Chapter 5

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THEORY
CHAPTER 5
TIME VARYING FIELDS AND WAVE
PROPAGATION
INTRODUTION
Chapters 1 to 3 were concentrated on electrostatic

fields denoted by E(x, y, z).
Chapter 4 was devoted to magneto static fields

represented by H(x, y, z).
Therefore, the discussions were restricted to static, or

time invariant, EM fields.
Today, the situations in which electric and magnetic

fields are dynamic, or time varying will be discussed.
INTRODUTION
In static EM fields, electric and magnetic fields are
independent of each other.
In dynamic EM fields, the two fields are

interdependent.
In other words, a time-varying electric field

necessarily involves a corresponding time-varying
magnetic field.
Time-varying EM fields, represented by E(x, y, z, t)

and H(x, y, z, t), are of more practical value than
static EM fields.
INTRODUTION
Electrostatic fields are produced by static electric
charges.
Magneto static fields are produced by the motion

of electric charges with uniform velocity (direct
current) or static magnetic charges (magnetic poles).
Time-varying fields or waves are usually due to

accelerated charges or time-varying currents.
In summary:
Stationary charge produces electrostatic field
Steady current produces magneto static field
Time-varying current produces EM field (waves)
MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR TIME VARYING FIELDS
To get the table of different forms of Maxwell’s

equations, the following definitions should be
remaindered.
The three media equations which described in the

previous chapters:
𝐃=ε𝐄 𝐁=μ𝐇 𝐉= σ𝐄
Integration over closed loop and surface of a vector :
c
𝐀 . d𝑙 s
𝐀 . ds
Faraday induction law; which define the voltage

induced in a loop:
d∅m
V= −
dt
Displacement current law which define the

displacement current in a loop:
d∅e 𝜕𝐃
Id = − 𝑱𝒅 =
dt 𝜕t
Where : 𝑱𝒅 is the displacement current density.

Integral and differential equations transformation

using the curl and divergence definitions.
c E . d𝑙
𝛻 ×𝐄= =0
∆S
s 𝐃 . ds Q
𝛻. 𝐃= = = ρv
∆v1 ∆v1
The definition of the harmonic function and its

derivative:
f t = f0 ejωt
f t = jω f t
Static Maxwell Maxwell Maxwell Harmonic

Integral Integral Differential Differential
Equations Equations Equations Equations
dϕm d𝐁 𝛻 x 𝐄 = − jωμ𝐇
𝐄 . d𝑙 = 0 𝐄 . d𝑙 = − 𝛻x𝐄= −
c c dt dt
dΨe d𝐃 𝛻 x 𝐇 = J + jωε𝐄
𝐇 . d𝑙 = I 𝐇 . d𝑙 = I + 𝛻x𝐇= J+
c c dt dt
𝐃 . ds = Q in 𝐃 . ds = Q in 𝛻 . 𝐃 = ρv 𝛻 . 𝐃 = ρv
s
𝐁 . ds = 0 𝐁 . ds = 0 𝛻 .𝐁 = 0 𝛻 .𝐁 = 0
s s
SOLUTION OF LAPLACE EQUATION & PLANE
WAVE EQUATION
The major goal is to solve Maxwell's equations and
derive EM wave motion in the following media:
1. Free space, (𝛔 = 0,𝛆 = 𝛆𝟎 , 𝛍 = 𝛍𝟎 )
2. Lossless dielectrics, (𝛔 ≅ 0, 𝛆= 𝛆𝐫 𝛆𝟎 ,𝛍 = 𝛍𝐫 𝛍𝟎 ,
Good dielectrics or 𝛔 << 𝛚𝛆)
3. Lossy dielectrics, (𝛔 ≠ 0, 𝛆 = 𝛆𝐫 𝛆𝟎 ,𝛍 = 𝛍𝐫 𝛍𝟎 )
4. Good conductors, (𝛔 ≅ ∞, 𝛆 = 𝛆𝟎 , 𝛍 = 𝛍𝐫 𝛍𝟎 ,
or 𝛔 >> 𝛚𝛆)
WAVE EQUATION
Solution of Plane wave Equation in Lossy
Medium (The general case)
A lossy dielectric is a medium in which the EM wave

loses power as it propagates due to poor conduction.
Wave propagation in lossy dielectrics is the general
case from which wave propagation in other types of
media can be derived as special cases.
In other words, a lossy dielectric is a partially
conducting medium (imperfect dielectric or imperfect
conductor) with 𝜎 ≠ 0, as distinct from a lossless
dielectric (perfect or good dielectric) in which 𝜎 ≅ 0.
WAVE EQUATION
For EM wave propagating in free space, its electric
field can be found by solving Maxwell’s Harmonic
differential equation for E by eliminating H from these
equations:
𝛻 x 𝐄 = − jωμ𝐇
Take Curl for both sides of this equation then:
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐄 = − jωμ(𝛻 × 𝐇)
Use the vector identity:
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐄 = 𝛻 𝛻. 𝐄 − 𝛻 2 𝐄
WAVE EQUATION
𝛻 𝛻. E − 𝛻 2 E = − jωμ J + jωε E
= − jωμ σ + jωε E = −γ2 E

