GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,

YAVATMAL

INTERNSHIP REPORT
On

“CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENTRY AT ARNI”

Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech)
Degree in Civil Engineering
Submitted By

MR. DEVASHISH WASUDEO KAJALE

PRN.NO- 1910121191016
ROLL.NO-13

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof.R.M.Avathare
(Civil Engineering Department)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, YAVATMAL
2022-2023

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 GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, YAVATMAL
Department of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
2022-2023
This is to Certify that the internship Report Entitled
“CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENTRY AT ARNI”

Is a bonafide work completed under the supervision and guidance as a partial

fulfilment of the award of Degree in Civil Engineering(B.Tech) prescribed by
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere (DBATU) at
Government College of Engineering ,Yavatmal
Submitted By

MR. DEVASHISH WASUDEO KAJALE

PRN.NO- 1910121191016
ROLL.NO-13

Prof.R.M.Avathare
Civil Engineering Department

DR.M.N.QURESHI DR.P.M.KHODKE
H.O.D. (Civil Engineering Deptt.) PRINCIPAL
Government College of Engineering. Government College Of Engineering
Yavtmal Yavatmal

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 DECLARATION

I declare that the internship Report entitled

“CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENTRY AT ARNI ”
Is a bonafide work carried out, under the guidance of

Prof.R.M.Avathare
Civil Engineering Department
I further declare that, this seminar report has not previously formed
on the basis of any degree, associate ship or other similar degrees.

Submitted by
MR. Devashish Wasudeo kajale
PRN.NO- 1910121191016
ROLL.NO-13

Student of Final year B.Tech (Civil Engineeering), Government College

of Engineering, Yavatmal

Place: YAVATMAL
Date: / /2022
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 Index

Sr.no Name Page no

1 Introduction of Agency 5

2 Project overview 8

3 Sequence of work 11

4 Sequence of structure 12

5 Methodology 14

6 Material used in site

7 Cost estimation of 28
building

8 Tests performs on site 30

9 Conclusion 36

10 Refrences 37

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 INTRODUCTION

ABOUT The Public Works Department of India is a state Government owned

authority that is in charge of public sector works in the country. Public Works
Department (PWD) under Ministry of Urban Development is entrusted with
construction and maintenance of buildings for most of the Central Government
Departments, Public undertakings and autonomous bodies.

In the Indian History both pre and post independence - PWD has a glorious era of
more than 150 year with dedicated, energetic and committed corps of Engineers
and Architects. Before being re-structured to its present form in 1930 “Central
Public Works Department” originated in July 1854 when the Governor General of
India decided to set up a Central Agency:

“to exercise universal control over public works in India with best of scientific
knowledge with authority & system”.

Public Works Department, ARNI is the premier agency of Govt. of India engaged
in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the
field of built environment and infrastructure development. Assets in built
environment include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police
Buildings, Prisons, Courts etc; assets in infrastructure development include Roads,
Bridges, Flyovers, Footpaths, Subways etc. PWD also sustains and preserves these
assets through a well developed system of maintenance which includes amongst
others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and aesthetic
treatments like interiors, monument lighting, landscaping.

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6
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 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Site 1
Name of the agency :- Public Work Department
Name of the contractor : Abhijit surnar
Project name – Development Adivasi Samshan bhumi
Project estimated cost- 11,54,120 /-
Project duration – 365 days

Site 2

Name of the agency :- public work department

Name of the contractor :
Project name – construction of concrete road
Project duration – 6 months
Project estimate cost

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8
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Necessity of the cementry

Human beings have been building cemeteries for centuries and most of these
places have been an important part of their community. Cemeteries many have a
spooky reputation due to their portrayal in media, but they are usually places of
peace, quiet, and serenity. At Arbutus Funeral Service, we believe that every
community can benefit from a cemetery. Here’s a look at some reasons why they
are so important:

Necessity of the concrete road

The mighty Concrete – a traditional hard, rigid and durable construction material
of all times. Our one and only choice for raising the buildings, bridges and other
types of infrastructure. Roads are no exception.
Concrete is capable of withstanding heavy loads, such as heavy vehicles, with less
deformation rather than asphalt. Although the initial cost for building a concrete
road is higher, taking into consideration the maintenance costs on the long run, it
comes up with all its advantages. A concrete road serves from 20 to 30 years
without major repairs while asphalt’s lifetime is less than 12 years ending up with
a complete resurfacing or costly complete repair.

