Iletken Elektriki Hesaplar 2

Ref.
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
Project:
Gilgel Gibe II PROJECT
ETHIOPIA
Description:
400 kV SWITCHYARD
DESIGN
REPORTs & CALCULATIONs
Subject:
Report on Calculations for Determination of Short
Circuit Force on Strained Conductor
Note:
This report gives the calculation that determines the maximum force
generated on strained flexible conductors during Short Circuit, the selection of
the Spacer Span optimizng the short circuit force to design limits in addition
to maintaining the minimum Inter-Phase Air Clearances during conductor
swing owing to short circuit.
ILETKEN ELEKTRIKI HESAPLAR
Short Ckt. Force Calculation on Strained Conductor Page: 3 of 6
Handling: Unrestricted
Siemens Power Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
The reproduction, transmission or use of this document or its contents is not
permitted without express written authority. Offenders will be liable for
damages. All rights, including rights created by patent grant or registration
of a utility model or design, are reserved.
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
Contents
page
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
2. System Data...................................................................................................................... 4
3. Conductor Bundle Data..................................................................................................... 4
4. Installation data................................................................................................................. 5
5. Calculation ........................................................................................................................ 5
6. Attachments ...................................................................................................................... 5
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 5
8. References........................................................................................................................ 6
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
1 Introduction
In installations with strained flexible conductors the short circuit current carried by the conductors
causes development of stress in the conductors due to the electromagnetic force amongst the
conductors in parallel phases. This conductor force is in addition to the static tension on the
conductor (measured from sag-tension calculation) and is sustained by the supporting struc-
tures. The objective of this calculation is to determine the maximum force generated on the con-
ductor bundle during a short circuit in order to design the switchyard structures to sustain such
forces.
Further for line to line short circuits, conductor swing out typically results in decreasing phase
to phase clearance between conductor strung in parallel. In this calculation the spacer span
on conductor bundle is determined to optimize the tensile forces to values that enables maintain-
ing of the minimum air clearances between phases during horizontal span displacements of
conductor bundles at L-L short circuit.
2 System data
400kV AC Switchyard
Nominal System Voltage 400 kV
System Frequency 50 Hz
Short Circuit Fault Current (3I symmetrical) 31.5 kA
Duration of Fault Current 1 sec
Line to line Fault Current 27.28 kA
Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/sec
3 Conductor Bundle Data
Sub conductor in bundle 954 MCM ACSR Cardinal
Number of sub conductor in bundle 2 Nos. (Twin)
Diameter of sub-conductor 30.42 mm
Area of cross-section of sub-conductor 547.34 mm
2
Mass per unit length of sub-conductor 1829.8 Kg/km
Modulus of Elasticity 6834 Kg/mm
2
Mass of Spacer unit 2.7 Kg
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
Effective distance between sub-conductors in bundle 0.45 m
4 Installation data
Main conductor span 87 m
Phase to phase spacing 7.5 m
Length of insulator string 5.0 m
Static tensile force per sub-conductor 1295.36 Kg (Max)
(from Sag-Tension Calculation) 809.27 Kg (Min)
Resultant Spring Constant of both supports of one span 10
5
N/m
(as per IEC-865-I : 1993)
5 Calculation
The basic methodology of this is as explained in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 and further elaborated
in the solved examples of IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994. All the terms, factors and some miscellane-
ous data used in the calculation are as defined in IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993.
As per the values obtained in the calculation, we have plotted curves for Pinch force (F
pi
), Drop
Force (F
f
) and Tensile Force (F
t
) against the spacer span varying from 2.0m to 15.0m through
every 0.5m. The curves give the maximum force in the conductor and the critical spacer span at
which it occurs. The actual spacer span selected is a span lower than the critical spacer span.
Minimum air clearance is determined for the force optimized with the selected spacer span and
with value of static normal tension as the minimum tension under no wind condition (from sag-
tension calculation) for line to line fault current.
6 Attachments
Attachment-1: Detailed calculation for Twin 954 MCM ACSR Cardinal conductor in 87 m span at
the coupling bay.
