A.

V ATTENUATA: THE USE OF ALOE VERA AND FOXTAIL PLANT AS A FIRE RETARDANT COATING

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

STO. NIÑO ACADEMY

Biñang 2nd, McArthur Highway, Bocaue, Bulacan

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for

Academic Track: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

(STEM) in CAPSTONE

Presented By:

Eljan Angelo DL. Santiago

Of Grade 12 – Holy Family

Date of Completion: April 17, 2022

This paper entitled “A.V Attenuata: The Use of Aloe Vera and Agave Attenuata (Fox tail

Plant) as Fire Retardant Coating ” This is completed and presented by Eljan Angelo DL,

Santiago in partial fulfillment for the academic strand Science, Technology, Engineering,

and Mathematics, and is hereby accepted.

MS. MAY BENTOR DIAZ

CLASS ADVISER

Date Signed

MS. REA ROSE ROXAS MRS. MAY B. DIAZ

SUBJECT TEACHER SUBJECT TEACHER

Date Signed Date Signed

PANELIST

Date Signed
PANELIST

Date Signed

PANELIST
Date Signed
Hereby, accepted as a partial fulfillment for the requirements of Academic Strand Science,

Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

MS. MARIA GWEN Y. LAZARO

ASSISTANT PRINCIPAL

Sto. Niño Academy

Date Signed

MRS. GLORIA Y. LAZARO

PRINCIPAL

Sto. Niño Academy

Date Signed
 Acknowledgements

I, Eljan Angelo DL. Santiago of Grade 12 - Holy Family under the Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand, would like to express my boundless and sincerest

gratitude to everyone who made this capstone research project possible:

Firstly, I want to thank my parents, my sister, my uncle, and auntie for their generous

emotional support and financial assistance throughout this research.

To Ms. Maria Gwen Y. Lazaro, our school’s assistant principal for giving this opportunity

to conduct this project even in this trying time.

Last but not the least, I want to express my sincerest gratitude to God for His endless

guidance and for the continuous motivation and grace he has given
 Dedication

The researcher would like to dedicate this study:

To Sto. Niño Academy and its administration, which became her home and molded her to be

a disciplined and competent individual,

To her family, especially his parents, Mr. and Mrs. Santiago, who have been guiding his

morally and financially,

To his friends and classmates, for their continuous support and

motivation, And to Almighty God for his everlasting love and grace.
 Abstract

Fire has the capability of wreaking havoc and causing pain. It can burn down houses,

destroy forests, harm animals, and kill people. With this, the researcher came up with a project

that aims to prevent massive fire damages and save forestry. The researcher created the A.V

Attenuata Plant-Base Retardant Coating to be used as a protection for people’s home, and can

also be a protection for forest, land animals and specially for the environment.

The sampling wood was divided into three section on which three different solution

where applied. With the time interval of two minutes for solution A, four minutes for solution B,

and 10 minutes for solution C. The effectiveness scores of each candles was based on the criteria

that follows: Highly Ineffective (1 and below), Ineffective (1.1-1.9), Moderately Effective (2-

2.9), Effective (3- 3.9) and Highly Effective (4-5).

The results revealed that Solution C which contains 100ml Aloe Vera, 20ml of Agave

Attenuata, 10ml of chlorine, and 5ml of iron fillings is the most effective. The sample got an

average score of 4.7 and was interpreted to be effective. The research also Approves the

hypothesis on which Agave Attenuata, Aloe vera and with the help of chlorine can really prevent

and slow the process of ignition into the wood. The researcher hoped that this study will be

advantageous to the communi

Table of Content
 s

Acknowledgements..........................................................................................................................7

Dedication..........................................................................................................................................8

Abstract...............................................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER I........................................................................................................................................1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND.....................................................................................1

Introduction............................................................................................................................................1

Background of the Study.......................................................................................................................2

Statement of the Problem......................................................................................................................3

Research Objectives...............................................................................................................................4

Significance of the Study........................................................................................................................5

Hypothesis...............................................................................................................................................6

Scope and Delimitations.........................................................................................................................7

Definition of Terms................................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER II.....................................................................................................................................11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.........................................................................................11

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................................................23

Materials:..............................................................................................................................................24

Preparation of Materials......................................................................................................................25

Procedures.............................................................................................................................................26

✔ Mixing Agave Attenuata Leaves to Aloe Vera...................................................................26

✔ Adding the Chlorine as Additives.......................................................................................26

✔ Adding the iron fillings as Additives...................................................................................27

Testing...................................................................................................................................................28

Tools and Equipment.......................................................................................................................31

Risk and Safety.................................................................................................................................32

CHAPTER IV.......................................................................................................................................34

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA........................................34

Table 3. Component of Fire Retardant Solution...............................................................................34

Table 4.1 Durability and Longevity of the Solution in a Container................................................35

Table 4.2 Stopping Ignition..................................................................................................................36

Table 5 Additive That Makes it more Effective................................................................................37

Table 5.2 Effectivity of Agave Attenuata as its Ingredient...............................................................38

Table 5.4 Over all Result of the Experiment......................................................................................40

CHAPTER V.....................................................................................................................................42

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................42

Summary of Findings.......................................................................................................................42

Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................44

Recommendations................................................................................................................................44

Chapter VI.........................................................................................................................................46

APPENDICES......................................................................................................................................46

Tools and Equipment...........................................................................................................................47

Resume...............................................................................................................................................56
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Fire can be an incredibly useful tool. We cook our food with fire, warm our homes, light

candles, roast marshmallows, shape metals, and create new energy – all with fire. However,

using fire as a tool requires extreme awareness of safety, because it can be incredibly

dangerous and destructive.

However, fires may become uncontrolled and cause great damage and destruction of

human life, animals, plants, and property. Fires can sustain themselves by the further release of

heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided by the continuous

supply of oxygen and fuel. (Formel, 2010).

Fires impact people, property and the environment in all countries around the world. In

some cases, the resulting losses are extraordinary, causing hundreds of deaths, widespread

damage to property, contents and significant impacts on the environment. (Milke, 2016)

Fortunately, all fires can be extinguished by cooling, smothering, starving or by

interrupting the combustion process to extinguish the fire. (Bhraams, 2016). However,

nntreated pure water, are said to be the most ineffective in extinguishing fire, in fact, it may

spread the fire mostly if you try to use water on it. (Rahm,2015).