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 SEQUENCE OF PLANNING WORK

Planning of a PWD Project mainly includes:-

 Pre-requisites for execution of work.
 Deposit works
 Preparation of estimates.
 Execution of original work.
 Expenditure on survey, exhibition.
 Register of buildings.
 Green building norms.
 Preparation and accounting of Standard Measurement book
.  Preparation and passing bills for payment.
 Documentation of accounts.
 General departmental charges.
 Contracts and forms
.  Preparation of tender documents.
 Publicity of tenders
 Sale of documents
 Earnest money.
 Issue of material to contractors.
 Issue of tool and plant.
 Payment to contractors
 Insurance
 Losses or damages.
 Budgeting
 Quality assurance and technical audit wing.
 Inspection and Audit by Chief Controller.
 Public accounts committee.

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 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

Following are the sequence in which work is taking place in any site.This sequence
must be followed for proper coordination of project before its deadline with full
quality

 Site clearance
 Demarcation of site
 Positioning of central coordinate i.e. (0,0,0) as per grid plan
 Surveying and layout
 Excavation
 Laying of PCC
 Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
 Shuttering and scaffolding
 Concreting
 Electrical and plumbing
 Deshuttering
 Brickwork
 Doors and Windows frames along with Lintel
 Wiring for Electrical purposes
 Plastering
 Flooring and tiling work
 Painting
 Final Completion and handling of project

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PROJECT MONITORING PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM

This is done to continuously track the performance of the project progress, cost
sand condition contribution. Corrective actions can be taken when required and
provides data.

The following three reports are made for the tracking

-  Monthly progress report
 Job cost report
 Project performance report.

QUALITY

The technical audit of works done by PWD used to be done in-house right from its
inception. The functions of Quality Assurance and Technical Audit of works were
shifted to CVC in the year 1964. On the recommendation of Ranganathan
Committee, the Quality Assurance functions were again shifted to PWD in the year
1979.

The implementation of Quality Assurance in the field will require close co-
operation among the three agencies, namely(a) field engineers (b) the construction
agency, and (c) the Quality Assurance team at Circle level for strict compliance of
Quality Assurance Procedure forming part of agreement. Quality Control System
Of The Department Multi level Quality checks have been created in PWD as
detailed below:

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 CHAPTER 2-METHODOLOGY

2.1 Site Clearance

The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation
along which any other objections which might be there in the site location

2.2 Surveying and layout

A survey is the first step done in any construction site to get the required level of
surface. It is also used in level transferrin during the construction of the retaining
wall.

Generally, a site survey is carried out by following two instruments.

1 Total station
2. Auto level

2.2.2. Total Station: - A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in

modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read
slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this instrument, we
can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and Data Processing.

Advantages: -
The following are some of the major advantages of using total station over the
conventional surveying instruments

i. Fieldwork is carried out very fast.

ii. Accuracy of measurement is high.
iii. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

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iv. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections for
temperature and pressure are automatically made.
v. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and
cross- sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

2.2.3 Auto level: - It is a levelling instrument which was on site checking the
elevations of various points. The Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level.
We used the auto level to transfer the level of the ground to retaining wall and set
the thickness of slab in

which first of all marking was made to fix the level of elevations then casting of
the slab was performed.

Transferring of the surface level to retaining wall

i. Set the auto level at the building floor level.

ii. Level the instrument.
iii. Take the staff reading at the point also on floor level surface.
iv. Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in
such a way so that reading of staff is the same as staff reading.

2.3. Excavation

v. Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and
excavated soil was transferred using dumpers.

Following measures should be prevented while excavation work

i. There should be proper timbering while excavation for the basement area.
ii. Dewatering should be done before construction work.

iii. During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

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2.4 Laying of PCC

Plain Cement Concrete of M15 grade (thickness of 100mm) are

mandatorily placed on a ground/soil strata, to give a firm, clean base for
placing reinforcement cage, as we start building the foundation of an RCC
structure.

It also helps in the following ways:

1. Required cover to bottom reinforcement is ensured, as cover blocks rest

on a firm PCC.