Remember: 𝛻. E = 0
In conclusion, the Laplace equation of E or H for EM

wave are:
𝛻 2 𝐄 = γ2 𝐄 𝛻 2 𝐇 = γ2 𝐇
Where
γ= jωμσ − ω2 εμ = α + jβ
WAVE EQUATION
To solve the above differential equation, recall the
Laplace‘s equation in the Cartesian coordinate:
𝜕 2 𝐄x 𝜕 2 𝐄x 𝜕 2 𝐄x
+ + = γ2x 𝐄x
𝜕x2 𝜕y2 𝜕z2
Assume a plane EM wave of E in (x) direction and

propagating in (z) direction, E depend only on z.
then:
𝜕 2 𝐄x
= γ2x 𝐄x
𝜕z2
WAVE EQUATION
Its solution is:
𝐄x z = E0 e±γz ∗z = E0 e−(αz +jBz )∗z
If the harmonic time variation is considered, the

solution will be:
𝐄x t, z = E0 e−αz ∗z e−jBz ∗z e−jωt = E0 e−αz ej ωt−βz
The real part of the final solution is:
𝐄x t, z = E0 e−αz cos ωt − βz
VELOCITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN
SPACE
If the above wave is propagating in free space then
ε = ε0 , and conductivity σ = 0.
Then: α = 0 and β = ω εμ
Therefore:
𝐄x t, z = E0 cos ωt − βz = E0 cos Ψ
𝐄x t, z = E0 sin ωt − βz = E0 sin Ψ
VELOCITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN
SPACE
Where Ψ = ωt − βz is the phase of the wave.
To find the velocity of the wave, differentiate the

phase and equate the result with zero.
dΨ d dz
= ωt − βz = ω − β =0
dt dt dt
Therefore:
dz ω ω 1
V= = = = =𝑐
dt β ω εμ ε0 μ0
8 m
Where: c = 3 ∗ 10 [ ]
sec
PENETRATION DEPTH OF THE WAVE IN
CONDUCTORS
Assume a conductor surface is normal to the
direction of propagation of the plane wave.
How much the electromagnetic wave will penetrate

the surface of the conductor .
For the conductors: σ ≫ ε
The equation: γ = jωμσ − ω2 εμ
is reduced to: γ= jωμσ = j ωμσ

1+j
= ωμσ
2
PENETRATION DEPTH OF THE WAVE IN
CONDUCTORS
ωμσ
Then: α=β=
2
The penetration depth is defined by distance inside

the conductor (metal) where the relative amplitude of
𝐄x δ 1
the field intensity reduced to .
E0 e
𝐄x δ
= e−αz = e−αδ = e−1
E0
2
Then: αδ = 1 ∴ δ =
ωμσ
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 5.1
Given 𝐄 t, z = E0 sin ωt − βz . Find 𝐃, 𝐁 and 𝐇 in
the free space.
SOLUTION
𝐃 = ε0 𝐄 = ε0 𝐄 t, z = ε0 E0 sin ωt − βz x
𝜕𝐁
𝛻 ×𝐄=− , therefor: 𝐁
𝜕t
=− 𝛻 × 𝐄 dt
EXAMPLES
x y z
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝐄x 𝜕𝐄x
𝛻 ×𝐄 = 𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
= y − z
𝜕z 𝜕y
Ex 0 0
= −β E0 cos ωt − βz y
β
𝐁y = − 𝛻 × 𝐄 dt = E0 sin ωt − βz
ω
β
= E y
ω x
EXAMPLES
𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥: 𝐄 t, z = Ex = E0 sin ωt − βz
β β
𝐁y = ω
E0 sin ωt − βz =
ω
Ex y
𝐁y β ε
𝐇y = = Ex y = Ex y
μ μω μ
Note: β wave number = ω εμ
μ
η(wave impedanc) = ,
ε
ω 1
v wave velocity = =
β εμ
1
𝐇y = Ex
η

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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

Chapters 1 to 3 were concentrated on electrostatic

Chapter 4 was devoted to magneto static fields

Therefore, the discussions were restricted to static, or

Today, the situations in which electric and magnetic

In dynamic EM fields, the two fields are

In other words, a time-varying electric field

Time-varying EM fields, represented by E(x, y, z, t)

Magneto static fields are produced by the motion

Time-varying fields or waves are usually due to

To get the table of different forms of Maxwell’s

The three media equations which described in the

Integration over closed loop and surface of a vector :

Faraday induction law; which define the voltage

Displacement current law which define the

Where : 𝑱𝒅 is the displacement current density.

Integral and differential equations transformation

The definition of the harmonic function and its

Static Maxwell Maxwell Maxwell Harmonic

1. Free space, (𝛔 = 0,𝛆 = 𝛆𝟎 , 𝛍 = 𝛍𝟎 )

A lossy dielectric is a medium in which the EM wave

Take Curl for both sides of this equation then:

Use the vector identity:

= − jωμ σ + jωε E = −γ2 E

In conclusion, the Laplace equation of E or H for EM

Assume a plane EM wave of E in (x) direction and

𝐄x z = E0 e±γz ∗z = E0 e−(αz +jBz )∗z

If the harmonic time variation is considered, the

𝐄x t, z = E0 e−αz ∗z e−jBz ∗z e−jωt = E0 e−αz ej ωt−βz

The real part of the final solution is:

To find the velocity of the wave, differentiate the

How much the electromagnetic wave will penetrate

For the conductors: σ ≫ ε

The equation: γ = jωμσ − ω2 εμ

is reduced to: γ= jωμσ = j ωμσ

The penetration depth is defined by distance inside

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