With the troubles addressed, this study seeks to create a natural solution for fire

damages and to reduce its impact on the environment, and to determine its effectiveness. This

will be done through the invention of plant-based fire retardant coating using Aloe Vera Gel and

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 Foxtail Agave.

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 Background of the Study

In general terms, Aloe Vera is a cactus-like plant that grows in hot, dry climates. It is

cultivated in subtropical regions around the world, including the southern border areas of

Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Aloe vera is commonly known as a tropical gel used

to treat sunburn. Promisingly, it may also provide benefits, largely due to its antioxidant

properties. (Citrefine, 2019).

In terms of biological activity of aloe vera gel, it essentially remains intact when gel is

heated at 65 °C for a period less than 15 mins. Extended periods or higher temperatures greatly

reduce activity levels. After igniting , the gel cooled in about 5 °C it may be caused by its

biological activity. (Am. J. Agril.,2008).

On the other hand, Foxtail plant (Agave Attenuata) is also fire retardant plant. Foxtail

plants is famous as a landscaping plant to use on hot humid climate to avoid fires. Fox tail plant

leaves are moist and supple that can be use to stop the fire from touching the leaves. Plants

have little dead wood and tend not to accumulate dry, dead material within the plant.

(Chakraborty P, 2018).

Chlorine as additive or Chlorinated water reacts violently with many organic

compounds, ammonia, hydrogen, and finely divided metals, causing fire and explosion hazards.

However, a little drop of chlorine can also be a fire resisting agent since it is not combustible

especially when it is mixed with water, but it enhances the combustion of other substances or

chemicals when mixed with them.

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 Iron fillings as an additives. It may be used to for this experiment to fill up the holes or

uneven surfaces of a plank or tree branch for added protection. Unfortunately, there is no study

that this additive can stop fire.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this capstone research project is to find the possibility of making

fire retardant coating using plants that is commonly seen on wildfire prone areas. This project

aims to prevent fire from touching the wood surface to avoid massive forest fire, house fire, or

grass fire in an area that is prone to wildfires. This capstone research project was conducted in

Sto. Niño Academy during the present academic year, 2021-2022.

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Specifically, this study intends to answer the following questions:

1. How may the amount of aloe affect the efficacy of fire retardant in terms of:

a. Ignition

b. Lasting of coating

c. Stop ignition

2. How Will it avoid massive wildfires that will lead to damages, deaths and environmental

problems?.

3. Does chlorine have environmental dangers?

4. How long does the solution effectiveness longevity when it it is stocked.

Research Objectives

The goal of this research is to create a fire retardant coating out of plants that are commonly

found in wildfire prone areas to help townspeople in making their own coating to avoid destruction

of properties, wildlife , and to save their own lives.

1. Create a possible plant-based formulation solution for wildfires;

2. Determine the fire resistance of the mixtures of ; Aloe vera gel, Agave attenuata,

chlorine and iron fillings.

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 3. Test and observe the effectiveness of plant based fire retardant coating.

Significance of the Study

The invention of plant-based fire retardant made of aloe vera gel, agave attenuata

(foxtail plant), chlorinated water, and iron fillings, can help people create their own fire

retardant coating. This study’s objective is to make fire retardant coating that can be made

using materials available in their location most specifically in wildfire prone areas. Additionally,

this capstone research project may also be beneficial to the following:

Environment - This study may benefit the environment as it was created by using plants.

Plant based fire retardant may avoid toxification on trees, bushes and animals, unlike using

chemical based. Also, the study of plant based fire resisting coatings could give way to the

invention of natural fire retardant coating for the environment.

Safety of the People – This research project may benefit humans when they are living

on a wildfire prone areas specially on a dry and humid location. This project would help them

create their own solution to avoid fire damages.

Future Researchers – this study will be beneficial to the future researchers because the

findings of this research may serve as a reference for further researches and studies. This may

be a significant contribution for them to gather more credible and reliable data.

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 Hypothesis

1. The fast cooling of aloe vera gel would avoid fire from touching the wood or a bush

and avoid massive fire damage in an area;

2. Adding Agave Attenuata leaves may help the aloe vera to control the heat accumulation

and let the aloe vera cool down faster because of its water contents;

3. Also adding iron fillings would help the solution to fill up the small holes and uneven

surfaces of wood to help the solution stay on the surface;

4. Adding chlorinated water would be an added protection since it is one of chemicals

used for fire extinguishing and it does not harm or toxify plants;

5. The plant based would be a great help to avoid fire damages because of its unharming

ingredient contents;

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 Scope and Delimitations

The study covers the Additionally, this project is just seeking for the possibility that the bio-

active properties of aloe vera can be useful as a ingredient of plant-based fire retardant coating.

Meanwhile, the testing of plant-based retardant coating is delimited to a two different palochina

wood that is available in our area. With regard to this, the idea of the A.V Attenuata is created to

help the citizen who lived in a countries in the world experiencing massive wildfires and also save

the Amazon rainforest.

Moreover, this paper will focus on avoiding fire damages and make a possible solution to

help people and save the environment by using plants and chemicals that is also safe for

environment. Consequently, the extraction method of the plants will not be emphasized and

elaborated in this study. This research will be done during the academic year, 2021- 2022 in

Joshua Ranch, Palmdale County, California.

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 Definition of Terms

Fire retardant coating

CD: defined as chemical to slow down the fire touching the surface to lessen fire

damages.

OD: refers to a coating created to lessen fire damage.

Forest fire-

CD: defined as an environmental problem that damages a forest and kill wildlife.

OD: refers to the fire that is happening specifically in the forests.

Aloe vera-

CD: defined as a plant that has many health benefits and also a fire retardant plant.

OD: refers to a plant.

Agave Attenuatta-

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 CD: defined as a plant primarily used as a shield for fires.

OD: refers to the type of agave specie.

Chlorinated water-

CD: defined as any antimicrobial substances that are applied to tap water .

OD: refers to a chemical applied to water.

Iron fillings-

CD: defined as any antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to

reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

OD: refers to the property of eucalyptus that is effective for repelling ants.

Wildfire-

CD: defined as any antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to

reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

OD: refers to the property of eucalyptus that is effective for repelling ants.
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 References :

-“what is fire”https://firesciencereviews.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40038-016-0014-

1#Abs1

-“impacts of fire”https://www.fs.usda.gov/pnw/page/fire-effects-environment

-“Fire effects”https://www.coursera.org/learn/fire-effect

-“Fire Extinguishers”https://www.uregina.ca/hr/hsw/assets/docs/pdf/Emergency-

Management/The-ABCs-of-Fire-Extinguishers.pdf

https://www.ukfrs.com/modal/general-cm/13785/313689/document/nojs#:~:text=All%20fires

%20can%20be%20extinguished,process%20to%20extinguish%20the%20fire.&text=One%20of

%20the%20most%20common,is%20by%20cooling%20with%20water.