2. The effective depth of RCC members is achieved as the formworks can

be easily, uniformly and sturdily fixed, resulting in better dimension
accuracy of foundation RCC member.

3. Reinforcement steel placed on a PCC, are never in touch with ground

soil, which may be chemically active may lead steel corrosion in immediate
future (when in contact with ground soil)

4. Ease placement of steel cage and increase productivity.

5. Concrete doesn’t bond with ground soil (clay), PCC acts a barrier to soil
and bond well to overlaid structural grade concrete.

2.5 Waterproofing

Waterproofing in buildings is the formation of an impervious barrier over surfaces

of foundations, roofs, walls and other structural members of building to prevent
water penetrations through these surfaces. The building surfaces are made water-
resistant and sometimes waterproof.

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Methodology: -

i. The top surface of PCC to be cleaned.

ii. ii. Mortar (cement: River sand =1:3) + Fosroc conplast WL (admixture-
25.35ml)

iii. iii. The thickness of Shahabad stone = 25 mm

iv. iv. The Groove between stones =15 mm

v. Grouting to be done with the help of cement & waterproofing compound

as well as 6 mm metal after passing through the sieve.

vi. Coating to be done over tiles after 3 days of grouting with 1:3 mortar of
20- 25 mm thick.

vii. At least 3 days curing is required.

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2.6. Foundation

Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is
to transfer the loads safely in the ground. Generally, in high rise buildings three
types of footings are provided

 Isolated Footing: - An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single

column. It is usually either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest,
most economical type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square
footings are provided to reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their
critical sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when
columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided
by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the bottom of the
footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric
loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to isolated footing.

• Combined footing: - Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of

property and it may not be permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit.
In such a case, the load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in
uneven distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design
would be to provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior
column close to it. Combined footings under two or more columns are used under
closely spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they
were provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other.
This footing is called “combined footing”.

Raft footing or Mat footing: - This is a footing that covers the entire area under the
structure. This footing is used when very heavy loads of building are to be

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transmitted to the underlying soil having very low and differential bearing
capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes differential settlement. There are
several types of raft foundation in use.

The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types Raft footings are
provided in the following cases: -

i. When the groundwater table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.

ii.  When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

iii. iii. When the total area of the footing slab is more than 50% of the total
area.

iv. iv. Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided
and it serves as footing as well as floor.

2.7 Concreting

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment’s are used: -

i. Concrete mixer.

ii. Mounted concrete pump.

iii. Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).

During concreting, work following instructions should be followed: -

i. There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

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 ii. There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

iii. There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

.

2.8 construction
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and
half brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick
because it was a high-rise building.

All the walls were constructed as RCC wall because these acts as a shear wall and
provide horizontal stability to building and reduces the deflection.

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 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE

At the construction site following materials were being used

1.Cement: - The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement
paste. This paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to a chemical
reaction, called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening,
the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus
provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is
based on the grade of cement.

The grades of cement are as-

❖ 33 Grades
❖ 43 Grades
❖ 53 Grades

➢ At the site, Portland cement of 43 grades (Vicat – Bharathi/ Ultratech) was

used.

➢ The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

➢ The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

2. Aggregate: - Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and
shapes.

Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too
much and become cracks on the setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat
cement in construction work. Therefore, cement is mixed with some inert strong &
durable hard materials.

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They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement.
Types of aggregates: -
i Fine aggregate (sand): -
ii. Coarse Aggregate

i. The aggregate, which passes through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely
retains on 75 microns (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

The function of the fine aggregate: -

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids
existing in the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete
with less quantity of cement and increase the workability of the concrete
mix.

ii. Coarse aggregate: -

The aggregate, which passes through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retains
on 4.75mm I.S. sieve is known as coarse aggregates.

• At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 10 mm size (As per concrete mix design).

Fine aggregate in the form of coarse sand.

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 Reinforcement: -

The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment, torsion and compression. •

The function of reinforcement: -

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in

compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile stresses in the
concrete members. At the site contractor using the high strength steel bars of
diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm as per the requirement
of design.

At the construction site, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm & 25 mm

reinforcement bars were being used.

