-one interface creation method.
All the generated non-conformal interfaces are listed in the Mesh Interfaces list.
You can display the non-conformal pairing faces or interfaces in the graphics window by se-
lecting them from the corresponding multiple-selection lists and clicking Display Selected
Faces or Display NCI Pairs, respectively.
5. Click the Set Pack Connection button.
The battery active zones, passive zones, system tabs, and battery connections are updated
automatically. The battery connection information is printed in the Ansys Fluent console
window.
6. Click Close to close the Pack Builder dialog box.
7. Prior to running the simulation in Ansys Fluent, check the model setup and do necessary ad-
justments. Make sure the correct solver (steady or unsteady), all appropriate models (for ex-
ample, energy equation) are used, and the correct electric load condition for the pack is applied.
8. Run the battery pack simulation.
You can freeze the flow field if it remains unchanged (as in a liquid cooling system) in the
pack simulation to speed up the calculation. In this case, you can initialize the battery model
only by clicking the Init button in the Battery Model dialog box to start the simulation.
Note the following limitations that exist with the Battery Pack Builder tool:
• The Battery Pack Builder tool assumes that all battery modules are connected in series. The
tool cannot handle other connection patterns between modules.
The tool uses virtual connection to connect different modules electrically. For example, if the
connection pattern is 1P3S in the original module, and there are three modules in the pack,
the final pack connection pattern will be 1P9S. If the connection pattern is 2p2S in the module,
the final pack connection pattern will be 2P6S.
• The module case file that is used to build a battery pack cannot be built from the Battery Pack
Builder tool.
27.2.3.6.4. Using the Battery ROM Tool Kit