-“aloe benefits”https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/aloe-vera#:~:text=Aloe%20is%20a

%20cactus%2Dlike,baldness%20and%20promote%20wound%20healing.

- “Facts about wildfires”https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-wildfires

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Fires

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, fire is a Rapid burning of combustible material,

producing heat and usually accompanied by flame. For eons, lightning was the only source of fire.

The earliest controlled use of fire seems to date to c. 1,420,000 years ago, but not until c. 7000 BC

did Neolithic humans acquire reliable firemaking techniques, including friction from hardwood drills

and sparks struck from flint against pyrites. Fire was used initially for warmth, light, and cooking;

later it was used in fire drives in hunting and warfare, and for clearing forests of underbrush to

facilitate hunting. The first agriculturalists used fire to clear fields and produce ash for fertilizer; such

“slash-and-burn” cultivation is still used widely today. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2022)

Impact of Fire

Globally, fires have many impacts on humans, wildlife and the economy. Fires are a major

driver of greenhouse gas emissions and are also responsible for 5-8% of the 3.3 million annual

premature deaths from poor air quality. Across the world, it is estimated that just 4% of fires start

naturally. However, the proportion of human-started versus lightning-started fires varies widely from

region to region. For example, in the US, 84% of fires are started by humans. However, in Canada,

the majority (55%) of fires are started by lightning. (Dune, 2020).

According to Aspire Study wildfires is the most common type of fire in a dry and humid

location. Wildfires increase air pollution in surrounding areas and can affect regional air quality. The

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effects of smoke from wildfires can range from eye and respiratory tract irritation to more serious

disorders, including reduced lung function bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and

premature death. Children, pregnant women, and the elderly are especially vulnerable to smoke

exposure. Emissions from wildfires are known to cause increased visits to hospitals and clinics by

those exposed to smoke. (Auna,2020).

Wildfire and Climate Change

Wildfires Affect Climate. Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, black carbon,

brown carbon, and ozone precursors into the atmosphere. These emissions affect radiation, clouds,

and climate on regional and even global scales. Wildfires also emit substancial amounts of volatile

and semi-volatile organic materials and nitrogen oxides that form ozone and organic particulate

matter. Direct emissions of toxic pollutants can affect first responders and local residents. In

addition, the formation of other pollutants as the air is transported can lead to harmful exposures for

populations in regions far away from the wildfires. (McKenzie,2012).

Over continents and biomes, there are similarities among these extreme wildfire events in

the form of underlying risk factors, hazards and consequences for society and the environment.

Long-term effects on physical and mental health are not limited to those fighting wildfires,

evacuated, or suffering great loss. Smoke and particulate matter from wildfires deliver significant

consequences for human health in downwind settlements, sometimes thousands of kilometres from

the source. (Broyles, G.A. et al. ,2019). Research suggests that the most vulnerable – women,

children, elderly, disabled and the poor – suffer the worst ongoing damage from their wildfire

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exposure, echoing the acknowledged understanding of this same result as the common outcome

from most disasters. (Ikeda, K. Tanimoto, H. 2015)

The observed trends towards more dangerous fire weather conditions for wildfires are likely

to continue increasing, due to mounting concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases and

attendant escalation of extremewildfire risk factors. (Abatzoglou, J.T. Williams, A.P.,2016). Beyond

changing climate, the heightened intensity of some wildfires can be attributed to land-use change

and fire management approaches that do not appreciate the close relationships, evolved over

millennia, between vegetation and fire. (Balch, J.K. et al. ,2019)

Fire Resistance or Fire Retardancy

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary Fire Resitance, is resistancy to fire that for a

specified time and under conditions of a standard heat intensity it will not fail structurally or allow

transit of heat and will not permit the side away from the fire to become hotter than a specified

temperature.

However, According to Merriam Webster Dictionary Fire Retardant is having the ability or

tendency to slow up or halt the spread of fire (as by providing insulation).

Fire Retardant Coating

Chemical flame retardants have been used since the time of the Romans, who reportedly used

solutions of alum and vinegar to prevent warships and siege towers from catching fire. The search for

and use of fire-protective materials, chemicals and coatings continues to this day. While some of the

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chemicals used over the years have since proven harmful to health or the environment, today’s

products, particularly the non-halogenated flame retardants, are considered essential for helping to

protect lives.

Plant-Based Fire Retardant Coating

Fire, is central to the ecology of Mediterranean-type climate ecosystems, but little is known

about the fire ecology of succulent plants therein. (Wilgen,2019)

The chemical community has undergone an immense shift in our approach toward synthesis

in recent years. This has been catalyzed by our increased cognizance of the environmental impact

that our reliance on petroleum has had and the role it has played in global climate change. In

addition, our current hydrocarbon feedstocks are renewable only on a geological timescale. So,

chemists recognize and understand the need for more renewable and sustainable sources. This

“Green Chemistry” revolution has impacted every aspect of chemistry, from biochemistry to

synthesis .( Kolb, V.M. ,2016).

The development of FRs is no different. In fact, one of the biggest recent objectives has been

the synthesis and use of “bio-based” FR materials, which are more renewable and sustainable since

they are not generated from our finite petroleum reserves (Sonnier, R.; Taguet, A.; Ferry, L.; Lopez-

Cuesta, J.-M,2018). Although there are hazards in working with any chemical (especially FRs that can

decompose into toxic species upon combustion), the use of more renewable (bio-based) resources

serves as a step in the right direction toward our realization of rendering the science more

sustainable (Bio-Base) resources serves as a step in the right direction toward our realization of

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rendering the science more sustainable. In general, flame resistance can be introduced into

polymeric materials through the incorporation of low molecular weight additives, either through

blending or covalent attachment. The past several years has witnessed great growth in this field and

many different bio-based materials have been used. The purpose of this review is to summarize

recent advances made. (Moustafa, H., 2017).