The bars were of grade Fe500.

The bars were of brand UMA.

The main reason for using steel bars in RCC is that the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel bars and concrete are of approximately equal value.

Fly ash: -

At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by
burning of coal in thermal power plants.
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The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows
• Its consumption reduces environmental pollution.
• It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

  Admixtures:

- Admixtures are generally used to affect the workability of concrete mix and to
reduce water content. Admixtures also increase the target mean strength of
concrete.

At the site, Conplast SP 440 (MADE BY- FOSROC CHEMICALS) admixture was
being used to increase workability and to reduce the quantity of water in the
concrete mix.

Types of admixtures: -

• Accelerators • Retarders

• Water reducers /plasticizers /superplasticizers

• Air entraining agents

• Bonding admixtures

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 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH CONCRETE
ROAD

the environmental problems with concrete will be discussed next in order of

decreasing importance according to my perception of the problems they create.

CO2 emissions 
The most serious problem with our industry is that it is a major CO 2 emitter
causing global warming. With every ton of cement produced, almost a ton of
CO2 is emitted (4). About 0.5 tons comes from the decomposition of the limestone
and the balance is generated by the power plant supplying the electricity to turn the
kiln and ball mills to grind the cement plus the fuel burned to fire the kiln. All
other generation such as operating ready mix trucks adds only a minor amount to
the CO2 emissions. In terms of conventional concrete mixtures (i.e. not using fly
ash, slag or silica fume), about 480 kg of CO2 is emitted per cubic metre of
concrete or 20 kg of CO2 per 100 kg of concrete produced. All of this amounts to
about 7% of the total CO2 generated worldwide (5). Enhanced efficiency is not
likely to change this but replacement of some of the cement by a supplementary
cementing material not associated with CO2emission can substantially reduce these
emissions. This will be discussed later.
Nitrous oxide emissions 
Nitrous oxide emissions come from burning gasoline, coal or other fossil fuels.
Ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in
sunlight. The volatile organic compounds come from sources ranging from
industrial solvents to volatile resins in trees. Ozone near the ground can cause a
number of health problems such as asthma attack, sore throat, coughing and other
health difficulties. In addition, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane are the
most important greenhouse gases (6).