Simulation of a battery thermal management system can be performed accurately using compu-
tational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, CFD models can be too large and too slow for a system-
level transient thermal analysis. Reduced order models (ROMs), such as LTI-ROM and SVD-ROM,
can be used in the system-level analysis with minimum loss of accuracy if certain conditions are
satisfied.
In the LTI-ROM [63] (p. 5098), the battery thermal problem is regarded as a system that processes
a set of input signals (simply called inputs) and yields a set of output signals (simply called outputs).
For a thermal problem, the inputs are the power (or the heat source), and the outputs are the
temperature rise at user-specified locations or the average temperature rise across a zone. The
benefit of the Linear and Time Invariant (LTI) system is that it is completely characterized by its
impulse response, and the output of an arbitrary input function can be readily computed as the
convolution of the input function and the system impulse response function.
A thermal system becomes an LTI system under constant flow rate, constant material properties,
and linear boundary conditions. The temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are linear,
and the radiation boundary condition (if present) is nonlinear. Constant density and constant
properties are fairly accurate assumptions for water-cooling battery systems. For air-cooling battery
systems, these assumptions can still be valid for the range of temperature variation under consid-
eration.
For such an LTI thermal system, given an arbitrary time history of the battery heat source, the
temperature evolution at a point can be obtained solely from the impulse response function at
that point (that is, from the history of the temperature increase for a given unit amount of the
heat source applied to the battery cell at “zero” time). The impulse response is obtained by per-
forming a CFD calculation. In practice, instead of using an impulse function, a unit step function
is applied, and the step response is monitored. The impulse response function is the time deriv-
ative of the step response function.
The Battery ROM tool kit in Ansys Fluent creates only the step response functions for the battery
thermal system. During the simulation, Ansys Fluent will generate LTI files, which can be later
used in LTI calculations in Ansys Twin Builder. Contact your technical engineer for detailed inform-
ation and tutorials on using LTI files generated by Ansys Fluent in Ansys Twin Builder.
The LTI-ROM can calculate only cell-average temperature or temperature at a user-specified point.
To obtain the temperature field, in theory, you can monitor the response function at each control
volume and use the LTI-ROM for all the control volumes. However, the computational cost of
such an approach would be too high, making it impractical. The dimension reduction method
[10] (p. 5095), [61] (p. 5098) can be used for such cases to reduce the simulation time. In this method,
Ansys Fluent first runs a CFD analysis to obtain the step response of the temperature distribution.
Then, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to separate the spatial and temporal con-
tributions of the temperature field. The dynamics of the temperature response is approximated
in a largely reduced dimension space, which is formed by keeping only the first several leading
singular values and their corresponding orthonormal left singular vectors. The LTI-ROM is then
applied in such a reduced dimension space. Temperature at any physical space location can be
obtained by a linear combination of the temperature points in the reduced subspace.
Similar to the LTI-ROM, the battery SVD-ROM tool kit in Ansys Fluent creates only the step response
functions. The SVD-ROM files generated by Ansys Fluent can be used to run simulations in Ansys
Modeling Batteries
Twin Builder. Contact your technical engineer for detailed information and tutorials on using SVD
files generated by Ansys Fluent in Ansys Twin Builder.
To use the battery ROM tool kit, click the Battery ROM Tool Kit… button in the Advanced Op-
tions tab of the Battery Model dialog box.
Figure 27.25: The Battery ROM Tool Kit Dialog Box
In the Battery ROM Tool Kit dialog box that opens, you can:
• Create ROM training data using the ROM Data Creator tab
• Do post-processing of data obtained from the SVD-ROM tool using the SVD-ROM Post-Pro-
cessing tab
To create ROM training data:
1. In the ROM Type group box, select either LTI or SVD (ROM Data Creator tab).
2. Wherever applicable, specify the possible heating sources using the controls in the ROM Input
Parameters group box.
a. Define the volumetric heat in zones in the Select Volumes dialog box that opens by
clicking the Volume Heat... button.
Figure 27.26: The Select Volumes Dialog Box
i. Enter a heat source value in the Value text entry box.
ii. In the Unselected multiple-selection list, select the volume zone(s) where you want
to define a volumetric source.
iii. To define the selected zones as a single group parameter, click Add as a Group; to
define the selected zones as individual parameters, click Add Individually.
The selected zones will appear in the Selected multiple-selection list. The heat source
value you specified will be assigned to each individual parameter. For a single group
parameter, the heat source value will be equally distributed among all the volume
entities in the group.
iv. To remove the parameter from the Selected multiple-selection list, select it and click
Remove.
Modeling Batteries
v. (group parameters only) If you want to change the heat distribution among the volume
entities in the group, select that group in the Selected multiple-selection list and click
Edit Group Value.... In the Value Distribution dialog box that opens, specify a source
value for each zone.
Figure 27.27: The Value Distribution Dialog Box
b. In a similar manner, if necessary, define the following ROM input parameters:
• Heat fluxes through a surface—in the Select Faces dialog box that opens by clicking
the Face Heat Flux... button
• Temperature at a surface—in the Select Faces dialog box that opens by clicking the
Face Temperature... button
3. If you have selected Enable Joule Heat in Passive Zones in the Model Options tab, you can
enable Input Tab Current for Joule Heat if you want to solve the potential equation and
specify the boundary condition for the current in the text entry box.
4. (LTI-ROM only) Using the dialog boxes that can be accessed via the LTI-ROM Output Para-
meters group box, select the geometric entities of a mesh (that is, volumes, surfaces, lines,
and points) and/or report definitions for which you want to obtain the following quantities
after completing the training run:
• average temperatures (for volumes, surfaces, and lines)
• temperature at a point (for points)
• temperature response for a specific variable (for report definitions)
The controls in the LTI-ROM output dialog boxes are similar to those in the ROM Input dialog
boxes described above.
a. To select cell zones, click Cell Zone Average....
i. In the Select Cell Zones dialog box, select the cell zones in the same way it is done
when defining ROM Input Parameters (as described above).
ii. (group parameters only) To view the cell zones included in the group parameter, select
it in the Selected multiple-selection list and click Show Group Entities.... All the cell
zones will be listed in the List Entities dialog box that opens.
b. In a similar manner, you can select the following output entities:
• Face zones—in the Select Face Zones dialog box that opens by clicking the Face Zone
Average... button
• User-created surfaces—in the Select Surfaces dialog box that opens by clicking the
User Surface Average... button
• User-created points—in the Select Point Surfaces dialog box that opens by clicking
the User Point... button
• Report definitions—in the Select Report-Definitions dialog box that opens by clicking
the Report Definition... button
5. (SVD-ROM only) Select the zones for which you want to export temperature information in
the Select Exported Temperature Zones dialog box that opens by clicking the Exported
Temperature Zone... button (SVD-ROM Output Parameters group box).
6. In the Transient Setup group box, specify the parameters to be used to control the time
stepping during the training run:
a. Select either parametric (default) or file as Time Stepping Method.
b. If you have selected the parametric method, specify the following solution parameters:
Max Time
is the total time of the simulation.
Initial Time Step Size
is the initial time step size in the calculation.
Max Time Step Size
is the maximum time step size.
Time Step Increment Factor
is the factor by which the time step is increased during the solution.
Number of Time Steps
is the number of time steps that use the same time step size.
Max Iterations per Time-Step
is the maximum number of iterations per time step.
c. If you selected file as the Time Stepping Method, then you need to specify a filename
with time stepping information or use the Browse... button to select it.
The file must contain the following three columns:

• time step
• number of time steps
• maximum iterations per time step
Modeling Batteries
Each line specifies a time marching event. The varying time step is controlled by different
time marching events in the file.
An example of a file with time-stepping information is shown below:

1 5 10
1.2 5 10
3 5 10
...
10 5 10
7. If you want to save the simulation files during the training run (for example, for debugging
purposes), you can use the below controls (in the File Saving Frequency group box) to
specify the frequency with which the files should be saved for each type of input parameters.
• Volume Heat Run
• Face Heat Run
• Face Temperature Run
• Joule Heat Run (if the Input Tab Current for Joule Heat is enabled)
For example, if you have defined four volume heat input parameters and set the Volume
Heat Run file saving frequency to be 1, all four simulation files will be saved after the training
run. If you set Volume Heat Run to be 2, only two simulation files will be saved. By defaults,
the simulation files are not saved.
8. Click Run Training.
The battery tool kit runs all the transient Ansys Fluent simulations sequentially for each defined
ROM input parameter. The number of transient training runs equals to the total number of
the ROM input parameters.
Every training simulation starts with the initial time step and runs the specified number of
time steps. Then the time step is increased by the time step increment factor, and the solution
runs the specified number of time steps again. This process continues until the total time
reaches the specified Max Time.
After completing all solution runs, the results are saved in your work directory in a folder
called LTI for the LTI-ROM or SVD for the SVD-ROM. You can then import these files into
Ansys Twin Builder to run the ROM simulation. Contact your technical engineer for detailed
information and tutorials on using LTI and SVD files generated by Ansys Fluent in Ansys Twin
Builder.
To visualize the 3D temperature field from an SVD-ROM simulation in Ansys Twin Builder:
1. In the SVD-ROM Post-Processing tab of the Battery ROM Took Kit dialog box, enter the
name of the solution file in the One of Basis File text entry field or use the Browse... button
to select it.
2. Enter the name of the Transient Coefficient File or use the Browse... button to select it.
3. You can display the reconstructed temperature field for each snapshot time and create anim-
ation from the ROM results. Contact your technical engineer for detailed information and tu-
torials about these functionalities.
27.2.3.6.5. Using the Thermal Abuse model