Fire Resistance of Plants

Fire-resistant plants are those that do not readily ignite from a fl ame or other ignition

sources. These plants can be damaged or even killed by fi re; however, their foliage and stems do not

signifi cantly contribute to the fuel and, therefore, the fi re’s intensity. There are several other signifi

cant factors that infl uence the fi re characteristics of plants, including plant moisture content, age,

total volume, dead material, and chemical content. (Detweiler.2016)

Fire Retardancy of Succulant Plants

Fire and, more specifically, fire regimes have been a force that has shaped plants (Keeley et

al. 2011), so many plant species in fire-prone ecosystems have adaptive strategies to persist under

recurrent wildfires. Examples of ecosystems for which there is a good understanding of these

strategies are the Mediterranean ones and savannas (Charles-Dominique et al. 2015). However, little

is known about fire tolerance strategies in arid ecosystem species where fire frequency is low due to

fuel discontinuity and low fuel loadings (Bond 1983).

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 Therefore, in these ecosystems, many species may not have evolved strategies for survival or

regeneration in the face of fire and, consequently, they may be very sensitive to the current

anthropogenic fire regime. However, in arid ecosystems, fires do occur, whether due to natural or

human causes, and there is evidence of many plants surviving fire. (Keeley et al. 2012)

Agaves, aloes, cacti and yuccas are classified as succulents - plants that have highly

specialized anatomical features such as thick waxy cuticles, fleshy or minimal leaves, modified leaves

(spines), and roots with extra storage capabilities for food and water. These modifications allow

them to survive and thrive in harsh desert environments. They survive long periods of drought in

areas of sparse rainfall and intense heat. During stressful periods many succulents cease to grow.

They drop unnecessary leaves, dehydrate and become dormant until conditions for growth return.

(Olsen,2008).

For succulent plants in arid zones, mainly cacti, morphological characteristics may serve as

fire survival mechanisms. In species similar to those that we studied, physical traits in succulent

plants give them some degree of survival in the case of fires. Dantas et al. 2013,

Most of aloe and agave specie have fire-resistant or slowburning characteristics. Their

usefulness for fire retardation lies in keeping them well separated from each other are carefully

pruned of dead branches. (Youngner,2016).

Succulents such as yuccas, Agave spp., cacti, and Aloe spp. are excellent background and

specimen plants to avoid bushfires in neigborhood. (Gibeault,2017).

Succulents have soared in popularity recently because they’re drought-tolerant, easy-care and just

plain cool to look at, and now there’s another compelling reason to grow them: They’re fire-

retardant. (Baldwin,2007).

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Aloe Vera as a Natural Fire Resisting Agent

Aloe vera is a species of Aloe that is particularly popular for its medicinal properties. The

name Aloe vera derives from the Arabic word “Alloeh” meaning shining bitter substance, while

vera in Latin means true. 2000 years ago, the Greek scientists regarded Aloe vera as the

universal panacea. The Egyptians called Aloe, the plant of immortality. In India the whole leaves,

exudates and fresh gel of Aloe are used as a cathartic, stomachic, Emenogogue and

anthelmintic. (Surjushe Amar,2018).

The aloe vera leaf gel contains about 98% water (Bozzi et al. 2007). The total solid content of

aloe vera gel is 0.66% and soluble solids are 0.56% with some seasonal fluctuation. On dry matter

basis aloe gel consists of polysaccharides (55%), sugars (17%), minerals (16%), proteins (7%), lipids

(4%) and phenolic compounds (1%) (Fig. 1). The aloe vera gel contains many vitamins including the

important antioxidant vitamins A, C and E. Vitamin B1 (thiamine), niacin, Vitamin B2 (riboflavin),

choline and folic acid are also present (Lawless and Allen 2000). Some authors also suggested the

presence of vitamins B12 (cyanocobalamin) in trace amounts which is normally available in animal

source (Coats 1979; Atherton 1998).

Aloecorp has reported the biological activity of Aloe vera gel essentially remains intact when

the gel is heated at 65°C for periods less than 15 min. Extended periods or higher temperatures have

resulted in greatly reduced activity levels. They, however, after heated, the gel temperature flash

cooled to 5°C.. The use of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, citric acid, vitamin E in synergism

and the resultant efficacy, has been reported. (Am. J. Agril.,2008).

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 The effect of methanol solvent on compositional variations of barbaloin was also taken into

consideration. Results show that the polysaccharide from Aloe vera exhibited a maximal stability at

70°C decreasing either at higher or lower temperatures. Heating promoted a remarkable decrease in

barbaloin content depending on temperature and time, more affected than polysaccharide of the gel

juice from Aloe vera. Barbaloin is unstable when dissolved in methanol resulting in the

transformation into a series of unidentified compounds, in addition to aloe emodin with the period

of storage at 4°C in refrigerator. The effect of air-drying temperature (from 30 to 80°C) on

dehydration curves and functional properties (water retention capacity, WRC; swelling, SW; fat

adsorption capacity, FAC) of Aloe vera cubes has been investigated by Simal et al. A diffusion model

taking into account sample shrinkage has been proposed and solved by using a finite difference

method. The effective diffusivities estimated with the proposed model varied with the air-drying

temperature according to the Arrhenius law except for the experiment carried out at 80°C, where

case-hardening took place. Furthermore, drying kinetics of Aloe vera cubes of different sizes to those

used to develop the model could be satisfactorily predicted (%var: 99.5±0.2%). The three studied

functional properties exhibited a maximum when drying temperature was 40°C decreasing either at

higher or lower temperatures. Physico-chemical modifications promoted by heat treatment and

dehydration at different temperatures (30-80°C) on acemannan, a bioactive polysaccharide from

Aloe vera parenchyma were evaluated by Antoni Femenia et al. Modification of acemannan, a

storage (Am. J. Agril. 200) polysaccharide, was particularly significant when dehydration was

performed above 60°C. Heating promoted marked changes in the average molecular weight of the

bioactive polysaccharide, increasing from 45 kDa, in fresh aloe, to 75 kDa, for samples dehydrated at

70 and 80°C respectively. (Am. J. Agril.,2008).

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Properties of Agave Attenuata

The Century Plant, or Agave, is an incredibly diverse group of rosette forming perennials.

Agave are available to suit almost every climate zone in the U.S. and any meditteranean climate

countries with cold hardy forms that can withstand single digit temperatures. (Richardson,2017)

Agave are spined, one of the most dramatic and easily grown species A. attenuata is soft leaved

and extremely architectural.

Plant (agave attenuata) is seen all over Southern California. Ghost agave does not do well in areas

with frost, but thrives near the coast. The color is a very pretty soft green and it is incredible easy

to transplant when need be. (Adie,2018).