Attachment-2: Characteristic curves showing behavior of Short Circuit forces against Spacer Span
for the arrangement of Twin 954 MCM ACSR Cardinal conductor in 87 m span at the coupling bay.
Attachment-3: Summary of Results.
7 Conclusion
1. For design of support structure, the maximum value of short circuit force to be considered is
3753.19 Kg. This includes the tensile forces owing to dead load of conductor and wind load on
conductor, and has been expressed on per phase basis. This force shall be applied to two
phases of the girder supporting them whereas the third phase shall have normal static tension
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
2590.72 Kg (from sag-tension calculation). This is as per note no. 2 under Clause no. 2.4.2 of
IEC-865 (Part 1).
2. As per IEC-61936 (Part-1), the minimum air clearance between phase conductors at maximum
swing out position due to short circuit shall be at least 50% of the mandatory phase to phase
clearance. For 400 kV outdoor switchyard with Rated Switching Impulse Withstand voltage of
1050 kV, the mandatory phase to phase clearance is 4045 mm (considering Altitude Factor).
Therefore minimum air clearance must be greater than 50% of 3600mm, i.e. 2023mm. The mini-
mum air clearance obtained as per calculation is 5720 mm which is satisfactory.
8 References
1. IEC-865 (Part 1) : 1993 Short Circuit Currents Calculation of Effects.
2. IEC-865 (Part 2) : 1994 Short Circuit Currents Calculation of Effects.
3. IEC-61936 (Part 1) : 2002 Power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. Common Rules
4. Technical Data sheet for 954 MCM ACSR Cardinal Conductor: Manufacturer HASCELIK.
5. 400kV Layout C.2 Switchyard - Drawing No. (0)-G77700-S0019-S001-E
6. 400kV Switchyard Sectional Views Drawing No. (0)-G77700-S0019-S002-E
S
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
ATTACHMENT - 1
Detailed calculation for Twin 954 MCM ACSR Cardinal conductor in 87 m span at the coupling bay.
1.0 Input Data
Following are the input data for the calculation. Other terms, factors and data used in the
calculation are as defined in IEC-865, Part-I.
a :
=
7.5
m
{ref.: Layout Plan}
a
s
: Effective distance between sub-conductors = 0.45 m {assumed}
A
s
: Cross-section of one sub-conductor = 547.34 mm
2
{ref.: Vendor Data}
= 5.47E-04 m
2
d
s
: Diameter of the sub-conductor in bundle = 30.42 mm {ref.: Vendor Data}
= 0.03042 m
E : = 67041.54 N/mm
2
{ref.: Vendor Data}
= 6.70E+10 N/m
2
F
st
: Initial static tensile force in main conductor = 25414.96 N {1295.36kg/sub-conductor}
f : System frequency = 50 Hz {ref.: Tech Spec.}
g
n
: acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s
2
I"
k3
: = 31500 A {ref.: Tech Spec.}
l : = 87.00 m {ref.: Layout Plan}
l
c
: = 77 m
l
i
: Length of one insulator string = 5 m {ref.: Vendor Data}
m' : Mass per unit length of one sub-conductor = 1.8298 kg / m {ref.: Vendor Data}
m
s
' : = 2.04 kg / m {ref.: IEC-865-Part 2}
n : = 2
S : = 1.00E+05 N/m
n
s
: Nos. of spacers in the span = 12
m
z
: = 2.70 kg {ref.: Vendor Data}
l
s