• When you select One-Equation Kinetics Model, you can specify the battery constants , ,
, , and used in Equation 20.33 through Equation 20.34, as well as the initial value for
.
• When you select Four-Equation Kinetics Model, you can specify the battery constants , ,
, , and used in Equation 20.35) through Equation 20.41, as well as the initial values for
, , , and .
For the Four-Equation Kinetics Model, you can include the internal short circuit reaction
(Equation 20.39 in the Fluent Theory Guide) to consider the possible initiation of an internal
short circuit and its propagation in a battery by selecting the Enable Internal Short Heat option.
Once this option is enabled, you need to provide inputs for the reaction in the Internal Short
Heat Reaction group box. See
You can use the Ansys Fluent database of the kinetics data of the abuse reactions by following
the below steps:
1. Click the Material Database button.
Figure 27.28: The Material Database for Abuse Kinetics Dialog Box
2. In the Material Database for Abuse Kinetics dialog box, select the appropriate cathode
material from the Available Material List.
The reaction properties are displayed in the Properties group box.
Modeling Batteries
3. Import kinetics data by clicking Copy.
The name of the copied material is displayed in the Material Name text box, and the kin-
etics data is automatically copied to the correspondent reaction group boxes in the Ad-
vanced Options tab of the Battery Model dialog box.
For both models, you can select Run Thermal Abuse Model Only (Battery Model is Turned
off) if you want to solve the energy equation (Equation 20.3) alone. Otherwise, the two battery
potential equations (Equation 20.4) will also be solved.
Note:
• The kinetics parameters in thermal abuse models are specific to the battery material.
The default settings may not be appropriate for your battery. You must provide
parameter data for your own battery.
• For the One-Equation thermal abuse model, you can use the Ansys Fluent parameter
estimation tool available through the TUI to compute the kinetics parameters from
the battery oven testing data. The entry fields in the Battery Model dialog box will
be automatically populated with fitted results for the kinetics parameters. For details,
see Using Parameter Estimation Tools (p. 3089).
• The thermal abuse model is available only for the MSMD solution method.
For more information, see Thermal Abuse Model.
27.2.3.7. Specifying External and Internal Short-Circuit Resistances

External Short-Circuit
To define the external short-circuit: In the Battery Model dialog box, under the Model Options
tab, select Specified Resistance and specify a value for External Resistance. See Specifying Battery
Model Options (p. 3031) for details.
Internal Short-Circuit
The intensity of the internal short-circuit is determined by the value of volumetric contact resistance
(External and Internal Electric Short-Circuit Treatment. In the Ansys Fluent battery model, this
value is saved in a predefined user-defined memory allocation, Short Circuit Resistance. You can
modify the value of this user-defined memory allocation to simulate the internal short circuit.
By default, the contact resistance is set to a very large number, so that and , that
is, there is no internal short.
You can simulate an internal short-circuit using either of the following two ways:
• Patching: Patch the contact resistance to the short circuit zone. The short circuit zone can be
defined by creating a region cell register using the Region Register dialog box. See Region in
the Fluent User's Guide (p. 3506) for more details.
• Using UDF: Use DEFINE_ADJUST or DEFINE_ON_DEMAND UDFs to specify the contact resist-
ance using the UDM macro, C_BATTERY_SHORT_R(c,t). The contact resistance could be a
function of location and time. See the Fluent Customization Manual for details.
The internal short-circuit model is available only for the MSMD solution method.
27.2.4. Using Parameter Estimation Tools

The parameters for the NTGK, ECM, and one-equation thermal abuse models are battery specific. In
theory, they can be fitted from some standard battery's testing data. Ansys Fluent provides parameter
estimation tools for computing parameters for these models. The tool can be accessed from the
graphical user interface (GUI) and text user interface (TUI).
27.2.4.1. Using Parameter Estimation Tools in the GUI
27.2.4.2. Using Parameter Estimation Tools in the TUI
27.2.4.1. Using Parameter Estimation Tools in the GUI

For the NTGK and ECM models, you can access the parameter estimation tool from the Battery
Model dialog box as described in the following sections:
• NTGK Empirical Model: Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model (p. 3047)
• Equivalent Circuit Model: Inputs for the Equivalent Circuit Model (p. 3053)
27.2.4.2. Using Parameter Estimation Tools in the TUI

To access the parameter estimation tool for the NTGK, ECM, and one-equation thermal abuse
models in the text user interface (TUI), issue the following text commands:
define/models/battery-model/parameter-estimation-tool
Parameter Estimation for Model:
1: NTGK Model
2: ECM Model
3: Thermal Abuse Model
Model option: [1]
After you select a model option in the TUI, you will be prompted for information specific to the
selected model.