Agaves are great fire-smart plants because of their fleshy, water-retaining leaves. Agave

heads are full of water and can grow in a dense, clumping formats. (Kiwi,2013)

Properties of Chlorine or Chlorinated Water

According to California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), Chlorine is a commonly used

household cleaner and disinfectant.  Chlorine is a potent irritant to the eyes, the upper respiratory

tract, and lungs.  Chronic (long-term) exposure to chlorine gas in workers has resulted in

respiratory effects, including eye and throat irritation and airflow obstruction. (California

Environmental Protection Agency ,1999).

The term “flame retardant” describes a function of chemicals. There are more than 200

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different types of flame-retardants, which producers classify according to the major chemical

constituent elements. The elements determine their chemical reaction with fire and therefore

their suitability in different applications. The substances used on flame retardants include

phosphorous, bromine, nitrogen, metal hydroxides and oxides as well as chlorine. Though these

different “families” are widely used to classify flame-retardants in a simple way, there is a great

deal of overlap between them. ( Detweiler,2012)

However, Chlorine is containing flame retardants that release HCl (hydrogen chloride) over

a wide temperature range same as the Bromine. Bromine also the most effective halogen flame

retardant since its bonding to carbon enables it to interfere at a more favorable point in the

combustion process. The effective agent, HBr (hydrogen bromide), is liberated over a narrow

temperature range so that it is available at a high concentration in the flame zone.

(Fitzgerald,2014).

Too much chlorine in water can damage tree leaves and other tissues. The concentration

threshold for tree damage is as low as 0.5 parts per million. The extent of tree damage from

chlorine depends on the concentration, duration of exposure, manner in which the tree takes up

the chlorine, and season of the year. Chlorine damage is greater when exposure occurs while

trees in your yard are actively growing rather than when they are dormant. (Kriscnoff,2020).

Properties of Iron Fillings

Iron filings are primarily composed of small solid pieces of iron and tend to appear as a

gray lustrous powder. Iron filings are metal, which means that they are good conductors of heat.

Iron itself also tends to be very reactive and readily combines with substances such as oxygen and
22 | P a g e
water to form rust. Since these filings exhibit magnetic properties, they are insoluble in water.

Iron filings have a melting point of about 1,535℃ and a boiling point of about 3,000℃. They have

a density of about 7.87 grams/cm3 and have a specific heat of about 0.450 Joules/gram℃. As

stated earlier, iron filings are made of up primarily iron pieces. (Bartleby Research Website).

References:

-Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "fire summary". 18 Mar. 2003,

https://www.britannica.com/summary/fire-combustion.

-“Impacts of wildfire in environment” https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainerhow-climate-change-is-

affecting-wildfires-around-the-world

- “Health impacts of wildfires”https://www.epa.gov/air-research/wildland-fire-research-health-

effects-research#:~:text=Wildfires%20increase%20air%20pollution%20in,heart%20failure%2C

%20and%20premature%20death.

-Wildfires https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/wildfires/

- Wildfires prone areashttps://csl.noaa.gov/factsheets/csdWildfiresFIREX.pdf

- What is Fire https://www.britannica.com/science/fire-combustion#ref2319 –

23 | P a g e
-What is Wildfires

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Wildfires%20under%20climate%20change

%20-%20a%20burning%20issue.pdf

file:///D:/polymers-11-00224.pdf

-Aloe Vera

benefitshttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/269846534_ALOE_VERA_A_REVIEW_OF_ITS_C

LINICAL_EFFECTIVENESS

-aloe vera heat cooling https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajabssp.2008.502.510.pdf

-aloe vera chemicals https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551117/

-info agave -https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/floriculture/pdfs/crop_production/Agave_ENHFL04-007.pdf

-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245421/

-California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA).  Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk

Assessment Guidelines: Part III.  Technical Support Document for the Determination of Noncancer

Chronic Reference Exposure Levels.  SRP Draft.  Office of Environmental Health Hazard

Assessment, Berkeley, CA.  1999.

-https://www.bartleby.com/essay/What-Are-Iron-Filings-FJGJBKTXYNT iron fillings

-https://homeguides.sfgate.com/chlorinated-water-tree-damage-22980.html chlorinated Water

24 | P a g e
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Agave Attenuata and Aloe Vera Plant-Based Fire Retardant Coating

Materials:

a. Agave Attenuata (Foxtail Agave). Agave attenuata is a species of flowering plant in the

family Asparagaceae, commonly known as the foxtail or lion's tail. The name swan's

neck agave refers to its development of a curved inflorescence, unusual among agaves.

b. Aloe Vera. Aloe vera is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe. Having some 500

species, Aloe is widely distributed, and is considered an invasive species in many world

regions. An evergreen perennial, it originates from the Arabian Peninsula, but grows wild

in tropical, semi-tropical, and arid climates around the world.

c. Chlorine ( Chlorinated Water ). Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl

and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine

25 | P a g e
 and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between

them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature.

d. Iron Fillings Iron filings are very small pieces of iron that look like a

light powder. As the name suggests, iron filings were traditionally obtained from

metal working operations as the scrap material filed off larger iron and steel

parts. They are very often used in science demonstrations to show the direction

of a magnetic field.

26 | P a g e
 e. Glass Jars. Two glass jars were used to store eucalyptus and parsley infused oils.

f. Chop sticks. In this project, several sticks were used to mix the liquids.

i.Palochina Wood. In this research palochina wood is used as a sampling wood to test the

effectiveness of the product

Preparation of Materials

1. The researcher planned and researched about the nature of the materials to be used.

2. The researcher then gathered the needed materials and also prepared the tools and

equipment that will be used.

3. The researcher made sure that the materials are all complete.

27 | P a g e
 Procedures

✔Extracting the Aloe Gel

4. Gather Aloe Vera leaves.

5. Slice it on each slide and peal the leaf cover.

6. Now spoon out the Gel of simply just separate it to its leaf using Knife.

7. Gather and put the gel in a container, glass jar or cups.

✔Mixing Agave Attenuata Leaves to Aloe Vera

1. Gather Foxtail Plant Leaves

2. Cut it into pieces or just divide it by 3

3. It can be blendered to extract the water out of the leaf and make it mix to the

properties of Aloe Vera leaf that will make it more effective.