: Distance between two adjacent spacer = 6.5 m {selected}
2.0 Detailed Calculation
Calculation for Short Circuit Forces
2.1 The characteristic Electromagnetic Load per unit length on flexible main conductor in 3 o system is given by :
F' = (u
0
/2t) x (0.75) x (I"
k3
2
/a) x (l
c
/l) N/m {ref.: Eqn. 19 of IEC-865-I}
= 17.56 N/m
2.2 The ratio of electromagnetic force under short circuit to gravitational force on a conductor is given by :
r = F'/(n x m'
s
x g
n
) {ref.: Eqn. 20 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.44
2.3 The direction of the resulting force exerted on the conductor is given by :
o
1
=
tan
-1
r
degrees {ref.: Eqn. 21 of IEC-865-I}
= 23.88 degrees
2.4 The equivalent static conductor sag at midspan is given by :
b
c
= (n x m'
s
x g
n
x l
2
) / (8 x F
st
) m {ref.: Eqn. 22 of IEC-865-I}
= 1.48 m
2.5 The period, T, of conductor oscillations is given by :
T = 2t x {0.8 x (b
c
/ g
n
)}
1/2
sec {ref.: Eqn. 23 of IEC-865-I}
= 2.18 sec
Cord length of the main conductor in the span. (l
- 2l
i
)
Resultant mass per unit length of one sub-
conductor after considering the mass of spacers
within the span = m' + {(n
s
x m
z
)/(n x l
c
)}
No. of sub-conductor in a main conductor bundle
Resultant spring constant of both supports of
one span
Centre line distance between conductors (phase
to phase spacing)
Final value of Young's modulus of elacticity of
the sub-conductor
3o initial symmetrical short circuit current (r.m.s)
Centre line distance between supports (main
conductor span)
{ref.: IEC-865-Part 1}
Mass of one set of connecting pieces (spacer)
Gilgel Gibe II Hydroelectric Project 1
S
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
ATTACHMENT - 1
2.6 The resulting period, T
res
, of the conductor oscillation during the short circuit current flow is given by :
T
res
= T/[{1+r
2
}
1/4
x {1-(t
2
/64) x (o
1
/90
0
)
2
}] sec {ref.: Eqn. 24 of IEC-865-I}
= 2.11 sec
2.7 Actual Young's modulus of conductor, E
s
, is given by:
E
s
= E[0.3+0.7 x sin{F
st
/(n x A
s
) x (90
0
/o
fin
)}]
N/m
2
for : F
st
/nA
s
s o
fin
{ref.: Eqn. 26
= E N/m
2
for : F
st
/nA
s
> o
fin
IEC-865-I}
where, o
fin
= 5.00E+07 N/m
2
{ref.: Eqn. 27 of IEC-865-I}
=> E
s
= 5.14E+04 N/m
2
2.8 The stiffness norm is given by:
N = {1/(S x l)} + {1/(n x E
s
x A
s
)} 1/N {ref.: Eqn. 25 of IEC-865-I}
= 1.33E-07 1/N
2.9 The stress factor, ., of the main conductor is given by:
. = (n x g
n
x m
s
' x l)
2
/ (24 x F
st
3
x N) {ref.: Eqn. 28 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.23
2.10 During or at the end of the short circuit current flow, the span will have oscillated out of the steady state to the
angle given by:
o
k
= o
1
[1-cos(360
0
xT
k1
/T
res
)] degrees for :0 s (T
k1
/T
res
) s 0.5 {ref.: Eqn. 29 IEC:865-1}
or o
k
= 2o
1
degrees for : (T
k1
/T
res
) > 0.5
where, Duration of the first short circuit current flow is given by:
T
k1
= 1 sec {ref.: 3.4.}
now, 0.4T= 0.87 sec < T
k1
therefore, as per Cl. No. 2.3.2.1 of IEC 865-1, the value of T
k1
(=0.4T) shall be used to calculate o
k
=> o
k
= 44.34 degrees