27.2.4.2.1. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the NTGK Model in the TUI
27.2.4.2.2. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the ECM Model in the TUI
27.2.4.2.3. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the Thermal Abuse Model in the TUI
27.2.4.2.1. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the NTGK Model in the TUI
The NTGK model parameters are fitted as functions of DOD and temperature. To fit the NTGK
model parameters, you need to have battery's discharging curves at different constant C-rates.
You can use testing data at different temperatures.
To use the parameter estimation tool for the NTGK model:
Modeling Batteries
1. At the prompt, specify Number of temperature levels and Number of dischar-

ging curves per temperature level.
2. For each temperature level, enter the temperature value and provide files containing testing
data at the specified temperature.
Note:
The input file order does not matter.
The file format will be displayed in the Fluent console.
See Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model (p. 3047) for an example of an input file.
3. After you specify input file names for different C-rate testing data, enter responses to the
following prompts:
• Battery capacity: Specifies capacity of the tested battery. Its value will be automatically
transferred and displayed in the Reference Capacity text entry box in the Battery Model
dialog box (Model Parameters tab).
• Number of DOD-levels: Is used in the fitting. The default value of 30 DOD levels is
usually sufficient.
• Include capacity fade effect: Enables the capacity fade model.
If you use testing data from only one temperature level, the fitting results in both polynomial
and table data types will be transferred to the Battery Model dialog box and to the parameter
data table dialog boxes. In this case, the Polynomial data type will be automatically selected in
the Battery Model dialog box, respectively. You can use either data type in your simulation.
The following is an example of using the parameter estimation tool for fitting the NTGK model
parameters:
/define/models/battery-model> parameter-estimation-tool
1: NTGK Model
2: ECM Model
Model option: [1] 1
Number of temperature levels: [1] 3
Number of discharging curves per temperature level: [0] 5
-- Make sure every input file has this format --

Crate 1.0
Temperature 300.0
time_1 voltage_1
time_2 voltage_2
... ...
------------------------------------------------
Temperature (K) [300] 300

file name for curve 1 [] ntgk-1C-300K.dat

Battery capacity (Ah) [14.6]
Number of DOD-levels [30]
Include capacity fade effect? no
For more information, see Inputs for the NTGK Empirical Model (p. 3047).
27.2.4.2.2. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the ECM Model in the TUI
To fit the ECM model parameters, you need to have battery's Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization
(HPPC) testing data at different SOC levels. Similar to the NTGK model, you can use testing data
at different temperatures.
To use the parameter estimation tool for the ECM model:
1. At the prompt, specify Number of temperature levels and Number of different

SOC-level curves per temperature level.
2. For each temperature level, enter the temperature value and provide files containing testing
data at the specified temperature.
Note:
The input file order does not matter.
For each SOC level, you must provide a separate file with battery's testing data points in text
format. At least one valid SOC level testing data is required per temperature level. For good
simulation results, the range of SOC levels used in the testing should cover the SOC range
simulated in the CFD runs.
The file format will be displayed in the Fluent console.
See Inputs for the Equivalent Circuit Model (p. 3053) for an example of an input file.
3. After you specify input file names, enter responses to the following prompts:
• Battery capacity: Specifies capacity of the tested battery. Its value will be automatically
transferred and displayed in the Reference Capacity text entry box in the Battery Model
dialog box (Model Parameters tab).
• Circuit Model:
– Enter 1 if you want to use the 4P parameter model (one RC loop circuit)
– Enter 2 if you want to use the 6P parameter model (two RC loop circuit).
• Fitting Method:
Modeling Batteries
– Enter 1 if you want to use the JH method
The JH method uses HPPC testing data only from the relaxation period.
– Enter 2 if you want to use the LM method.
The LM method uses data from both pulse and relaxation periods.
4. Although the parameter estimation tool does not require the testing battery's capacity, you
must specify this value.
5. Specify whether the capacity fade effect is considered or not. If your answer is yes, you also
need to specify a set of testing data files for discharging curves at different discharging rates
(as for the NTGK fitting process).
If you provide testing data files at different temperatures, the parameter estimation tool will
perform the fitting for each temperature level. Ansys Fluent will report the fitted results in the
console and automatically pass them in a table data type to the parameter data table dialog
boxes. The Table data type will be automatically selected in the Battery Model dialog box
(Model Parameters tab). This will allow you to consider the temperature-dependent effect.
The following is an example of using the parameter estimation tool for fitting the ECM model
parameters.
/define/models/battery-model> parameter-estimation
1: NTGK Model
2: ECM Model
Model option: [2] 2
Number of temperature levels: [3]
Number of different SOC-level curves per temperature level: [10]
-- Make sure every input file has this format --