4. When it is already blended, mix it to the raw aloe vera gel.

✔ Adding the Chlorine as Additives

1. Adding chlorine as Additive.

2. Use a spoon: teaspoon or a tablespoon as a measuring material tool .

28 | P a g e
 3. Spoon it one time and mix it to the aloe vera and agave attenuatta.

✔ Adding the iron fillings as Additives

1. Adding iron fillings as additives

2. Use a spoon: teaspoon or a tablespoon as a measuring tool.

3. Take a spoonful one time and mix it to the aloe vera and agave attenuatta and chlorine.

29 | P a g e
 Testing

8. The researcher prepared 3 plant-based fire retardant solution: solution A with a total

measurement of 10ml, solution be with a total measurement of 13.5 ml, and solution c with a

total measurement of 113.5ml.

SolutionA: 60% Aloe vera: 30% Agave Attenuata: 10% chlorine: 10% Iron Fillings

SolutionB: 60% Aloe vera: 30% Agave Attenuata: 3.70 % chlorine: 7% Iron Fillings

SolutionC: 88% Aloe vera: 9% Agave Attenuata: 2% chlorine: 1% Iron Fillings

9. The researcher tested and applied the solution for:

- Solution A is applied and waited for upto 3 mins to dry up and lit up for almost 1

minute and 50 seconds.

- Solution B is applied and waited for upto 3 mins to dry it up and lit up for almost 3

minutes.

- Solution C is applied and waited for 2 weeks to dry it up and tested the effectivity

after stocking in 2 weeks and ignite it up for almost 10-15 minutes.

30 | P a g e
 10. The researcher lit up the sampling wood that is divided into three sections (In order

Solution A, B, C, ) tested in an open area and waited for 3 minutes in solution A, and B .

2 weeks for solution C to dry up. After drying the solution the Researcher lit up the

woods: 1 minute and 50 secs for Solution A, 3 Minutes for Solution B, and 10 minutes for

solution C. The measurement of the product’s effectiveness will be based on the criteria

below:

Table 1.1 Effectiveness mean scores criteria

Mea DESCRIPTOR

1.0 and below Highly

Ineffective

1.1- Ineffective

1.9

Moderately
2.0-

2.9 Effective

3.0- Effective

3.9

Table 4.0- Highly Effective 1.2 How long will

the solution 5.0 would last When

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 Applied to a Material

Longevity Solution DESCRIPTOR

not measured only 3 minutes before A n/a

litting up

not measured only 3 minutes before B n/a

litting up

2 weeks Highly Effective

C

Table 1.3 Stopping Ignition

Solution Effectiveness Descriptor

A After 1 and 50 minutes nothing Moderately effective

happened.

B After almost 3 minutes it burnt. Effective

C After 5-10 minutes nothing Highly Effective

happens

32 | P a g e
Tools and Equipment

A. Scissors. Scissors are hand-operated shearing tools. A pair of scissors consists of

a pair of metal blades pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against each

other when the handles (bows) opposite to the pivot are closed. Scissors are

used for cutting various thin materials, such as paper, cardboard, metal

foil, cloth, rope, and wire.

B. Knife A knife (plural knives; from Old Norse knifr 'knife, dirk'[1]) is

a tool or weapon with a cutting edge or blade, usually attached to a handle or hilt.

One of the earliest tools used by humanity, knives appeared at least 2.5 million

years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools.[2][3] Originally made of wood,

bone, and stone (such as flint and obsidian), over the centuries, in step with

improvements in both metallurgy and manufacturing, knife blades have been

made from copper, bronze, iron, steel, ceramic, and titanium.

C. Wood. Two Different Palochina wood was used and divided into 3 section 2 sides and in

middle.

D. Teaspoon. A teaspoon (tsp.) is an item of cutlery. It is a small spoon that can be

used to stir a cup of tea or coffee, or as a tool for measuring volume.[1][2] The size

of teaspoons ranges from about 2.5 to 7.3 mL (0.088 to 0.257 imp fl oz; 0.085 to

0.247 US fl oz). For cooking purposes and, more importantly, for dosing of

medicine, a teaspoonful is defined as 5 mL (0.18 imp fl oz; 0.17 US fl oz), and

standard measuring spoons are used.[3]

33 | P a g e
 Risk and Safety

The researchers are prone to dangers in the conduction of this research such as:

Potential Risk No. 1. In preparing the Chlorine or Chlorinated water the researcher

may be prone to toxication when inhaled too much.

Safety Measure No. 1. The researcher must wear necessary safety gears such as gloves

and face mask.

Potential Risk No. 2. In prepairing the iron fillings, the researcher could get an iron

poisoining when it is inhaled.

Safety Measure No. 2. Wearing gloves, facemask and using proper tools is necessary to

prevent this kind of accidents. Sticking to the written procedures could help as well.

Potential Risk No. 3. In the process picking foxtail agave (Agave Attenuata) the

researcher may experience ichyness when the leaf contacted the skin.

Safety measure No. 3. In order to avoid ichyness the researcher should wear gloves

and sleeves to avoid contact to the leaf.

Potential Risk No. 4. In the process testing the product the wind may cause danger

caused by using fire, while testing the effectiveness in the product.

Safety measure No. 4. In order to avoid wind and fire damage outcomes the

researcher needs to avoid windy days and wait for the calm weather and

proceed to the testing of the final product.

34 | P a g e
 Table 2 Product cost (470mL container)

Prices may vary on availability of the product specially on the target location.

Ingredients Price

Aloe Vera Gel Php. 250

(390mL)

Agave Php. 50

Attenuatta(47mL)

Chlorine(5ml) Php. 5

Iron Php. 5

Fillings(23.5mL)

Container Php. 20

Table 2 shows the cost of a 470 mL of A.V Attenuatta Plant-based Coating. In which it

can be sold at a price of Php 12,540 for 5 gallon container.

35 | P a g e
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This Chapter of the paper presents the data gathered throughout the capstone research

project. It also provides the analysis and interpretation of data that was organized based on the

arrangement and criteria from the Product Testing in Chapter 3 of this paper.