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The NOx emissions from Canadian cement kilns range from 1.5 to 9.5 kg/tonne of
clinker produced with a proposed limit of 2.3 kg of NOx per tonne (4). Using 2.3
kg of NOx per tonne, the world release of NOx by the 1625 million tons of cement
produced in the year 2000 would be 3.7 million tons of NOx. This is a fifth of the
NOx released in all of continental Asia in a year (7). Reduction in nitrous oxides is
normally achieved by reducing the burning temperature or by injecting ammonia
compounds into the high temperature exhaust stream (4). This seems like a good
idea but when these actions are taken to reduce the NOx in coal fired electric
power generating stations, it adversely affects the quality of the fly ash produced.
The fly ash then needs to be treated to remove the unburnt coal and ammonia gas
before it can be used in concrete mixtures and several plants doing this are in
operation. Several research programs are currently underway to find out how best
to beneficiate fly ash to correct this problem.
Particulate air emissions 
Particulate emissions from the exhaust gas range from 0.3 to 1.0 kg/tonne and
much of this kiln dust is collected in fabric filter baghouses and then reintroduced
into the kiln feed. It is normally very rich in sodium and potassium which have
vaporization temperatures of only 883°C and 774°C respectively. In the past,
before there was a concerted effort to capture the particulate emission, the sodium
and potassium plume from cement plant chimneys settled over the countryside
where it helped to combat acid rain. Now it is mainly carried out in the clinker
stream where it creates problems with alkali aggregate reaction.
The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) has prepared a
guideline for emission limits for hazardous and non-hazardous wastes in cement
kilns. This further reduces the particulate matter limits imposed by the Provincial
Governments when waste fuels are burnt in the kiln (8).
Visual pollution 
Visual pollution resulting from quarries used to gain raw material for cement
production or for obtaining sand and gravel can be sculptured to meet the natural
topography and when abandoned can be planted with vegetation that can make
them blend in with the natural surroundings. Unfortunately most quarries have a
very long life and any attempt to sculpture the topography for a visual effect is
counter-productive to the efficiency of the quarrying process. The most effective
end use might be for educational or recreation purposes with special attention
being paid to public safety.
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Traffic congestion 
Traffic congestion in the delivery of the cement and of ready-mix concrete is being
mitigated by using large energy-efficient delivery vehicles. With appropriate
attention to noise suppression and dust control at ready-mix plants there is a
tendency to tolerate the placing of the ready-mix plant close to where concrete is
needed thereby reducing traffic congestion.
Noise pollution 
Noise pollution is not normally a public concern as the cement plant is usually
placed at a distance from habitation. The ready-mix plant, if it wishes to be located
near to its customers must be greatly concerned about noise pollution. At the
construction site the use of superplasticizers to produce high slump concrete that
requires a minimum of vibration has greatly reduced the problem of on-site noise.
Adverse health effects 
Currently the health of employees is being adversely affected by the increased
chromium content of the cement. The increased chromium content in the cement is
mostly derived from the burning of waste products. The only solution seems to be
to prevent contact of fresh concrete with human flesh and most containers of
cement carry such a warning.
Water pollution 
On average each ready mix truck returns about one half cubic metre of cement per
day. After this concrete is discharged there is still about 300 kg of solids (cement,
sand and stone) that is washed out with about 1000 litres of water. In the past the
returned concrete and the solids were dumped in a pit at the job site or at the plant.
Considering that this represents 2 to 4% of the total concrete produced, it is now
considered too valuable to waste and can be recycled or reclaimed as sand and
gravel. To reclaim the sand and gravel a “reclaimer” is used. It involves adding
water to the returned concrete and then agitating it followed by wet screening to
obtain the sand and gravel.
Also, the cement-water slurry from the reclaimer, the wash out water, water to
clean the outside of the truck, plus any stormwater in the past usually was directed
into somewhat inefficient settling basins and then into a local water course. Now in
the U.S. failure to treat this waste water properly results in a fine of $50,000 per
day per violator, a prison sentence of up to 3 years, or both. In Canada and the U.S.
the “process water” from settling ponds or from a reclaimer can be used as mix-
water for subsequent concrete mixtures.
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Recent developments have enabled the concrete retained and any concrete clinging
to the inside of the truck drum plus any wash out water to be stabilized overnight
or over the weekend by the addition of a hydration stabilizing admixture. This
stabilized concrete with an accelerating admixture is used to make up part of the
proportions for the next load. In this way there is essentially no water pollution (9,
10).

COST ESTIMATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Cost Estimation of various building materials are done along with some rules and
specifications.Various contractors and companies used different method of cost
estimation but one thing is common in all them which is they first calculate
area,volume and some other thing according to requirements.Then they multiply
the area,volume etc. to cost of 1 unit of these and calculate total cost of project.
Different Companies uses different rates of evaluation, while PWD uses SR
(schedule of rates) for cost estimation

All other thing are calculated before filling the tendor like aggregate,admixture,
labour prices and other things in which contractor adjusts prices according to
inflation slightly in construction period,if prices of these thing sudden go up very
large then it may loss the contractor and vice versa. But cement price and steel
price are evaluated at market prices always in tendor. Any prices changes whether
positive and negative would affect total budget of project and PWD gives money
according to tendor issued at latest prices. In this way they calculate prices.

Different materials are measured as:

Concrete: m3
Aggregates: m3
Admixutes: In Litres Excavation: m3
Shuttering: (LXB) in m2 S
steel: From BBS ( Bar Bending Schedule)
Paint: m2 L
abour Cost: According to wage rate set by contractor
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Concrete: M25 Grade with ratio of 1:1:2
Steel: Fe 500 TMT Bars

Concrete is mixed in batching plant and brought in site through pump and by
labourers
Rates:

Rates of project are calculated according to schedule of rates (SSR).

The works which are defined as above are been calculated in their respective units
and corresponding rates are calculated according to table given by SSR. Total
area,volume are calculated whatever the case may be is then multiplied by unit cost
of that material according to DSR. In this way we calculate rates of various
entities. After that total cost is calculated by summing up all cost of entities.