SOC 0.6
I 3.153
Temperature 300.0
time_1 voltage_1
time_2 voltage_2
... ...
------------------------------------------------
where SOC: soc level
I: pulse current

file name for curve 1 [] soc01-290K.dat

Battery capacity (Ah) [14.6] 14.6
Circuit Model:
1: 4P parameter model (one RC loop)
2: 6P parameter model (two RC loops)
Circuit model option: [2] 2
Fitting Method:
1: Jiang-Hu Method (JH)
2: Levenberg-Marquardt Method (LM)
Fitting method option: [2] 2
Include capacity fade effect? no
For more information, see Inputs for the Equivalent Circuit Model (p. 3053).
27.2.4.2.3. Using the Parameter Estimation Tool for the Thermal Abuse Model in the
TUI
Kinetics data used in the thermal abuse model are battery specific. Reaction kinetics parameters
in Equation 20.33 can be fitted by using testing data (for example, Oven test or ARC). Temperature
vs. time data collected from experiment for a battery cell under thermal abuse condition can be
used as input in the parameter estimation tool.
The following thermal balance equation is used to describe the heating process and in the kinetics
parameter fitting of the temperature-time data:
(27.1)
where:
= volume
= external area
= material density
= specific heat
= heat transfer coefficient
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= surface emissivity
= heat of reaction
= pre-exponential factor
= activation energy
= reaction progress variable
= temperature
Modeling Batteries
= ambient temperature
= enclosure temperature for radiation
and = reaction order parameters
The equation will be printed in the console for your reference.
You will be prompted to specify a file name for temperature testing data and values for the
variables used in Equation 27.1 (p. 3093).
After running the parameter estimation tool for the one-equation thermal abuse model, Ansys
Fluent will obtain and pass the following parameter to the Battery Model dialog box (Advanced
Options tab): A, E, HW, m, and n. These parameters will also be printed in the console.
27.2.5. Initializing the Battery Model

There are two ways to initialize the battery model:
• Initialize the flow field from the Solution Initialization task page. The battery model will be
initialized also.
• Initialize the battery model in isolation by clicking the Init button in the Battery Model dialog
box. Other flow variables remain untouched.
Use the second method if you want to freeze the flow field and use a different battery model
to simulate the battery field. When switching from one battery submodel to another, the battery
model must be re-initialized. The Init button in the Battery Model dialog box provides a
convenient way to accomplish this if you do not want to initialize the flow field.
27.2.6. Modifying Material Properties

When using the MSMD battery models in Ansys Fluent, you must define the electrical conductivity
of the cell, tab, and busbar materials.
For active zone materials, you usually need to use the defined-per-uds method, specifying different
values of electrical conductivity and for the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. For
passive zone materials, usually you can use the constant method to define electrical conductivity.
27.2.7. Solution Controls for the MSMD Battery Model

When you use the battery models, two potential equations are solved in addition to other fluid dy-
namic equations, depending on the type of simulation. The two potential equations (Potential Phi+
and Potential Phi-) are listed in the Equations dialog box, where they can be enabled/disabled
during the solution process.
Solution → Controls → Equations...
Also, if required, define advanced settings the Advanced Solution Controls dialog box.
Setup → Controls → Advanced...
27.2.8. Postprocessing the MSMD Battery Model