Table 3. Component of Fire Retardant Solution

A B C

(A.V Attenuata) (A.V Attenuata) (A.V Attenuata)

Component

Agave Attenuata 5ml 7ml 15ml

Aloe Vera 20 ml 30ml 100ml

Chlorine 4 ml 2.5 ml 7 ml

Iron Fillings 2 ml 3 ml 6 ml

Total: 31ml 42.5ml 128ml

36 | P a g e
 Table 3 shows the concentration of Aloe Vera, Agave Attenuata ( Foxtail Agave),

Chlorine and Iron filling. In which Solution A consists of 64% of Aloe Vera Gel, 16% of Agave

Attenuata Leaves 12% Chlorine and 6% Iron Fillings in a total measurement of 31 ml ; Solution

B consists of 70.6% of Aloe Vera Gel, 16.5% of Agave Attenuata Leaves 5.9 % Chlorine and

7.05% Iron Fillings in a total measurement of 67.5 ; and Solution C which contains 78% of Aloe

Vera Gel, 11.7% of Agave Attenuata Leaves 5.5% Chlorine and 4.7% Iron Fillings in a total

measurement of 128 ml.

Table 4.1 Durability and Longevity of the Solution in a Container

Solution Longevity Scale

A not measured not measured

B not measured not measured

C 2 weeks 4

Table 4.1 In this table, it shows the solution's shelf life (or life span) and its

effectiveness. The solution A and B are not measured since it is discarded immediately due

to lack of container, while solution C lasted up to 2 weeks and considered as effective

because of its longevity. This can be interpreted as effective because of its effectivity and

shelf stock longevity for 2 weeks.

37 | P a g e
 Table 4.2 Stopping Ignition

Solution Effectivity

A Yes

B No

C Yes

This table presents effectivity of the solution in stopping ignition. The Solution A and C

slowed and prevented ignition. While the solution B does not prevented the transfer of fire.

Table 4.3 Duration of Solution while Ignited

Solution Duration Scale

A 1 minutes and 50 Seconds 4

B 3 Minutes 3

C 10 Minutes 5

Table 4.3 shows the duration of the solution while ignited. The solution A is clocked for 1

minute and 50 seconds and nothing happens and has a score of 4 (Effective). While Solution B

Clocked for 3 minutes but it catches fire in the end and got 3 ( Moderately Effective). Lastly,

solution C got the highest remarks since it lasted for 10 minutes, the object got ignited upon

38 | P a g e
lighting but the flame died immediately and got a score of 5 ( Highly Effective)

Table 5 Additive That Makes it more Effective

Table 5.1 Effectivity of Aloe Vera as its Main Ingredient

Solution Content Effectivity and Scale as a

solution

20 ml 3.2

(in a 31 ml total content)

30 ml 2.3

(in a 42 ml total content)

100 ml 4.7

(in a 128 ml total

content)

Table 5.1 shows that the Solution got the highest score in a scale. The solution C

contains more than 78% of aloe vera in a total measurement of 128 ml. This shows

that, the more the amount of aloe vera the more effective it is and it really

contributed on preventing and slowing the ignition of fire in a wood.

Table 5.2 Effectivity of Agave Attenuata as its Ingredient

Effectivity and Scale as a

39 | P a g e
 Solution Content solution

5 ml 3.2

(in a 31 ml total content)

7 ml 2.3

(in a 42 ml total content)

15 ml 4.7

(in a 128 ml total

content)

Table 5.2 shows that solution also get the highest scale score with a 4.7. Solution C

contains a 15 ml in a 128 ml of total measurement and a percentage of 5.5%. This

table shows on how effective the Agave Attenuata or (Foxtail Agave) bio properties

like water on adding more chemical reaction for the bio-activity of aloe vera.

Table 5.3 Effectivity of Chlorine or Chlorinated Water as its Additive

Solution Content Effectivity and Scale as a

solution

40 | P a g e
 A 4 ml 3.2

(in a 31 ml total content)

B 2.5 ml 2.3

(in a 42.5 ml total

content)

C 7 ml 4.7

(in a 128 ml total

content)

Table 5.3 shows that solution C got the highest scale score with a 4.7. Solution C

contains a 7 ml of Chlorinated Water in a total measurement of 128 and a percentage

of 5.5%. This table shows the effectivity of how effective Chlorinated water in a

certain amount when mixed with aloe vera. However, in my conclusion solution A is

also effective because it prevented the wood to ignite for more than a minute.

Table 5.4 Over all Result of the Experiment

Ingredients Ingredients Additives Additives

Solution and and and and Effectivenes Scale

Measuremen Measuremen Measuremen Measuremen s

t t t t

41 | P a g e
 Agave Aloe Vera Chlorine Iron FIllings ✔

A (3ml) (400 ml) (3 ml) (1 ml ) 4

(In a 31 ml (In a 31 ml (In a 31 ml (In a 31 ml

total total total total

measuremen measuremen measuremen measuremen

t) t) t) t)

Agave Aloe Vera Chlorine Iron FIllings o

B (4 ml) (400 ml) (2 ml) (1 ml) 3

(In a 42 ml (In a 42 ml (In a 42 ml (In a 42 ml

total total total total

measuremen measuremen measuremen measuremen

t) t) t) t)

Agave Aloe Vera Chlorine Iron FIllings ✔

C (10 ml) (400 ml ) (5 ml) (1 ml ) 5

(In a 128 ml (In a 128 ml (In a 128 ml (In a 128 ml

total total total total

measuremen measuremen measuremen measuremen

t) t) t) t)

This table presents the overall results and data gathered upon testing the A.V Attenuata Plant-

Based Fire Retardant Coating on its ability to slow and prevent the fire ignition. The data obtained

from each time interval in its fire retardancy, effectivity overtime and shelf stock longevity is recorded

in this table. Solution A had an average of 3.2 which means it is moderately effective. Solution B with
42 | P a g e
a average of 2.3 which means ineffective. Solution C was concluded as the most effective with a score

of 4.7 with an test and elapsed time of 12 minutes. Solution C proved that it is possible to use plant

based fire retardant coating.

43 | P a g e
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

This study generally aims to determine the effectiveness and Possibility of using Bio or

Plant-based Ingredients to create a solution for wildfires, grassfires, housefire, and industrial fire.

In order to get rid of harmful chemical based ingredients that can harm wildlife and environment.

1. The study showed that C was the most effective in resisting fire while applied to a material.

Solution C got an average score of 4.7 and was interpreted to be Highly Effective.

Solution A was also understood to be effective with a score of 3.2. Lastly,

Solution B gained an average score of 2.3 and was interpreted to be ineffective.

2. Solution C was the most effective and it contains100 ml of Aloe Vera Gel, 15 ml of

Agave Attenuata Leaves 7 ml Chlorine and 6ml Iron Fillings.. Lastly, Solution A which

contains 20 ml of Aloe Vera Gel, 5 ml of Agave Attenuata Leaves 4 ml Chlorine and 2

ml Iron Fillings and was found to be the least effective among the three Solution .

