Sampling Techniques and Sampling Procedures

Sampling Techniques and sampling Procedures
Sampling Techniques:
The basic distinction in modern sampling theory is between probability and its
Non-probability Sampling
Probability Sampling: refers to a sampling technique in which samples are
obtained using some objective chance mechanism, thus involving randomization.
they require the use of a sampling frame (a list/map of all the sampling units in
the population).
the probabilities of a selection are known. Generally referred as random samples
from a finite population.
they allow drawing of valid generalizations about the universe/population whose
sampling error can be ascertained.
The definition of a probability sample does not require equal probabilities of
inclusion in the sample for all elements in the population
Probability sampling is the only approach that makes possible representative
sampling plans. It makes possible for the investigators to estimate the extent to
which the findings based on their sample are likely to differ in what they would
have found by studying the population.
Commonly used probability sampling techniques:

1.Simple Random Sampling
2.Systematic Sampling
3.Stratified sampling
4.Cluster sampling
5.Multi-Stage sampling
Simple Random sampling: The basic probability sampling design.in which the
sample is selected by a process that does not only give element in the population.
a chance of being included in the sample but also makes the selection of every
possible combination of desired number of cases equally likely. The sample is
selected in one of two ways: by means of a table of random numbers or by using
the lottery technique
Systematic random sampling: affected by drawing units at regular intervals from
a list. The starting point or the first units to be taken is a random choice. it differs
from on simple random sampling where each member of the population is not
chosen independently. Once the first member has been selected, all other
members of the random sample are automatically determined. The population
list in the systematic sampling must be in random order
Stratified random sampling: is selecting the sub-samples proportionate in size to
the significant characteristics of the total population. Different strata in the
population are defined and each member of the stratum is listed. Simple random
sampling is applied to each stratum. The number of units drawn from each
stratum depends on the ration of the desired sample in the population. Stratified
sampling assures the researcher that his/her sample will be representative of the
population in terms of certain critical factors that have been used as the basis for
stratification. It also assures adequate cases for sub-group analysis
Cluster sampling: a technique in which the unit of sampling is not the individual
but the naturally occurring group of individuals. the technique is used when it is
more convention to select individuals from a defined population.it considers a
universe divided into N mutually exclusive sub-groups called clusters. It has
simpler frame requirements. A random sample of n Clusters is selected and their
elements are completely enumerated. it is administratively convenient to
implement and its main advantage is saving time and money
Multi-stage sampling: refers to the procedure as in cluster sampling which
movers through a series of stages from more inclusive to the less inclusive
sampling units until arriving at the population elements that constitute the
desired sampling.
Non-probability sampling a technique when there is no way of estimating the probability that
each element has of being included in the sample and no assurance that every element has a
chance of being included.
The major forms of non-probability sampling:
1. Accidental sample
2.Purposive Sampling or Judgment sampling
3.Qouta sampling
a. Proportional quota sampling b. Non-proportional quota sampling
Accidental sample: One which the investigator simply reaches out and takes the cases that are
at hand. Continuing the process until the sample reaches a designated size. This is one of the
most common techniques of sampling.
this is also known as “the man on the street” interviews conducted frequently by televisions
news program to get quick reading of public opinion. In clinical practice, clients who are
available to medical people are usually their sample.
in research, samples are usually those who simply volunteer for the study. the problem here is
the lack of evidence that they are the representatives of the population you are interested in
generalizing.
Purposive sampling or Judgment sampling: used when practical considerations prevent the use
of probability sampling. Since sampling errors and biases cannot be computed for non-
probability samples, Purposive or Judgmental sampling should be limited to situations like
when the probable errors are not serious and when probability sampling is practically
impossible. the data from judgmental samples at best suggest or indicate conclusions but in
general they cannot be used as the basis of statistical testing procedures. in purposive
sampling, you sample with a purpose in mind. Usually you seek with one or more specific
predefined groups
Quota sampling: a technique with provision to guarantee the inclusion in the sample of diverse
elements in the population and to make sure that these diverse elements are taken into
account in proportion in which they occur in the population. in quota sampling, you select
people non-randomly according to some fixed quota.
Proportional quota: you want to represent the major characteristic of the population by
sampling a proportional amount of each.
Non-proportional quota: is a bit less restrictive. In this technique. you specify the
minimum number of sampled units you want in each category. you will not be concerned with
having numbers that match the proportions in population. Instead, you simply want to have
enough to assure that you will be able to talk about even small groups in the population. this
technique is the non-probabilistic analogue of stratified random sampling. it is usually used to
assure that smaller groups are adequately represented in your sample

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Commonly used probability sampling techniques:

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