You can perform postprocessing using standard Ansys Fluent quantities and variables related to the
battery model under the Battery Variables category. When using the battery model, the following
additional variables will be available for postprocessing:
• For the CHT Coupling and FMU-CHT Coupling solution methods:
– Potential Field
– Current Magnitude
– Electrical Conductivity
– Total Heat Source
– X Current Density in Battery
– Y Current Density in Battery
– Z Current Density in Battery
Total Heat Source is always available. The other variables are available only if the Enable Joule
Heat in Passive Zones option is selected in the Model Option tab.
• For the Circuit Network solution method:
– Potential Field
– Electrical Conductivity
– Network Current
– Network Voltage
– Network State of Charge
Network Current, Network Voltage, Network State of Charge, and Total Heat Source are always
available, while the other variables are available only if the Enable Joule Heat in Passive Zones
option is selected in the Model Options tab.
• For the MSMD solution method:
– Cathode Potential
Modeling Batteries
– Passive Zone Potential
– Cell Voltage
– Cathode Electric Conductivity
– Anode Electrical Conductivity
– Passive Zone Electrical Conductivity
– State of Charge
– Joule Heat Source
– Echem Heat Source
– Short-Circuit Heat Source
– Short Current Source
– Echem Current Source
– Total Current Source
– Short-Circuit Resistance
– X Current Density for phi+
– Y Current Density for phi+
– Z Current Density for phi+
– X Current Density for phi-
– Y Current Density for phi-
– Z Current Density for phi-
– Cell Cluster ID
– Newman P2D: Average ce in Cathode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average ce in Separator (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average ce in Anode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average cs in Cathode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average cs in Anode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average phis in Cathode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average phis in Anode (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average phis in electrolyte (Newman's P2D model only)
– Newman P2D: Average phi_s-phi_e at anode-separator interface (Newman's P2D model)
• In any of the solution methods, if the thermal abuse model is used, the following variables are also
available for postprocessing:
– For the one-equation thermal abuse model:
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source
→ Abuse: alpha
– For the four-equation thermal abuse model:
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source
→ Abuse: Csei
→ Abuse: Cpe
→ Abuse: Cne
→ Abuse: Ce
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source: SEI Decomposition
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source: Negative-Solvent
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source: Positive-Solvent
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source: Electrolyte Decomposition
→ Thermal-Abuse Heat Source: Internal Short (with the Enable Internal Short Option only)
Note:
For reviewing simulation results in CFD Post for cases involving UDS, export the solution
data as CFD-Post-compatible file (.cdat) in Fluent and then load this file into CFD-Post.
This will ensure that the full variable set is available for post processing in CFD-Post.

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Chapter 27: Modeling Batteries

This chapter contains the following information:

27.1.2. General Procedure

1. Start Ansys Fluent.

2. Read the mesh file.

3. Scale the grid, if necessary.

5. Define material properties.

6. Set the operating conditions.

7. Set the boundary conditions.

8. Start the calculations.

9. Save the case and data files.

10. Process your results.

27.2. Using the MSMD-Based Battery Models

Information about using the model is presented in the following sections:

27.2.2. Geometry Definition

• Busbar (for battery pack cases with real battery connections)

27.2.3. Setting up the Battery Model

Setup → Models → Battery Model Edit...

Figure 27.1: The Battery Model Option in the Outline View

allows you to define the contact surface and external connectors.

is where you can hook your user-defined functions.

For additional information, see the following sections:

27.2.3.1. Specifying Battery Model Options

For Solution Method, if you select:

NTGK Empirical Model

Equivalent Circuit Model

Newman P2D Model

is the most comprehensive physics-based battery model. It is computationally expensive, and

For Energy Source Options, you can:

For Solution Controls, you can:

by writing a DEFINE_BATTERY_CLUSTER UDF. See DEFINE_BATTERY_CLUSTER in the

Calendar Life Parameters

Figure 27.3: The Calendar Life Parameters Dialog Box

The following Input Parameters are available:

Capacity Fade Table

You can specify up to 20 Temperature Levels and Cycle-Number Levels.

• For the Solution Options, if you select:

– Specified C-Rate, you can set a value for the following:

→ Discharge C-Rate (the hourly rate at which a battery is discharged; a positive

– Specified System Current, you can set the following:

– Specified System Power, you can specify the following:

– Using Profile, you can select Time-Scheduled or Event-Scheduled under Profile

When either the Time-Scheduled or Event-Scheduled profile type is selected, you

→ The Time-Scheduled profile file must be organized in three columns:

2. Electric load value

3. Electric load type

The electric load type is defined by an integer number:

4: External electric resistance

For example, the below time-scheduled profile:

specifies the following battery charging scenario:

1. The battery is discharged at 15 A for the first 500 seconds.

2. The battery discharge continues at 60 W for the next 500 seconds.

• For current, power, or C-rate, a positive value means discharging and

• The unit of the variables in the input file is always SI.

1. Electric load type

4: External electric resistance

2. Electric load value

The forwarding condition (FC) is defined by an integer number:

1: Time > FC_Value