3. After testing the solution by Igniting, Solution A is tested for 1 minute and 50 seconds

the wood does not catch any fire, however, solution B is ignited for 3 minutes and it

catches fire, the solution C is tested and ignited for 10 minutes The object ignited upon

lighting but the flame died immediately . This is in contrast with the proper formulation

of A.V Attenuata that it is possible to use Aloe Vera and Agave Attenuata as fire

44 | P a g e
 retardant accordingly to its testing.

4. Solution C contains the highest amount of Aloe Vera and it is possibly caused by fast

cooling bio-activity property of it. However, Chlorine was revealed to be the most

effective additive of this product. Solution A with a 1 ml of chlorine also got the

moderately effective since it prevented the transfer of fire and slowed the ignition

through the wood . This shows that the amount of Chlorine as an additive determines the

effectiveness since it is also an fire retardant chemical used for industrial fire retardant

product. However, chlorine is not much toxic or poisonous to plants and animals unlike

bromine, and chlorine is the most likely the best to use as an additive for fire retardant

coating for saving environmental problems.

45 | P a g e
 Conclusion

Based on the data gathered from the results of the study, the researcher concluded that Agave

Attenuatta and Aloe Vera with the help of Chlorine or chlorinated water has a possibility to stop

the fire ignition. The researcher concluded that the first, second, third and fifth hypothesis is said to

be true, Aloe Vera and Fox tail plant can both be an effective fire retardant coating as they both

possess fast cooling ability. Aloe Vera containing minty properties such as polysaccharides (55%),

sugars (17%), minerals (16%), proteins (7%), lipids (4%) and phenolic compounds (1%).

Also, Adding chlorine as the main additive can make it more effective since it is also an

ingredient for making industrial fire retardant coatings. Originally, the substances used on

industrial flame retardants include phosphorous, bromine, nitrogen, metal hydroxides and oxides,

as well as chlorine.

This explains why Solution C with the highest content of Chlorine with, 100ml of Aloe

Vera Gel, 15 ml of Agave attenuata Leaves, 7 ml of Chlorine, and 6 ml of Iron Fillings is much

more effective because of the amount of aloe vera and chlorinated water in the mixture. Lastly,

this plant-based fire retardant coating can really save the environment, since it is also created

using bio-ingredients and its additives are also safe for plants. I also concluded that the fire

retardant coating can not stop fire for a long period of time but just slow down the transfer of

fire to the wood.

46 | P a g e
 Recommendations
Based on the experiment conducted, the researcher would like to recommend a further study for this

subject matter. First, the researcher wants to recommend to the future researchers to try lessening the

use of Chlorine per gallon to avoid environmental toxification and must prioritize the use of Agave

Attenuata and Aloe Vera as their main ingredient. Also, they must use proper measuring tools, use of

proper equipment for extracting the properties of aloe vera and agave attenuata’s best formulation.

Furthermore, examining it for a more than a month or year would help them observe the mixture more

precisely. Secondly, the researcher recommends adding another ingredient that will help the fire

retardant coating to last while in stock in the house or in the market to make it longer and to be more

effective. Lastly, the researcher would like to recommend to the future researchers to create a more

commercially-worthy product. This is by creating a formulation by adding another additives that can

prolong the life of fast cooling Aloe Vera Bio – Active Properties to be more effective in retarding

fire.

47 | P a g e
 Chapter VI

APPENDICES

Procedures: Formulating

Procedures in Formulating A.V Attenuata Plant-Based Fire retardant Coating

1. Prepare all the materials

Iron Fillings Chlorinated Water Aloe Vera Agave Attenuata

48 | P a g e
 Tools and Equipment

49 | P a g e
 Scissor Knife

Plastic Spoon
470 ml jar

2. Prepare the Aloe Vera

Gel and pour it in a container

50 | P a g e
 3. Add Agave Attenuata

51 | P a g e
 4 Add the Chlorine or Chlorinated Water

4. Add iron Fillings

52 | P a g e
Product Advertisement:

https://drive.google.com/

drive/folders/13rycOe9YWXUT7eLdTzquP5C8Fgxb3QGt?usp=sharing

Video Links for Procedures and Documentation

1st Attempt (Solution A) Day 1

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Vre8PI7HG1TAwDD4o1bQWAd1ZtLfZ8yF?usp=sharing

53 | P a g e
 2nd Attempt (Solution B) Also Day 1

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1zgq3VCvrBun7Qd2SmnqDhQu0lRglsHGC?usp=sharing

3rd Attempt (Solution C) Day 14

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/13Uihicv7XEG30Rz1NIOjmPepidcsIk4e?usp=sharing

Final Attempt for Product Advertisement

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/19meojZFxdWAF_P7BZ4w5XSLoTChTpUmD?usp=sharing

1st Attempt

Untreated (40 secs) Treated (1min and 50 secs)

54 | P a g e
2nd Attempt (Failed)

Untreated ( 1min ) Treated ( 2 min )

3rd Attempt (successful)

Untreated Treated

55 | P a g e
Shelf Stock life

Day 1 Day 14

56 | P a g e
 Resume
Eljan Angelo DL. Santiago

Address: 0682 G Cruz St Turo Bocaue Bulacan

Email Address: [email protected]

Personal Information_______________________________________________
57 | P a g e
Nickname: Tatan

Birthday: Oct 18, 2003

Birthplace: Baliuag, Bulacan

Gender: Male

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Elmer DV. Santiago

Mother’s Name: Alejandria D.L Santiago

Educational Background______________________________

Secondary:

Senior Highschool

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

2020-2022

Sto. Nino Academy

Mc Arthur Hi-way, Binang 2nd , Bocaue, Bulacan

Junior Highschool:

2016-2020

Sto. Nino Academy

Mc Arthur Hi-way, Binang 2nd , Bocaue, Bulacan

Primary:

Gradeschool

2010-2016
58 | P a g e
 Sto. Nino Academy

Mc Arthur Hi-way, Binang 2nd , Bocaue, Bulacan

Prepatory

2007-2010

Sto. Nino Academy

Mc Arthur Hi-way, Binang 2nd , Bocaue, Bulacan

Honors/Awards and Officership/Membership:

Kinder: Most Well Behave

Grade 1: Top 9 in Class

Grade 10: Most Helpful

59 | P a g e
60 | P a g e