2.11 Maximum swing out angle during or after short circuit current flow, o
m
, is given by:
o
m
=
1.25 cos
-1
;
degrees
for : 0.766 s ; s 1
or o
m
=
10
0
+ cos
-1
;
degrees
for : -0.985 s ; < 0.766
or o
m
=
180
0
degrees
for : ; < -0.985
2.11.1 where, Quantity for the maximum swing-out angle, ;, is given as:
; = 1-r sino
k
for : 0 s o
k
s 90
0
or ;
= 1-r for : o
k
> 90
0
=> ; = 0.69
therefore
o
m
= 56.33 degrees
2.12 The load parameter, m, is obtained as follows:
m =
3[ \(1+r
2
) - 1] for : T
k1
> T
res
/4 {ref.: Eqn. 32 of IEC-865-I}
or m
= 3[r x sin(o
k
) + cos(o
k
) -1] for : T
k1
< T
res
/4
=> m = 0.28
2.13 Span reaction factor, v (m..), is calculated as a real solution of the equation:
m
2
v
3
+ m(2 + .)v
2
+ (1 + 2.)v .(2 + m) = 0 for : 0 s v s 1 {ref.: Eqn. 33 of IEC-865-I}
=> v = 0.31336 (approximately)
2.14 The 'short circuit tensile force', F
t
, is given by: {ref.: Eqn. 34 of IEC-865-I}
F
t
= F
st
(1 + mv) for : n = 1, single conductor
or F
t
= 1.1 x F
st
(1 + mv) for : n > 2, bundled conductor
=> F
t
= 30417.44 N
S
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
ATTACHMENT - 1
2.15 The 'drop force' is given by:
F
f
= 1.2 x F
st
\(1+ 8. x o
m
/180
0
) for : r > 0.6, o
m
> 70
0
or F
f
= non-significant for : r < 0.6, o
m
< 70
0
=> F
f
= 0.00 N
2.16 Short circuit current force between sub-conductors in a bundle is given as:
F
v
= (n-1) x (u
0
/2t) x (I"
k3
/n)
2
x (l
s
/a
s
) x (v
2
/v
3
where,
the factor, v
2
, is given by figure 8 of IEC:865-1, as a function of factor v
1
which is in turn given as:
2.16.1 v
1
= {f /sin(180
0
/n)} x [{(a
s
-d
s
) x m'
s
}/{(u
0
/2t) x (I"
k3
/n)
2
x (n-1)/a
s
}]
1/2
= 4.39 {ref.: Eqn. 46 of IEC-865-I}
corresponding to this value of factor v
1
, the value of v
2
is observed from curve as:
2.16.2 v
2
= 1.60 for : k = 1.8, as per IEC-909 (considering X/R = 15)
the factor, v
3
, is given by :
2.16.3 v
3
= {(d
s
/a
s
)/sin(180
0
/n)} x [{(a
s
/d
s
)-1}
1/2
/ {tan
-1
{(a
s
/d
s
)-1}
1/2
}] {ref.: Annex. A.7 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.19
=> F
v
= 5955.22 N
2.17 Tensile force, F
pi
,caused by pinch effect is given as:
F
pi
= F
st
x {1+ (v
e
/c
st
) x c} for : j > 1, i.e. sub-conductors in bundle clash against
each other during short circuit.
or F
pi
= F
st
x {1+ (v
e
/c
st
) x n
2
} for : j < 1, i.e. sub-conductors in bundle reduce their
distance but don't clash during short circuit.
2.17.1 The parameter j, determines the bundle configuration during short circuit current flow and is given as:
j = {c
pi
/ (1 + c
st
)}
1/2
= 0.9977
2.17.2 where the strain factors characterizing the contraction of the bundle shall be calculated from :
2.17.2.1 c
st
= 1.5 x {(F
st
x l
s
2
x N)/(a
s
-d
s
)
2
} x {sin(180
0
/n)}
2
= 1.21
2.17.2.2 c
pi
= 0.375 x n x {(F
v
x l
s
3
x N)/(a
s
-d
s
)
3
} x {sin(180
0
/n)}
3
= 2.20
2.17.3
Now. for : j > 1, the factor v
e
is given as:
2.17.3.1 v
e
= 1/2 + [9/8 x n(n-1) x (u
0
/2t) x (I"
k3
/n)
2
x N x v
2
x {l
s
/(a
s
-d
s
)}
4
x [{sin(180
0
/n)}
4
/ c
3
] x [1
-{tan
-1
\v
4
} / \v
4
]-1/4]
1/2
2.17.3.2 with, v
4
= (a
s
- d
s
) / d
s
= N.A.