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 TESTING OF MATERIAL

Materials Testing is performed for a variety of reasons and can provide a wealth
of information about the tested
materials, prototypes or product samples. The data collected during testing and the
final test results can be very useful to engineers, designers, production managers
and others.
Here are some of the reasons material testing is important:

 Meeting requirements of regulatory agencies


 Selecting appropriate materials and treatments for an application

 Evaluating product design or improvement specifications

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  Verifying a production process

testing is an essential part of both design and manufacturing processes, not only
when safety is a concern, but also for any company committed to selling reliable
products and minimizing damage and costs if problems do surface. Testing is often
performed early on during product development to evaluate a planned production
process. It can also be just as relevant to provide validation for final products on an
ongoing basis. Various types of non-destructive testing services are used to
evaluate finished products without causing damage to the items.
Materials testing also plays a large role in failure analysis investigations to help
identify defective products, inadequate materials and, ultimately, the cause of a
failure.
When materials testing services are purchased from an independent laboratory like
Laboratory Testing Inc., a certified test report is provided that
documents applicable accreditations, specifications/standards, other test criteria
and complete test results.

The following tests are conducted on cement in the laboratory are as follows:

 Fineness Test.
 Consistency Test.
 Setting Time Test.
 Strength Test.
 Soundness Test.
 Heat of Hydration Test.
 Tensile Strength Test.
 Chemical Composition Test.

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Engineering soil testing

 Water Content.
 Specific Gravity.
 Grain Size Analysis (Dry/Wet Sieve Analysis)
 Grain Size Analysis (Hydrometer Method)
 Liquid Limit.
 Plastic Limit.
 Shrinkage Factors.
 Free Swell Index.

What are the tests on steel bars

1. Tensile test.
2. Compression test.
3. Bending test.
4. Brinell hardness test.
5. Rockwell hardness test.
6. Impact test.
7. Torsion test.

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Major Safety Issues at Construction Site :-

The major areas considered for safety considerations at the construction site are:

1. Excavation work at Construction

2. House Keeping

3. Scaffolding Issues

4. Working at Height

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 Future scope

India has formidable Highways programme with opportunities for all stakeholders:
Secretary, Road Transport and Highways
Delivering the Inaugural Address at the National Seminar on Concrete Highway
Projects organized by CII and Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion,
Government of India, here today, Mr Kamal Nath, Minister of Road Transport &
Highways, said that if the highways programme of India looks at incremental
usage of concrete then the Cement Industry in India must assure adequate capacity
and supply as the additional demand from new roads projects is considerable.
Commenting on the current performance of the Cement Industry the Minister noted
that the sector was doing well.
Mr Kamal Nath further added that the cement industry has an important role to
play for concrete highway projects. The Minister informed, "There is a need to
have atleast 20,000 km of work-in-progress to be able to attain 20 kilometers of
road building capacity per day or 7000 km of roads a year". He felt this was a huge
challenge for the government and industry. According to the Minister this
translates to approximately USD 50 billion of investments every year.
The Minister said that India has started manufacturing world class vehicles and
therefore, the country deserved world class roads, which his Ministry was
committed to build. Highlighting the importance of using the latest in improved
technology and processes in this context, he said "Let us do things differently".
In his special address, Mr Brahm Dutt, Secretary, Ministry of Road Transport &
Highways, informed that the government’s National Highways Development

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Project (NHDP) was aiming at building 6 and 8 lane highways in the next 4-5
years costing over USD 80 Billion. He mentioned that an equal amount would be
spent on road projects at the state level.

Site photo

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 CONCLUSION

India„is economical growth plan of over 6% per annum for the next 20 years will,
to a great extent, depend on an efficient road infrastructure, not only national
highways but other roads too, including link roads for rural connectivity, which
can provide fast movement of goods and people with safety and economical cost to
the user. government of India has drawn up PradhnMantri gram
SarakYojana(PMGSY) for implementation of rural connectivity. it is estimated
that in the next 7 years, road works under PMGSY worth Rs. 1,20,000 crores are to
be constructed . Since road pavements are an important part of these projects,
costing about 50% of the investment , a careful evaluation of the alternatives is
necessary to make the right choice on a rational basis, which may be comparatively
more beneficial to the nation.

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 Reference:

> www.google .com

> www. Slideshare .com
> www. Civilgurji.com
> www.wikipedia .com

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