2.17.3.3 and c is given by the real solution of c
3
+ c
st
c
2
c
pi
= 0 for : j
2/3
s c s j
=> c = N.A. {ref.: Eqn. 51of IEC-865-I}
=> v
e
= N.A.
2.17.4
Now. for : j < 1, the factor v
e
is given as:
2.17.4.1 v
e
= 1/2 + [9/8 x n(n-1) x (u
0
/2t) x (I"
k3
/n)
2
x N x v
2
x {l
s
/(a
s
-d
s
)}
4
x [{sin(180
0
/n)}
4
/ n
4
] x [1
-{tan
-1
\v
4
} / \v
4
]-1/4]
1/2
2.17.4.2 with, v
4
= n(a
s
- d
s
) / (a
s
-n(a
s
- d
s
)) {ref.: Eqn. 56 of IEC-865-I}
= 0.65
2.17.4.3 and n is given by figure 11 of ref: 3.1 corresponding to the ratio of a
s
/d
s
for : 2.5 s (a
s
/d
s
) s 5 Figure 11a) is refered
for : 5 s (a
s
/d
s
) s 10 Figure 11b) is refered
for : 10 s (a
s
/d
s
) s 15 Figure 11c) is refered
2.17.4.4 a
s
/ d
s
= 14.79
=> n = 0.422
=> v
e
= 3.06
thereby the magnitude of Pinch Force, F
pi
, is calculated as :
F
pi
= 36803.79 N
S
(4)-G77700-S0019-L060-A
ATTACHMENT - 1
Calculation for Horizontal Span Displacement and Minimum Air Clearance
Note : Values of all parameters are at 50
0
C (maximum site temperature) and with L-L fault current of 27.28 kA
2.18 The elastic expansion is given by :
c
ela
= N x (F
t
- F
st
= 4.61E-04
where, at final conductor Temperature (=50
0
C)
N = 1.37352E-07 1/N
F
t
= 19231.07475 N
F
st
= 15877.8774 N
2.19 The thermal expansion is given by :
c
th
= c
th
{I"
k3
/(n x A
s
)}
2
x T
res
/4 for : T
k1
> T
res
/4 {ref.: Eqn. 37 of IEC-865-I}
or c
th
= c
th
{I"
k3
/(n x A
s
)}
2
x T
k1
for : T
k1
< T
res
/4
where,
c
th
= 2.7E-19
m
4
/A
2
sec
for : Aluminium, aluminium alloy & aluminium/steel
conductors with cross-section ratio of Al/St >6
I"
k3
= 27.28 kA
T
k1
= 1 sec
at final conductor Temperature (=75
0
C)
T
res
= 2.705330725 sec
at final conductor Temperature (=75
0
C)
=> c
th
= 1.13E-04
2.20 Dilation factor, C
D
, allows for sag increase caused by elastic and thermal elongation of the conductor is given by:
C
D
= {1 + 3/8 x (l/b
c
)
2
x (c
ela
+c
th
)}
1/2
= 1.14
0
C)
b
c
= 2.363742866 m
c
ela
= 4.61E-04
c
th
= 1.13E-04
2.21 Form factor, C
F
, allows for a possible increase in the dynamic sag of the conductor caused by a change in shape
of the conductor curve and is given by:
C
F
= 1.05
for : r s 0.8
or C
F
= 0.97 +0.1r for : 0.8 < r < 1.8
or C
F
= 1.15
for : r > 1.8
=> C
F
= 1.05
2.22 The maximum horizontal displacement within a span, b
h
, due to short circuit in spans with strained conductors
connected to potrals with tension insulator strings is given by:
b
h
= C
F
C
D
b
c
sino
1
for : o
m
> o
1
or b
h
= C
F
C
D
b
c
sino
m
for : o
m
< o
1
=> b
h
= 0.89 m
0
C)
o
m
= 42.46 degrees
2.23 The distance between the midpoints of the two main conductors during a line-to-line two-phase short circuit is in
the worst case given by:
a
min
= a - 2b
h
a
min
= 5.72 m
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P
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